TITLE

Experiment 1: Neutralization Reaction Heat

 AIM

Determine the heat of neutralization for the reaction

a) hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide

b) sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide
c) nitric acid with potassium hydroxide

 INTRODUCTION

Thermochemistry is defined as the branch of thermodynamics that focuses on the changes

that occur during chemical reactions. For thermochemical purposes, chemical reactions are
understood to include not only reactions in which the product has a different chemical
composition from the reaction starting material, but also reactions that result in a physical
change in the aggregate state of a chemical entity, such as evaporation, sublimation, fusion
or phase transition between two different crystalline states.

The final reason is that a chemical compound in its gas phase has completely different
thermodynamic properties from its concentrated phase, and each phase actually
corresponds to a different thermodynamic entity. The standard enthalpy change of
neutralization is the enthalpy change when solutions of an acid and an alkali react together
under standard conditions to produce 1 mole of water. Notice that enthalpy change of
neutralization is always measured per mole of water formed

Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light or sound. This is an
exothermic response. Exothermic reactions can occur spontaneously and can lead to
random or higher entropy (ΔS > 0) of the system. They are characterized by negative heat
flux (heat lost to the environment) and decreased enthalpy (ΔH < 0). In the laboratory,
exothermic reactions generate heat or even explode.

There are other chemical reactions that need to absorb energy to do this. This is an
endothermic response. Endothermic reactions may not occur spontaneously. Efforts must be
made to maintain this response. When an endothermic reaction involves energy, the
temperature drop during the reaction is measured. Endothermic reactions are characterized
by positive heat flux (in the reaction) and an increase in enthalpy (+H). An endothermic
reaction is a chemical reaction in which the reactants absorb heat from the surroundings to
form products.

These reactions reduce the temperature of the surrounding area, creating a cooling effect.
Physical processes can also be endothermic - ice cubes absorb heat from the environment
and melt to form meltwater (without breaking or forming chemical bonds). An exothermic
reaction is a chemical reaction that produces heat (which has a negative H). In other words,
the activation energy required to start the reaction is less than the energy emitted.

Examples of exothermic reactions include neutralization reactions, the Haber process,

thermal reactions, and combustion reactions.The flip side of the exothermic response is the
endothermic response. Endothermic reactions absorb more heat from the surroundings than
are released. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are types of exergonal and endergonic
reactions. In exergonal and endergonic reactions, the net energy (heat, light or sound) is
higher (exergonal) or lower (endergonic) than the energy required to follow the reaction.

Enthalpy changes of neutralization are always negative - heat is released when an acid and
and alkali react. For reactions involving strong acids and alkalis, the values are always very
closely similar, with values between -57 and -58 kJ mol-1. That varies slightly depending on
the acid-alkali combination (and also on what source you look it up in.

 MATERIAL
a) EC1, 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution,
b) EC2, 1.0 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid solution
c) EC3, 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
d) EC4, 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid solution
e) EC5, 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide

 APPARATUS:
a) 25 cm3 pipette, thermometer 00C-1100C (± 0.20C),
b) measuring cylinder 100 cm3,
c) plastic cups
d) washing bottles containing distilled water.
 PROCEDURE:

1. Insert 25.0 cm3 of EC1 into a plastic cup using a pipette. Record this EC1
temperature as the initial temperature of the mixture R in the table below.
2. Using a measuring cylinder, add 60 cm3 EC3 solution into a cup plastic contains
EC1.
3. Stir the mixture R carefully and record the highest temperature reached, into the
table below.
4. Discard the R mixture and clean and rinse the cup using distilled water.
5. Repeat the above procedures using
i. 25.0 cm3 EC2 replaces EC1 to form a mixture of S
ii. 25.0 cm3 of EC4 and 60 cm3 of EC5 to replace EC1 and EC3 respectively, to
form a mixture of T.

