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    Curve Sketching

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    freudianslipjr
    The document discusses techniques for sketching curves based on their characteristics such as zeros, poles, asymptotes, and special points. An example curve of y = 1−2x/(x+1) is analyzed in detail to demonstrate these techniques. Curves can also be represented parametrically in terms of a parameter t, and an example trajectory curve under gravity is described parametrically and its characteristics analyzed.

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    Curve Sketching

    Uploaded by

    freudianslipjr
    57 views3 pages
    The document discusses techniques for sketching curves based on their characteristics such as zeros, poles, asymptotes, and special points. An example curve of y = 1−2x/(x+1) is analyzed in detail to demonstrate these techniques. Curves can also be represented parametrically in terms of a parameter t, and an example trajectory curve under gravity is described parametrically and its characteristics analyzed.

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    This is for a second lecture of calculus on the very important skill of curve sketching. You will learn how to interpret the features of a function and thus be able to sketch very accurately. This will greatly add to your intuition of calculus and its results. This will then allow you to understand differentiation, integration and optimization and how to apply these in engineering and economics.

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    The document discusses techniques for sketching curves based on their characteristics such as zeros, poles, asymptotes, and special points. An example curve of y = 1−2x/(x+1) is analyzed in detail to demonstrate these techniques. Curves can also be represented parametrically in terms of a parameter t, and an example trajectory curve under gravity is described parametrically and its characteristics analyzed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views3 pages

    Curve Sketching

    Uploaded by

    freudianslipjr
    The document discusses techniques for sketching curves based on their characteristics such as zeros, poles, asymptotes, and special points. An example curve of y = 1−2x/(x+1) is analyzed in detail to demonstrate these techniques. Curves can also be represented parametrically in terms of a parameter t, and an example trajectory curve under gravity is described parametrically and its characteristics analyzed.

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    Curve sketching Graphics calculators and computer-based graphics packages are very adept at plotting curves, but it remains

    useful to be able to sketch curves in order to determine the characterising features. With the main features of a curve determined then appropriate graphical parameters needed for a detailed graphical plot can be specied and the computer plot validated. There is no general method applicable to curve sketching but a number of general techniques are useful, but not necessarily applicable to all types of curves. Curve sketching is a skill to be attained and best learnt from examples. 1 2x ; Illustrative example: y = f (x) = x+1 i) zeros - obtain values of x where y = 0 . i.e. f (x) = 0 ; only root at x = 1 2 ii) poles - obtain values of x where for a rational function (as above) the denominator has zeros (called poles). At poles the curve often has y + or y . i.e. x + 1 = 0, only pole at x = 1. iii) asymptotes - these are straight lines that the curve approaches as either x or y : a) vertical asymptotes - value y at a xed value x = x0 , say; often x0 is a pole. Information of the behaviour of the curve near x = x0 can often be simply obtained by making a local approximation in the form x = x0 + , where is considered vanishingly small (and so 2 , 3 etc are negligibly small). i.e. for pole at x = 1, let x = 1 + then 3 3/ as 0. f (x) = so as 0+ ( tends to zero as a positive quantity) then f (x) +. 0 ( tends to a negative quantity) then f (x) . hence x = 1 is a vertical asymptote and f (x) + as x 1+ and f (x) as x 1 . b) asymptotes as x - to determine the behaviour of f (x) then it is often suitable to rearrange terms into quanitites that become vanishingly small as | x | .
    1 2 1 2x x = i.e. f (x) = 1; x+1 1+ x

    as x +, f (x) 2 and as x , f (x) 2. in this example y = f (x) = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.

    iv) special points - calculate values of f (x) explicitly at selected points to give further insight. Often extensive evaluation is not required; it is practical to choose simple values - e.g. at x = 0. i.e. 0 x 3 1 2 f (x) 7 2
    1 2

    2 1 0 1
    vertical asymptote y axis 4 3 2 1

    1 2

    x axis

    horizontal asymptote 3 4

    Sketch of y = f (x) = Parametric Representation of curves

    1 2x showing main characteristics. x+1

    Sometimes a curve may be expressed in terms of a parametric parameter t, say, often time, in the form x = x(t) , y = y (t).
    1 2 gt An example is x = U t , y = V t 2

    (cartesian trajectory of a point mass under gravity g ejected at an initial velocity (U, V )) As t increases, from t = 0, a curve y = f (x) is displayed
    y axis

    t (x (t), y (t) ) initial velocity t=0 t = 2V g x axis

    From the trajectory equations: y = 0 when t = 0 or t = 2V /g ; i.e. at t = 0, y = 0 and x = 0; 2V U 2V , y = 0 and x = . t= g g In the above, the parameter t can be eliminated directly to obtain the equation of the trajector curve, x 2 Vx 1 f (x); 2g i.e. t = x/U so y = U U In many instances the parameter t cannot be eliminated and the curve x = x(t), y = y (t) must be obtained implicitely in terms of t.

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