Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, August 27-30

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Design of New DGS Hairpin Microstrip Bandpass Filter Using Coupling Matrix Method
A. Boutejdar1 , A. Elsherbini2 , A. Balalem1 , J. Machac3 , and A. Omar1 Microwave and Communication Engineering, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany 2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt 3 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Technick 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
1

Abstract In this paper we present a novel compact Hairpin bandpass (BPF) microstrip lter
employing two U-slots etched in the ground plane (DGS) and two 50 feeds on the top. A new type of microstrip BPF based on coupled DGS resonators is designed using coupling matrix method. The new BPF is very compact, in addition, the lter has a very wide stopband with two transmission zeroes. A good agreement between the measured and simulated results is achieved. 1. INTRODUCTION

THE coupled microstrip bandpass lter (BPF) has been extensively investigated and widely used in many microwave and millimeter-wave systems in order to achieve high performance, small size, and low cost and to comply with strictly required transmission specications. There are many types of bandpass lter design techniques to meet the above requirements, such as the use of highpermittivity materials, variation of resonator structures, and use of multiple resonant modes. In the conventional microstrip and strip line BPFs having parallel coupled lines, the size is quite large because of use of /2 resonators, while the realization is simple. On the other hand, the BPFs having Hairpin resonator structures, which is a modication of parallel coupled lines, have relatively smaller size than the BPF having parallel coupled lines. However, these lters are of limited utility due to their typically high insertion loss and the practical problem to achieve less than 5% bandwidth. In order to solve these problems, the DGS structures will be used. The stringent requirements of modern microwave communication systems are often met only by high performance and compact ltering structures. Several of such lters have been reported using generic structures called the defected-ground structures (DGS). Since DGS cells have inherently resonant properties, they have been used in ltering circuits to achieve narrow bandwidth, and to suppress these spurious passbands The DGS-resonators have several advantages such as compact size, low radiation loss. Therefore, the DGS-Filters are widely used in the design of lters, oscillators, and antennas. In this paper, we introduce a new DGS-Hairpin structure in order to suppress higher harmonics and to realize sharp edges by introducing two transmission zeros to lter response [1], and locate them at either sides of the passband. This DGSs operate as two magnetic coupled resonators and also as a stop resonator to suppress harmonics, simultaneously.
2. HAIRPIN-DGS RESONATOR

A defect for the microstrip line, which has been etched in the backside metallic ground plane, disturbs the current distribution in the ground, and increases the eective inductance and capacitance of the microstrip line. Therefore, the DGS is usually modeled as a parallel LC resonance circuit by using a circuit-analysis method. The proposed DGS shape with its dimensions is illustrated in Fig. 1, wile, Fig. 2 shows its equivalent circuit, where Lp and Cp denote the inductance and capacitance, which are the results of the electromagnetic eld disturbances in the ground plane. For more accurately modeling the DGS section, capacitance C1 and inductance L1 should be considered as a part of the equivalent circuit models, which are result from the fringing eld around the discontinuity area. In order to extract the values of the equivalent circuit elements, the S -parameters of a DGS unit at the metallic ground plane should be calculated using an EM-simulator, in addition the relationship between the S -parameter and ABCD-matrix will be used. To conrm the validity of the proposed equivalent circuit model of a DGS unit, shown in Fig. 1, the DGS-Hairpin slot has been simulated using EM simulators Microwave Oce. The dimensions of the slot shown in Fig. 3, are as follows: l1 = 6 mm, l2 = 1 mm, d = 5 mm, and w = 1.9 mm.

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PIERS Proceedings, August 27-30, Prague, Czech Republic, 2007

50-Microstrip-Line

Lp
Substrate
Z= 50 Ohm Z= 50 Ohm

Metallic Ground
DGS

Cp
Figure 1: Three-dimensional view of the HairpinDGS. Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of the DGS-Hairpin slot.

3. INFLUENCE OF HAIRPIN DGS DIMENSIONS ON THE ATTENNUATION POLE FREQUENCY

The proposed slot shown in Fig. 1, can provide attenuation pole at certain frequency without any periodic array of DGS. In order to investigate the frequency characteristics of the etched slot, we simulated the DGS unit section using Microwave Oce. The placement of the DGS under the microstrip line involves the appearance of a resonance frequency. This eect is due to the decreased the eective permittivity which results with increasing the eective inductance of the microstrip. The variation of the dimensions of the DGS-length shifts the attenuation pole location in the frequency domain. It is well known, a resonant frequency can be generated by a combination of inductive and capacitive elements. Thus, in order to explain the simulated frequency response of the proposed DGS section, we introduced a capacitance in the equivalent circuit. The etched gap area, which is placed under the microstrip line, corresponds to capacitance and the Metallic bridge between the DGS-arms is equivalent to a series inductance. So, the DGS [2] unit is equivalent to a resonant circuit, which is shown in Fig. 2. The parameters of this DGS equivalent circuit have been found using curve-tting. They are: Cp = 0.33 pF and Lp = 2.33 nH. In order to investigate the eect of the DGS-arm dimensions, the length (d) of intern etched gaps were kept constant at 5mm and the length (l1 ) of extern etched rectangular area was varied. The simulated results are illustrated in Fig. 4. As the arm-length (l1 ) are increased, both the characteristic impedance and the series inductance of the microstrip line increased, while the cut-o and resonance frequency decrease.