 RESULT

Mixture R Mixture S Mixture

EC1 + EC 3 EC2 + EC3 EC4 + EC5
Highest Temperature / oc 32 38 32
Initial Temperature / oc 30 28 28
Temperature Changes / 2 10 4
o
c
  DISCUSSION

The acid and alkali solutions used in this practice are strong acids and alkalis. Therefore,
during the thermal reaction of neutralization, the strong acid reacts with ions (ionize) as a
whole in the water. Acids and alkalis will react to produce salt and water. For examples in
this practice,

Acid + Base Salt + Water

EC1 + EC3: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

EC2 + EC3: H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

EC4 + EC5: HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) + H2O(l)

In this reaction, it is called the neutralization reaction. The heat energy released is the heat
of neutralization. During the heat of neutralization reaction, water was produced as per the
equation shown above. This is because the H+ ion from the acid has combined with the OH-
ion from the alkali to produce the water molecule which is H 2O. In this practice, the ionic
equation is as follows:

a) Mixture R

First Equation: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

NaOH(aq) → Na+ (aq)+ OH- (aq)

HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O(l)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

 Mixture S

First Equation: H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

H2SO4 → 2H+ + (SO4)2-

NaOH → Na+ + (OH)-

Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + (SO4)2-

2H+ + (SO4)2- + 2Na+ + 2(OH)- → 2Na+ + (SO4)2- + 2H2O

2H+ + 2(OH)- → 2H2O

Mixture T

First Equation: KOH + HNO2 → H2O + KNO2

KOH → K+ + OH-

HNO2 → H+ + (NO2)-

KNO2 → K+ + (NO2)-

K+ + OH- + H+ + (NO2)- → K+ + (NO2)-+ H2O

OH- + H+ → H2O

b) Calculation For Heat Value Of Neutralization Of Mixture R, S And T

Mixture R
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Initial temperature: 30 oc
Highest temperature: 32 oc
 Temperature change: 2 oc

Number of moles (hydrochloric acid HCl)

n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
 = (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025

Number of moles (sodium hydroxide NaCl)

n = m/ v
= (1) 60 / 1000
= 0.060
Δ H = mcө
= (60+25) x 4.2 x 5°C
= 1785 J
n = m/ v
= (1) 60 / 1000 = 0.060

Δ H = mcө
= (60+25) x 4.2 x 2°C
= -714 J

0.025 714
x
1 x

= -28560 J mol⁻¹/1000
= -28.56 kJ mol⁻¹

Mixture S
 H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Initial temperature: 28 oc
Highest temperature: 38 oc
Temperature change: 10 oc

Number of moles (sulfuric acid H2SO4)

n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
 = 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025

Number of moles (sodium hydroxide NaOH)

n = m/ v
= (1) 60 / 1000
= 0.060
Δ H = mcө
= (60+25) x 4.2 x 5°C
= 1785 J
n = m/ v
= (1) 60 / 1000 = 0.060

Δ H = mcө
= (60+25) x 4.2 x 10°C
= -3570 J
 0.025 3570
x
1 x

= -142800 J mol⁻¹/1000
= -142.8 kJ mol⁻¹

0.025 1785 J
1 mole x
x = 1785 / 0.025
= 71400J mol⁻¹/1000 =
71.4 kJ mol⁻
Mixture T
KOH + HNO2 → H2O + KNO2

Initial temperature: 28 oc
Highest temperature: 32 oc
Temperature change: 4 oc

Number of moles (nitric acid HNO2)

n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
 = 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025
n = m/ v
= (1) 25 / 1000
= 0.025

Number of moles (potassium hydroxide KOH)

n = m/ v
= (1) 60 / 1000
 = 0.060
Δ H = mcө
= (60+25) x 4.2 x 5°C
= 1785 J
n = m/ v
= (1) 60 / 1000 = 0.060

Δ H = mcө
= (60+25) x 4.2 x 4°C
= -714 J

0.025 714
x
1 x

= -28560 J mol⁻¹/1000
= -28.58 kJ mol⁻¹

In this practice, the heat value of neutralization is usually lower than the the oretical
value. This is because some of the heat of neutralization has been released into the
environment or has been absorbed by the thermometer as well as the plastic of the
cup during the reaction. The results obtained are accurate, some precautions should
be taken while conducting this experiment.

