HESS LAW

Dmitriy Antselevich (Jacob Rozycki and Emmanuel Musa) 11/25/2013

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Purpose: Compute the enthalpy of reactions (between NaOH, H2O and HCl)
using calorimetric calculations, with the use of Hess Law. This is to be done to demonstrate Hess Law

Procedure:
PART A 1. Put on goggles and lab coat 2. Acquire a Styrofoam cup and a beaker to fit it 3. Place the cup into the beaker 4. Pour 100.0 mL of H2O(l) into the cup, measure the temperature and record this initial temperature in your lab notebook 5. Measure out approximately 2.0g of NaOH(s) and record your exact value in your data table 6. Put the NaOH(s) into the H2O(l) quickly (NaOH(s) absorbs moisture from the air, so be swift) 7. Slowly stir the solution with your temperature probe, do not stir too vigorously

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8. Observe the temperature and record the highest value in your data table 9. Dispose of waste and clean materials (leave the beaker on the table since you will be using it in parts B and C) PART B 1. Proceed only if you have proper laboratory equipment on you 2. Acquire a Styrofoam cup 3. Place your cup into the beaker from Part A 4. Pour 100.0 mL of 0.5M HCl(aq) into the cup, measure the temperature and record this initial temperature in your data table 5. Measure out approximately 2.0g of NaOH(s) and record your exact value in your data table 6. Put the NaOH(s) into the HCl(aq) quickly (NaOH(s) absorbs moisture from the air, so be swift) 7. Slowly stir the solution with your temperature probe, do not stir too vigorously 8. Observe the temperature and record the highest value in your data table 10.Dispose of waste and clean materials (leave the beaker on the table since you will be using it in parts C once again)

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PART C 1. Proceed only if you have proper laboratory equipment on you 2. Acquire a Styrofoam cup 3. Pour approximately 50.0 mL of 1.0M HCl(aq) into the cup, 4. Measure the initial temperature and record into your data table 5. Pour approximately 50.0 mL of 1.0M NaOH(aq) into the cup, measure the temperature and record it into your data table also 6. Slowly stir the solution with your temperature probe 7. Observe the temperature and record the highest value 8. Dispose of waste or and clean materials (including the beaker)

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Pre - Lab Questions:

1. Calculate the heat of solution ( Hsoln) for sodium hydroxide in kJ/mol NaOH from the following data: When 4.160 g of NaOH was added to a coffee cup calorimeter containing 100.0 mL of water at 19.30 oC the highest temperature attained after completely dissolving the NaOH was 29.70 oC. Assume the heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g oC and the Density of water = 1.000 g/mL. Given: 4.160g NaOH 100.0mL H2O The initial temperature is 19.30C The final temperature is 29.70C Molar Mass of NaOH=39.997

Molar Mass of H2O=18.0148

q=(m)(c)(T)

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**ASSUMING EVERYTHING IS INSULATED PROPERLY AND NOTHING ABSORBS THE HEAT BU THE WATER**

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2. The calculation in question 1, above, like todays lab exercise, assumes the heat capacity of the coffee cup calorimeter is negligible. However, the coffee cup calorimeter, the glass thermometer and the stirring rod do absorb heat generated when the sodium hydroxide dissolves in the water inside the coffee cup. How would you expect the value for the heat of solution calculated for sodium hydroxide to be impacted by ignoring the heat capacity of the calorimeter? ---Answer: The temperature will be lower than in actuality since some heat energy would have had been absorbed into the cup. The temperature would, therefore, be artificially low, and the calculated value is affected by, allegedly, releasing less energy than it actually did.

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3. Todays lab exercise uses a coffee cup calorimeter to measure the heat of reaction (enthalpy of reaction) of several different reactions. The coffee cup minimizes, but does not eliminate, heat transfer with the surroundings. Small, but significant, amounts of heat may be either gained from or lost to the environment. If the temperature of the room were 22.00 oC on the day of the experiment in question 1, above, how would you expect the value for the heat of solution calculated for sodium hydroxide to be impacted by the poor insulating qualities of the coffee cup calorimeter? ----Answer: I expect the values to be impacted by the outside, but I think it will be rather negligible for our purposes. The temperature would be lower than it is supposed to since some heat will escape into the atmosphere surrounding the cup. Thusly the of NaOH will be lower than it should be

since the temperature will be artificially lower.