-10

d l1 l2
& S [dB] -20

S12 S11
l1=2.5mm l1=3.6mm l1=3.9mm l1=4.6mm l1=5mm 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency[GHz] 6 7

12 11

-30

S -40

(a)
Figure 3: Three-dimensional view of the HairpinDGS.

-50 0

Figure 4: Simulated S -parameters for dierent values of l1 of the Hairpin-DGS cell.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, August 27-30 4. THE BASIC IDEA

263

With the modication of the DGS-size it will be possible and easy to shift the resonant frequency band, thus it will be systematically the Filters answer to controlled. The new idea is: how the resonance position will be controlled, while keeping constant the DGS-size? In order to realize that, the length of intern DGS-arm [3] will be simply changed. While d will be increased, the position will be shifted in lower frequency. Thus the compactness will be improved with the length of the intern-DGS-arms. As the Fig. 6 shows.
0 -5 -10 S21 & S11[dB] -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Frequency[GHz] 4 4.5 5 d=1mm d=2mm d=3mm d=4mm d=5mm d=6mm

S11 S21

Figure 5: Two-dimensional view of the proposed BPF.

Figure 6: Simulated S -parameters for dierent values of d of the BPF.

5. THE THEORY OF COUPLING MATRIX METHOD

In order to realize a coupling matrix which conforms to a chosen topology, it is necessary to give rst the specications of the lter. The desired parameters will be then extracted by using an optimization-based scheme [1]. The coupling coecient and quality factor curves [1] are then used to realize the obtained coupling coecients In our case the second order lter is with a bandwidth BW = 500 MHz, return loss RL = 20 dB, and centre frequency f0 = 2.1 GHz. The obtained coupling matrix from the optimization scheme is M= 0 1.236 , 1.236 0

and the external quality factors are q1 = q2 = 0.8422. To realize the normalized coupling matrix and quality factors, we use the required fractional bandwidth F BW = BW/f0 , the actual (denormalized) coupling matrix becomes. m= 0 0.231 , 0.231 0

and Q1 = Q2 = 7 where m = F BW M , and Q = q/F BW . The m-coupling coecients will be inserted in the experimental curve [1] in order to get the optimal distance between the DGS resonators. The unknown distance s is 2 mm. See the Fig. 7.
6. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT OF THE IMPROVED DGS-BANDPASS FILTER

The optimized DGS has been used to design a BPF, which was fabricated on a (20 15 mm2 ) substrate with a relative dielectric constant r of 3.38 and a thickness h of 0.813 mm. Photographs of the lter are shown in Fig. 9. Measurements were carried out on an HP8719D network analyser. One can see from Fig. 10 that the measured results show good consistency with both simulations. The fabricated BPF has a center frequency at 2.1 GHz and a suppression level of 20 dB from 2.85 to 8.5 GHz; the insertion loss in the passband is about 0.15 dB. Thus we have demonstrated that the proposed coupled DGS bandpass lter is very favourable than the designed bandpass lters in [1]. The experimental results show excellent agreement with simulated result. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 show the simulated and measured data of the two layers of the proposed Hairpin-DGS bandpass lter [4].

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Fig. 8 shows the eld distribution resonant frequency (at the transmission pole), it can be clearly seen that no power it transmitted to port 2.

Gap

(a)
Substrate Metallic Ground

(a)

DGS

(b)

Figure 7: 3D-view of the DGS BPF.

Figure 8: The EM-eld distribution (a) at resonance frequency. (b) at center frequency of the DGS-BPF.

(a)

(b)

Figure 9: Fabricated Hairpin-DGS-BPF. (a) Bottom view. (b) Top view.

0 -10 -20 S21 & S11[dB] -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 0 1 2 3 4 Frequency[GHz]

0
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 1.5 2 2.5 3

Measurement -10 EM-simulation Theoretical -20 S21 & S11[dB]

S11

-30

S
-40

S21

11

-50

S
-60

21

Measurement EM-simulation
-70

4 5 Frequency[GHz]

Figure 10: Schematics of the designed DGSbandpass lter.

Figure 11: Three-dimensional view of the HairpinDGS.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, August 27-30 7. CONCLUSION

265

In this paper we have introduced a new DGS Hairpin resonators and investigated dierent geometrical modication. Controlling the center frequency and improving the characteristics of the proposed BPF have been addressed. The use of DGS cells shows a good eect on the stopband. The second order lters with quasielliptic response were presented. Controlling the center frequency and archiving a good matching at the passband can be simply realized by changing the length or the width of the investigated structure without changing the area occupied by the lter. The lters were designed, fabricated and measured. Good agreement between simulated and measured results was achieved.
REFERENCES

1. Hong, J.-S. and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications, Wiley, New York, 2001. 2. Abdel-Rahman, A., A. R. Ali, S. Amari, and A. S. Omar, Compact bandpass lters using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) coupled resonators, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 2005. 3. Boutejdar, A., A. Elsherbini, and A. S. Omar, Improvement of passband and sharpness factor of parallel coupled microstrip bandpass lter using discontinuities correction and DGS cells, MMS 2007 Mediterranean Microwave Symposium Budapest, Hungary, May 2007. 4. Awida, M., A. Boutejdar, A. Safwat, H. El-Hannawy, and A. S. Omar, Multi-bandpass lters using multi-armed split ring resontors with direct feed, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 2007.