1. Eyes should be perpendicular to the thermometer while making take the

temperature of the solution.
2. Close the fan while performing the experiment and take a temperature
reading so that heat is not released into the environment at a higher rate.
3. Wait 5 seconds after the solution comes down from the pipette suoaya get the
correct dosage of solution while running the experiment.

While conducting this experiment as well, there are some safety measures that need
to be taken so that accidents and injuries do not occur. Among the security measures
applied in this expression are:
 1. Wear a lab coat.
2. Store the thermometer in its container after use.
3. Use the thermometer well so as not to break.
4. Hold pipettes and glassware carefully so as not to break
5. Wash your hands after using strong acids or alkalis

c) The typical enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change when an acidic
solution and a base react together under standard conditions to produce 1 mole of
water. Note that the nesting enthalpy change is always measured for each water ball
created. The change in enthalpy of neutralization is always negative: heat is released
when the acid and the alkali react. For the reactions with strong acid and strong
base, the values are always very similar, with values between 5757 and 5858 kJ mol-
1. It varies slightly depending on the acid-base mixture. We make the assumption
that strong acids and strong alkalis are fully ionized in solution, and that the ions
behave independently of each other. For example, dilute hydrochloric acid contains
hydrogen ions and chloride ions in solution. Sodium hydroxide solution consists of
sodium ions and hydroxide ions in solution. The equation for any strong acid being
neutralized by a strong alkali is essentially just a reaction between hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions to make water.

The other ions present (sodium and chloride, for example) are just spectator ions,
taking no part in the reaction. In a weak acid, such as acetic acid, at normal
concentrations, about 99% of the acid is not actually ionized. This means that the
change in neutralization enthalpy will include other enthalpy terms involved in acid
ionization, as well as reactions between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. And in
weak base solutions like ammonia, ammonia is mainly present as ammonia
molecules in the solution. Again, there will be another enthalpy change involved in
addition to the formation of water from hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. For
reactions involving acetic acid or ammonia, the change measured at the enthalpy of
neutralization is some kJ less exothermic than in the case of strong acids and bases.
For example, a source that changes the enthalpy of neutralization of a sodium
hydroxide solution with HCl as -57.9 kJ mol-1:
 the enthalpy change of neutralization for hydroxide acids solution being neutralized
by amonia is less then -57.9 kJ mol-1 :

NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl

The heat of neutralization is the heat energy produced when 1 mole of hydroxide ions
(OH–) combine with 1 mole of hydrogen ions (H+) to form 1 mole of water (H 2O).
The heat of neutralization for a strong acid is equivalent to -57.3 kJ mol -1. This is
because strong acids dissolve completely in aqueous solution. All H+ hydrogen ions
are ionized and neutralized by OH- hydroxide ions without using the heat generated
from the reaction. While in the neutralization of weak acids, weak acids only partially
dissolve in water. Only a small number of hydrogen ions, H+ will be produced. This is
because most weak acid molecules still exist as non -ionized molecules.

Energy heat is required to break the molecular bonds of the acid so that complete
ionization takes place. Then part of the resulting heat of neutralization is used to
ionize the weak acid molecule. therefore, the heat of neutralization for weak acids will
be lower or less than -57.3 kJmol -1

 CONCLUSION

1. The heat of neutralization for hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) is -28.56 kJ mol⁻¹.
2. The heat of neutralization for sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) is -142.8 kJ mol⁻¹
3. The heat of neutralization for nitric acid (HNO 3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
is -28.58 kJ mol⁻¹

All the reaction are exothermic.