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    Heat Exchanger Design

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    Baha Eddine Gharbi
    This document discusses the design of a parallel tube heat exchanger. It provides specifications for benzene and water flows and calculates the required length of a heat exchanger tube based on the given conditions. It determines that a single concentric tube would need to be 73 feet long, which is impractical. Alternatives are discussed such as using multiple shorter tubes in a bundle, which could achieve the necessary heat transfer with a more reasonable total length. Smaller diameter tubes for each bundle are also considered but their impact on pressure drop and cleanability would need to be evaluated.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Heat Exchanger Design

    Uploaded by

    Baha Eddine Gharbi
    168 views9 pages
    This document discusses the design of a parallel tube heat exchanger. It provides specifications for benzene and water flows and calculates the required length of a heat exchanger tube based on the given conditions. It determines that a single concentric tube would need to be 73 feet long, which is impractical. Alternatives are discussed such as using multiple shorter tubes in a bundle, which could achieve the necessary heat transfer with a more reasonable total length. Smaller diameter tubes for each bundle are also considered but their impact on pressure drop and cleanability would need to be evaluated.

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    Heat exchanger design

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    This document discusses the design of a parallel tube heat exchanger. It provides specifications for benzene and water flows and calculates the required length of a heat exchanger tube based on the given conditions. It determines that a single concentric tube would need to be 73 feet long, which is impractical. Alternatives are discussed such as using multiple shorter tubes in a bundle, which could achieve the necessary heat transfer with a more reasonable total length. Smaller diameter tubes for each bundle are also considered but their impact on pressure drop and cleanability would need to be evaluated.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    168 views9 pages

    Heat Exchanger Design

    Uploaded by

    Baha Eddine Gharbi
    This document discusses the design of a parallel tube heat exchanger. It provides specifications for benzene and water flows and calculates the required length of a heat exchanger tube based on the given conditions. It determines that a single concentric tube would need to be 73 feet long, which is impractical. Alternatives are discussed such as using multiple shorter tubes in a bundle, which could achieve the necessary heat transfer with a more reasonable total length. Smaller diameter tubes for each bundle are also considered but their impact on pressure drop and cleanability would need to be evaluated.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Design of a Parallel Tube Heat Exchanger

    The Exchanger

    Benzene 180 F 7500 lb/h Water: 70F 5 ft/s The Design Equation for a Heat Exchanger Q H = UA T 2 T 1 ln T 2 T 1 = UAT lm

    100F

    Problem Find the Required Length of a Heat Exchanger with Specified Flows: Turbulent Flow in Both Streams The design constraints are given in the schematic above. We show this as a countercurrent configuration, but we will examine the cocurrent case as well. The benzene flow is specified as a mass flow rate (in pound mass units), and the water flow is given as a linear velocity. Heat transfer coefficients are not provided; we will have to calculate them based on our earlier discussions and the correlations presented in earlier lectures. The inside tube is specified as "Schedule 401-14 inch steel."

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    Pipe "schedules" are simply agreed-upon standards for pipe construction that specify the wall thickness of the pipe. Perrys Handbook specifies the following dimensions for the inside pipe : Schedule 40 1 1/4 pipe Do = 1.66 in. = 0.138 ft. Di = 1.38 in = 0.115 ft. the outside pipe : Schedule 40 2 pipe Di = 2.07 in = 0.115 ft.

    Sc = D2 /4 = 0.0104 ft2 (cross-sectional area for flow)

    To calculate the heat exchanger area, we must find Ao = DL. We know the diameter; what is the length ? The Design Equation is

    Qh = U o Ao Tln
    1

    The overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo , is given by

    1 1 + ln r o / r i + 1 Uo = r r ih k o roh o
    We can write it as:

    A ln r o / r i 1 1 U o Lo = + + 2k h o Ao / L h i Ai / L

    = R

    To evaluate the parameters of the problem, we need the physical and thermal properties and conditions for flow in the system

    Tb = 140F

    Cp = 0.45 BTU/lb-F C Pr = pb = 5 k b = 0.085 Btu / h ft F kb b = 0.39 cP = 0.39 1 = 8.1 x 10 6lb f s / ft 2 1000 47.88 = 2.6 X 104lbm/fts

    b = 52.3 lbm/ft3

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    Internal Film Resistance


    The Nusselt number on the inside of the inner pipe is given by the DittusBoelter equation.

    Nu =

    so that the film heat transfer coefficient

    h iD i = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 = 337 kb hi = 249 Btu/hft2F

    The heat transfer area per unit length is so that the inner film resistance is :

    Ai = (0.115) = 0.361 ft 2/ft L


    1

    A h i Li

    = 249 (0.361)

    = 0.011 h ft F / Btu and Dio = 0.172 ft

    The other tube dimensions are

    Doi = 0.138 ft
    The hydraulic diameter is

    Calculation of the Water Flow Rate D eq = 4


    2 D 2i,o D o,i /4

    D i,o + D o,i

    = D i,o D o,i = 0.034 ft

    Given the water velocity of 5 ft/s, we can solve for the water flow rate

    Wwater = 9300 lbm/h The Overall Energy balance (wCp T)benz = (wCpT)water
    Solving for the outlet water temperature:

    7500 (0.45) (100 180) = 9300 (1) (70 Tout)


    gives the exit temperature as:

    Tout = 99F
    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    External Film Resistance


    The physical properties of the water must be estimated in order to determine the film heat transfer coefficient in the annular shell. The average water temperature Tb is calculated as 84.7 F = 0.8 cp k = 0.34 BTU/h-ft-F = 62.4 lb/ft3 so that the Reynolds number can be calculated.

