Prepared for submission to JHEP

Angular distribution functions in the decays of the

1
D
2
state of charmonium originating from unpolarized pp
collisions
First Author, Second Author
a,b,1
and Third Author
a,c
Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University,
224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
E-mail: author@inst.edu, buthor@univ.country,
cuthor@another.univ.country
Abstract: text
Keywords: Heavy Quark Physics, Electromagnetic Processes and Properties
1
On leave from XXX.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 The combined angular distribution of the photon and electron in
p +p
1
D
2

3
S
1
+ e

+e
+
+ 1
2.1 The probability amplitude for the cascade process 1
2.2 Calculation for the angular distribution of polarized and e

3
A Expressions of coecients 6
A.1 Expressions of B
J
1
6
A.2 Expressions of C
J
2
6
A.3 Expressions of
J
1
J
2
d
6
1 Introduction
text
2 The combined angular distribution of the photon and electron in
p + p
1
D
2

3
S
1
+ e

+ e
+
+
In this section we will consider the cascade process, p(
1
) + p(
2
)
1
D
2
()
3
S
1
() +
() e

(
1
)+e
+
(
2
)+(), in pp c.m. frame or the rest frame of
1
D
2
, where the Greek
symbols following the particle symbols represent their helicities except for the symbol
representing the angular momentum projection in z direction of the stationary
1
D
2
resonance. We will choose the z axis along the direction of motion of
3
S
1
, as shown in
gure 1. While the x and y axes can be otherwise chosen arbitrarily.
2.1 The probability amplitude for the cascade process
The probability amplitude for the cascade process p(
1
) + p(
2
)
1
D
2
()
3
S
1
() +
() e

(
1
) + e
+
(
2
) + () can be written as a product of the amplitudes for the
individual processes, so we can write the probability amplitude in the
1
D
2
rest frame as
T

2
=
22

11

1
D
2

1
D
2
()|B|p(
1
), p(
2
)1
D
2
1
D
2

3
S
1
(), ()|A|
1
D
2
()1
D
2
1
D
2
e

(
1
), e
+
(
2
)|C|
3
S
1
()1
D
2
(2.1)
We have summed over the allowed helicites of the intermediate particles, since they cannot
be measured. The subscript
1
D
2
attached to the bra or the ket vector indicates that each
individual amplitude is evaluated in the
1
D
2
rest frame. The symbols B,A and C represent
the appropriate transition operators.
1
Let us now consider the matrix elements in eq. (2.1), one by one. First, for the process
p + p
1
D
2
, using the eigenstates of total angular momentum as the basis for the two-
particle c.m. states[1], we nd
1
D
2

1
D
2
()|B|p(
1
), p(
2
)1
D
2
= 1
D
2
2, |B|p(, ),
1
,
2
1
D
2
=

J,M
_
2J + 1
4
D
J
M
(, , )2, |B|J, M,
1
,
2

=
_
5
4
D
2

(, , )2, |B|2, ,
1
,
2
(2.2)
where =
1

2
, and p(, ) is the magnitude of the c.m. momentum of p. (, ) is the
direction of p in the
1
D
2
rest frame. Because the helicity amplitude J, M,
1
,
2
|U|J, M
must be rotationally invariant, so it is more precise to write it as U

2
, with no M depen-
dence. Therefore,
1
D
2

1
D
2
()|B|p(
1
), p(
2
)1
D
2
=
_
5
4
D
2

(, , )B

2
(2.3)
Next, for the process
1
D
2

3
S
1
+, we have
1
D
2

3
S
1
(), ()|A|
1
D
2
()1
D
2
= 1
D
2
p
1
(0, 0), , |A|2, 1
D
2
=
_
5
4
D
2
,
(0, 0, 0)A

=
_
5
4
A

,
(2.4)
Since we set the z axis to be the direction of motion of
3
S
1
, the momentum p
1
of
3
S
1
is
taken to be in the direction (0, 0) in the
1
D
2
rest frame.
The matrix element for the process
3
S
1
e

+e
+
can be written as
1
D
2
e

(
1
), e
+
(
2
)|C|
3
S
1
()1
D
2
= 3
S
1
e

(
1
), e
+
(
2
)|U

(
1
D
2
,
3
S
1
)CU

(
1
D
2
,
3
S
1
)|
3
S
1
()3
S
1
(2.5)
where U

(
1
D
2
,
3
S
1
) is the Lorentz transformation of the helicity type [2] which takes us
from the
3
S
1
rest frame to the
1
D
2
rest frame. Making use of the fact that the transition
operator C is invariant under Lorentz transformations,
U