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Data Tables:
RXN 1: NaOH(s) Na(aq)+ + OH(aq)Volume of H2O(l) (mL) Mass of NaOH(s)(g) Initial Twater(C) Final Tsolution(C)

100.0mL

1.98g

21.3C

25.8C

RXN 2: NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Volume and M of HCl(aq) (mL) Mass of NaOH(s) (g) Initial THCl(C) Final Tsolution(C)

100.0mL 0.5M

1.78g

22.0C

32.6C

RXN 3: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Volume and M of HCl(aq) (mL) Volume of and M NaOH(aq)(mL) Initial THCl(C) Final Tsolution(C)

50.2mL 1.0M

49.8mL 1.0M

21.8C

28.2C

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Calculations:
Reaction A: NaOH(s) Na(aq)+ + OH(aq)1. T=Tf -Ti T=25.8C -21.1C T=4.7C 2. Masssolution=masssolute + masssolvent Masssolution=1.98g NaOH + ( Masssolution=102.0gsolution 3. qrxn=-qsoln qrxn= -(msoln)(cH2O)(Tsoln) qrxn= -(102.0g)( qrxn= -2.0x103 4. Convert qrxn (Hrxn) to kJ/mol NaOH -( )( ) )(4.7C) )(100.0mL H2O)

Hrxn = -40.4kJ/mol NaOH

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Reaction B: 1. Limiting Reactant NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ( ( 2. T=10.6C 3. mass=mass NaOH + mass HCl mass=1.78g+(100.0mL)(1g/1mL) masssolution=101.8g2 4. qrxn= -qsoln qrxn= -(msoln)(cH2O)(Tsoln) qrxn= -(101.78g)( qrxn=-4.51x103 J 5. Convert to kJ/mol NaOH -( )( ) )(10.6C) )( )( )=0.0445mol HCl (limiting) )

Hrxn = -101kJ/mol NaOH

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Reaction C: 1. Limiting reactant NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) *NaOH and HCl react in a 1:1 ratio* ( ( 2. T=6.4C 3. mass=mass NaOH + mass HCl mass=49.8mL(1g/1mL)+(50.2mL)(1g/1mL) masssolution=100.g 4. qrxn= -qsoln qrxn= -(msoln)(cH2O)(Tsoln) qrxn= -(100.g)( qrxn=-2.7x103 J 5. Convert to kJ/mol NaOH -( ) )(6.4C) )( )( )=0.0498mol NaOH (limiting) )=0. 0502mol HCl

Hrxn = -55kJ/mol NaOH

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Now using Hess Law: Hrxn=(Hf products) - (Hf reactants) Reaction A: NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Hrxn=(Hf products) - (Hf reactants) Hrxn=(Hf (Na+(aq))+ Hf (OH-(aq))) - (Hf (NaOH(s))) Hrxn=((-240.1)+(-230.0)) (-425.9) Hrxn= -44.2kJ/mol-rxn Reaction B: NaOH(s) + H+(aq) Na+(aq) + H2O(l) Hrxn=(Hf Na+(aq) + Hf H2O(l)) - (Hf NaOH(s) + HfH+(aq)) Hrxn=((-240.1)+(-285.8))-((-425.9)+(0)) Hrxn= 100.0kJ/mol-rxn

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Reaction C: OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l) Hrxn=(Hf H2O(l)) - (Hf OH-(aq) + Hf H+(aq)) Hrxn=((-285.8)-((-230.0)+(0)) Hrxn= -55.8kJ/mol-rxn

Using the Hrxn from experiment:

RXN # Reaction RXN A Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) NaOH(s) RXN B NaOH(s) + H+(aq) Na+(aq) + H2O(l) RXN C OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l)

Hrxn Flipped Hrxn = +40.4kJ/mol NaOH Hrxn = -101kJ/mol NaOH Hrxn = -55kJ/mol NaOH

Use the reactions A and B to get the value of reaction Hrxn for reaction C: Hrxn C= Hrxn A + Hrxn B Hrxn C= -101 kJ/mol NaOH + 40.4 kJ/mol NaOH Hrxn C= -60.6 kJ/mol NaOH From experiment Hrxn for C is -55 kJ/mol NaOH

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Calculating the Percent Error | | ( )

Reaction A: | ( )| ( )

Reaction B: | ( )| ( )

Reaction C: | ( )| ( )

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Results and Conclusion:

In this lab, temperature changes of three reactions (of solutions with varying amounts of NaOH, H2O and HCl) were observed. Hrxn of these three reactions was calculated. Then Hess Law was applied to these reactions and the Hrxn was calculated once more. The calculated results from the data collected varied with the calculated results from Hess Law by less than 10% at most. Thusly, the data supports Hess Law, but there was error nonetheless. The Greatest Percent Error was observed in the reaction of NaOH(s) and H2O(l). This is such, because while dissolving the solid NaOH in liquid water it took time to stir the solution, than with the two liquid solutions; while stirring some of the heat might have escaped the system, because the system was agitated. Also the error might have come in, because the NaOH was not put in fast enough. The lowest percent error was observed in the reaction of solid NaOH and aqueous 0.5M HCl. This happened mostly because the stirring was properly done and NaOH was put into the solution rather quickly. During the Execution of the procedure some flaws in the experiment itself were observed. The container was not sealed well enough to not let heat escape the system (the system was not a closed one, and thusly the temperature reading

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was lower than it could have been). This lowering of temperature decreased the Hrxn. If the errors mentioned are fixed, the results should, theoretically, be closer to the results achieved with Hess Equation mentioned in the calculations. It would be especially beneficial to the results if the container let no heat escape. If this lab were to be redone it would be beneficial to get the station closer to the NaOH so that it could be transferred into the solution more quickly; also automating the stirring would be better, so that the stirring is continuous at the same rate.