    Re

    VD eq

    62.4 lb m /ft 3 (5 ft / s) 0.034 ft 32.2 lb m f/lb f s 2 4 = = 2 x 10 1.67 x 10 5 lb f s / ft 2 Nu = 0.023 Re 0.8Pr0.4 = 127

    From the Dittus-Boelter equation, the Nusselt number is given as: so that the external film coefficient, ho , is

    ho = 1270 Btu/hft2F
    The external area/length is so that the external film resistance is

    A0 = (0.138) = 0.434 ft 2 / ft L
    1

    A h 0 L0

    = 1270 (0.434)

    = 0.00181hftF / Btu

    Conduction Resistance
    The last term in the equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient is

    ln r 0 / r i = 0.00116 h ft F / Btu 2 k Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient


    The overall resistance is

    (U)1 = R = 0.011 + 0.00116 + 0.00181 + = 0.014


    benzene wall water

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    Log-Mean T Tln = (180 99) (100 70) = 51F ln (81 / 30)

    Heat Load Qh = wCpT = 7500 (0.45) (180 - 100) = 2.7 x 105 Btu/h Heating Rate/unit Length Q h UA = Tln = (R) 1 Tln = 3640 Btu / h ft L L
    Given the heat load, we can calculate the length of tubing so that
    5 Qh 2.7 x 10 L = = = 74 ft 3640 3640

    The case we considered was countercurrent flow, but we noted in an earlier example that in co-current flow we could be more fluid. Now is the pipe longer or shorter ?

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    A Co-current Flow Heat Exchanger The Design Equation for a Heat Exchanger Q H = UA T 2 T 1 ln T 2 T 1 = UAT lm

    The heat loads are identical, the Overall Resistances to heat transfer (UA)-1 are no different since the film coefficients do not change, but the Tlm are different.

    Counter current
    T1 (water) = 99 T1 (benzene) = 180 T2 (water) = 70 T2 (benzene) = 100 T1 = 81 T2 = 30 Tln = 51 L = 74

    Co-current
    T1 (water) = 70 T1 (benzene) = 180 T2 (water) = 99 T2 (benzene) = 100 T1 = 110 T2 = 1 Tln = 23.2 L = 163 ft

    There are two observations to be made. First that the tube length required for co-current flow is more than twice as long. Secondly that the approach temperature for co-current flow becomes diminishingly small.

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    Questions
    Question 1. To have a single concentric pipe heat exchanger 73 ft. long may be impractical. Why ? Question 2. What are the alternatives and can you make a rapid evaluation of the their requirements ? Question 3. What if we use more tubes, do I need more area ? How do I estimate the number of tubes and the required area for a single pass heat exchanger. Question 4. If we use more tubes, should we specify the tubes to be smaller. Why? How do we estimate the effect ?

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    Question 1.
    To have a single concentric pipe heat exchanger 73 ft. long may be impractical. Why ? Where do I put a 73 ft. piece of pipe ? Can I fold it up? Can I cut it into shoter pieces and have them in parallel. ?

    Question 2.
    What are the alternatives and can you make a rapid evaluation of the their requirements ? One alternative is to cut the pipe into 12 equal length, place them in a header and put a shell around the bundle of tubes.

    Question 3.
    If we use more tubes, do I need more area ? How do I estimate the number of tubes and the required area for a single pass heat exchanger. If we use N identical tubes, Renew = Reold /N since

    Re =

    UD Q = 4D

    From the Dittus-Boelter equation we have

    Nu = 0.023 Re 0.8Pr0.4 = 127


    The internal film heat tarnsfer coefficient hi ~ Q If the new flow rate is Q/N then hi ~ (1/ Nnew)0.8 So that for 12 identical tubes hinew = 0.137 hiold The overall resistance is now R = 0.011/(0.137) + 0.00181 + 0.00116 = 0.0833 The required length is Lnew/Lold = Rnew/ Rold / = 0.0833/0.014 = 5.95 so that Lnew is 73(5.95) = 434.2 ft.

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

    Question 4.
    If we use more tubes, should we specify the tubes to be smaller. Why? How do we estimate the effect ? When we introduced the use of multiple tubes, we decreased the Re to significantly reduce the internal film resistance. We can then use similar arguments in decreasing the tube diameter, but we have the following consequences 1. we reduce the area/length for heat transfer. 2. we increase the Reynolds number and the heat transfer coefficient 3. we increase the pressure drop 4. we make it harder to clean

    How do we do evaluate the trade-offs ?

    Lecture 20 ChE 333

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