CU

= C, (2.6)
we can now write
1
D
2
e

(
1
), e
+
(
2
)|C|
3
S
1
()1
D
2
= 3
S
1
e

(
1
), e
+
(
2
)|C|
3
S
1
()3
S
1
=
_
3
4
D
1

)C

2
(2.7)
where =
1

2
and (

) is the direction of e

in the rest frame of

3
S
1
2
Using eqs. (2.3), (2.4) and (2.7), the transition amplitude in eq. (2.1) becomes
T

2
=
5

3
8
3/2
22

11

,
B

2
A

2
D
2

(, , )D
1

)
=
5

3
8
3/2
11

2
A

2
D
2
,
(, , )D
1

) (2.8)
The angles (, ) giving the direction of p and the angles (

) giving the direction of e

are measured in the

1
D
2
and
3
S
1
rest frames, respectively. The angles of each nal product
observed in dierent rest frames can be calculated using the Lorentz transformation. The
equations relating these angles are given in [3]
The helicity amplitudes (B

2
, A

, C

2
) are not all independent. The parity invari-
ances give
B

2
= B

1

2
(2.9)
A

= A

(2.10)
C

2
= C

1

2
(2.11)
The charge conjugation invariances give
B

2
= B

1
(2.12)
C

2
= C

1
(2.13)
Making use of the above symmetry relations, we dene the independent helicity amplitudes
as follows:
A
n
= A
n1,1
= A
1n,1
(n = 0, 1, 2) (2.14)
B
0
= B1
2
1
2
= B

1
2

1
2
(2.15)
B
1
= B1
2

1
2
= B

1
2
1
2
= B1
2

1
2
= 0 (2.16)
C
0
=

2C1
2
1
2
=

2C

1
2

1
2
(2.17)
C
1
=

2C1
2

1
2
=

2C

1
2
1
2
(2.18)
The following normalizations will be used:
|B
0
|
2
=
1
2
, |A
0
|
2
+ |A
1
|
2
+ |A
2
|
2
= 1, |C
0
|
2
+ |C
1
|
2
= 1 (2.19)
2.2 Calculation for the angular distribution of polarized and e

When p and p are unpolarized, the normalized function describing the combined angular
distribution of and e

whose polarizations are also observed can be written as

W

1
= N

1
2

1
,
2

1
2

2
T

2
T

(2.20)
3
where the subscripts
1
of W represent the polarizations that are measured in the angular
distribution, N is a normalization constant whose value is chosen so that W

1
integrated
over all angles will give unity. In eq. (2.20), we sum over the helicites
2
as e
+
is not
observed. Subsituting eq. (2.8) into eq. (2.20) and performing the various sums will then
give us an expression for the angular distribution function W

1
(, ;

) in terms of the
Wigner D-functions. After s long algebra, we get
W

1
(, ;

) =
1
(4)
2
0,2,4

J
1
B
J
1
0,1,2

J
2
C
J
2
(1)
(
1

1
2
)J
2
(1)
(
1+
2
)J
2

0d
m

J
1
J
2
d+
D
J
1
J
2
d+
(, ;

) +
J
1
J
2
d
D
J
1
J
2
d
(, ;

) (2.21)
where
B
J
1
=

52, 0; 2, 0|J
1
, 0 (2.22)
C
J
2
=

3
0,1

(1)
+1
1, ; 1, |J
2
, 0|C

|
2
(2.23)

J
1
J
2
d+
=
_
1

d,0
2
_

15

s(d)
_
2,
s +d
2
; 2,
s d
2
|J
1
, d
_

_
1,
s +d 2
2
; 1,
s d 2
2
|J
2
, d
_
Re
_
As+d
2
A

sd
2
_
(2.24)

J
1
J
2
d
= i
_
1

d,0
2
_

15

s(d)
_
2,
s +d
2
; 2,
s d
2
|J
1
, d
_

_
1,
s +d 2
2
; 1,
s d 2
2
|J
2
, d
_
Im
_
As+d
2
A

sd
2
_
(2.25)
D
J
1
J
2
d+
(, ;

) = D
J
1
d,0
(, , )D
J
2

d,0
(

)
+D
J
1

d,0
(, , )D
J
2
d,0
(

) (2.26)
D
J
1
J
2
d
(, ;

) = D
J
1
d,0
(, , )D
J
2

d,0
(

)
D
J
1

d,0
(, , )D
J
2
d,0
(

) (2.27)
s(d) = |d|, |d| + 2, , 4 |d| (2.28)
d
m
= min(2, J
1
, J
2
) (2.29)
The explicit expressions for the coecients in eq. (2.21) are given in appendix A.
Making use of the orthogonality relation of the Wigner D-functions,
_
2
0
_

0
_
2
0
D
j

(, , )D
j
mk
(, , ) sin ddd =
8
2
2j + 1

j
, (2.30)
we can obtain the coecients of the Wigner D-function as
B
J
1
C
J
2
(1)
(
1

1
2
)J
2
(1)
(
1+
2
)J
2
[
J
1
J
2
d+
(
d0
+ 1) +
J
1
J
2
d
(
d0
1)] (2.31)
= (2J
1
+ 1)(2J
2
+ 1)
_ _
W

1
(, ;

)D
J
1
d,0
(, , )D
J
2

d,0
(

)dd

4
After we obtain sucient experimental data for the angular distribution function W

1
where the polarizations and
1
are measured, the integral on the right side of eq. (2.31)
can be determined numerically for all possible allowed values of J
1
, J
2
and d. Thus we can
obtain the dierent coecients B
J
1
, C
J
2
and
J
1
J
2
d
on the left side of eq. (2.31). From these
coecients we can determine the relative magnitudes as well as the relative phases of the
helicity amplitudes A in the radiative decay processes
1
D
2

3
S
1
+. We can also obtain
the relative magnitudes of the helicity amplitudes C in the nal decay process
3
S
1
e

+
e
+
. Let us illustrate more clearly how the measurements of the (J
1
J
2
d) coecients can give
us all the information. First, the measurement of the (200) and (400) coecients yields
200
0+
and
400
0+
, and with the normalization |A
0
|
2
+|A
1
|
2
+|A
2
|
2
= 1, the relative magnitudes of
A
0
, A
1
and A
2
are determined. The relative magnitudes of C
0
and C
1
can then be obtained
from the measurement of the (010) coecient and the normalization |C
0
|
2
+|C
1
|
2
= 1. After
having obtained all the relative magnitudes, nally the measurement of the the (211) and
the (411) coecients yields Re(A
1
A

0
), Re(A
2
A

1
), Im(A
1
A

0
) and Im(A
2
A

1
). Hence the
relative phases among A
0
, A
1
and A
2
are also obtained.
5
A Expressions of coecients
A.1 Expressions of B
J
1
B
0
= 1 (A.1)
B
2
=
_
10
7
(A.2)
B
4
= 3
_
2
7
(A.3)
A.2 Expressions of C
J
2
C
0
= 1 (A.4)
C
1
=
_
3
2
|C
1
|
2
(A.5)
C
2
=
1

2
(3|C
1
|
2
2) (A.6)
A.3 Expressions of
J
1
J
2
d

00
0+
=
1
2
(A.7)

00
0
= 0 (A.8)

01
0+
=
_
3
8
(|A
0
|
2
|A
2
|
2
) (A.9)

01
0
= 0 (A.10)

02
0+
=
1

8
(|A
0
|
2
2|A
1
|
2
+ |A
2
|
2
) (A.11)

02
0
= 0 (A.12)

20
0+
=
1
2
_
5
14
(2|A
0
|
2
+ |A
1
|
2
2|A
2
|
2
) (A.13)

20
0
= 0 (A.14)

21
0+
=
1
2
_
15
7
(|A
0
|
2
+ |A
2
|
2
) (A.15)

21
0
= 0 (A.16)

21
1+
=
1
2
_
15
7
(Re(A
1
A

0
) +

6 Re(A
2
A

1
)) (A.17)

21
1
=
i
2
_
15
7
(Im(A
1
A

0
) +

6 Im(A
2
A

1
)) (A.18)
6

22
0+
=
1
2
_
5
7
(|A
0
|
2
|A
1
|
2
|A
2
|
2
) (A.19)

22
0
= 0 (A.20)

22
1+
=
1
2
_
15
7
(Re(A
1
A

0
)

6 Re(A
2
A

1
)) (A.21)

22
1
=
i
2
_
15
7
(Im(A
1
A

0
)

6 Im(A
2
A

1
)) (A.22)

22
2+
=
_
30
7
Re(A
2
A

0
) (A.23)

22
2
= i
_
30
7
Im(A
2
A

0
) (A.24)

40
0+
=
1
2

14
(6|A
0
|
2
4|A
1
|
2
+ |A
2
|
2
) (A.25)

40
0
= 0 (A.26)

41
0+
=
1
4
_
3
7
(6|A
0
|
2
|A
2
|
2
) (A.27)

41
0
= 0 (A.28)

41
1+
=
1
2
_
15
7
(

6 Re(A
1
A

0
) Re(A
2
A

1
)) (A.29)

41
1
=
i
2
_
15
7
(

6 Im(A
1
A

0
) Im(A
2
A

1
)) (A.30)

42
0+
=
1
4

7
(6|A
0
|
2
+ 8|A
1
|
2
+ |A
2
|
2
) (A.31)

42
0
= 0 (A.32)

42
1+
=
1
2
_
15
7
(

6 Re(A
1
A

0
) + Re(A
2
A

1
)) (A.33)

42
1
=
i
2
_
15
7
(

6 Im(A
1
A

0
) + Im(A
2
A

1
)) (A.34)

42
2+
= 3
_
5
14
Re(A
2
A

0
) (A.35)

42
2
= 3i
_
5
14
Im(A
2
A

0
) (A.36)
References
[1] An Experimenters Guide to the Helicity Formalism
[2] A. D. Martin and T. D. Spearman, Elementary Particle Theory
[3] 12
7