Animalia 2009
Animalia 2009
Animalia 2009
• Disadvantages:
– currents and other water movements
Fresh Water
• Provides
– less constant environment
– less food
Symmetry
• Cnidarians and ctenophores are closely related
– because they share radial symmetry
– most other animals exhibit bilateral symmetry
Frontal
section
Caudal
Anterior Posterior
Cephalic
Ventral
Sagittal section
Medial
• The germ layer from which each tissue was derived is indicated in
parentheses. Ectoderm is shown in blue, mesoderm in red, and endoderm
in yellow.
Epidermis (a) Acoelomate — flatworm (liver fluke)
(from ectoderm)
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Mesenchyme
(gelatin-like
tissue)
Epithelium
(from endoderm)
Body Plans
Pseudocoelom
Epidermis
(from ectoderm)
Muscle layer
(from mesoderm)
Epithelium
(from endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelomate—nematode.
Body Plans
Coelom
Epidermis
(from ectoderm)
Muscle layer
(from mesoderm)
Peritoneum
(from mesoderm)
Epithelium
(from endoderm)
Mesentery
(from mesoderm) (c) True coelomate—vertebrate.
Bilateral Symmetry
• Acoelomate
– no body cavity
• Pseudocoelomate
– body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
• Protostomia
– mollusks, annelids, arthropods
• Deuterostomia
– echinoderms, chordates
Blastopore
• Opening from embryonic gut to outside
• In protostomes
– develops into the mouth
• In deuterostomes
– becomes the anus
Cleavage 1
• Protostomes
– undergo spiral cleavage
– early cell divisions diagonal to polar axis
• Deuterostomes
– undergo radial cleavage
– early cell divisions either parallel or at right
angles to polar axis
– cells lie directly above or below one another
Spiral and
Radial
Cleavage
• The pattern of
cleavage can be
appreciated by
comparing the
positions of the
purple cells in (a)
& (b).
Cleavage 2
• Protostomes
– undergo determinate cleavage
– fate of each embryonic cell is fixed very early
• Deuterostomes
– undergo indeterminate cleavage
– fate of each embryonic cell is more flexible
Relationships
based on
Structure
Evolutionary relationships of major animal phyla,
based on structure.
The bilateral animals are grouped by several criteria,
including type of body cavity: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate,
or coelomate.
KEY CONCEPTS
• Biologists classify animals based on their
body plan and features of their early
development
Phylum Porifera
• Sponges
– animals characterized by flagellate collar cells
(choanocytes)
• Sponge cells
– loosely associated
– do not form true tissues
Sponge
Structure
Lophotrochozoa
Deuterostomia
Ecdysozoa
Parazoa
Porifera
Radiata
Choanoflagellate
ancestor
Sponge structure.
(a) Tube sponges (Spinosella
plicifera) from the Caribbean,
attached to the coral reef substrate.
Osculum
Incurrent Spongocoel
Water movement
pores
Collar
KEY CONCEPTS
• Sponges (phylum Porifera) are characterized by collar
cells and by loosely associated cells that do not form
true tissues
Phylum Cnidaria
• Characterized by
– radial symmetry
– two tissue layers
– cnidocytes (cells containing nematocysts)
Nematocysts
Nucleus
Thread
Capsule
Nematocyst
(not discharged)
Cnidocil Thread
(trigger)
Nematocyst
(discharged)
Phylum Cnidaria
• Gastrovascular cavity
– with single opening for mouth and anus
1 mm Mouth
Egg
Bud (ovum)
Cnidarian Gastrovascular
cavity Ovary
Structure
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastrodermis
• Hydra
• a freshwater
hydrozoan.
Cnidaria Life Cycle
3 Zygote develops
Gastrovascular
into ciliated planula
cavity
Planula larva.
larva
Polyp colony
4 Larva develops into
5 Colony grows as new polyps polyp that forms new
bud and remain attached. Young colony.
polyp colony
Cnidaria
Radiata
Ctenophora
ancestor
Choanoflagellate
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia
Mouth
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastrodermis
Gastrovascular
cavity
Gastrovascular
cavity
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastrodermis
Gastrovascular
cavity
• Comb jellies
– fragile, luminescent marine predators
– biradial symmetry
– eight rows of cilia that resemble combs
– tentacles with adhesive glue cells
Comb Jelly
KEY CONCEPTS
• Members of phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) have
biradial symmetry, two tissue layers, eight rows of
cilia, and tentacles with adhesive glue cells
Coelom
• True coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity
– completely lined by mesoderm between digestive tube
and outer body wall
• Ecdysozoa
– nematodes (roundworms) and arthropods
• Protostomes are a monophyletic group that gave rise
to two major clades: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
• Nemerteans have
– tube-within-a-tube body plan
– complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
– a circulatory system
Nemerteans
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
• Acoelomate animals with • Ladder-type nervous
system
– bilateral symmetry – sense organs
– cephalization – simple brain composed of
– 3 definite tissue layers two ganglia
– 2 nerve cords that extend
– well-developed organs the length of body
• Class Cestoda
– parasitic tapeworms
Planarian
Parazoa
Radiata
Platyhelminthes
Nemertea
Mollusca
Annelida
ancestor
Choanoflagellate
Lophophorate
Lophotrochozoa
phyla
Rotifera
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia
Ganglia
Auricle
Auricle
Eyespot
Nerve
Gastrovascular
cavity
Pharynx
Sheath
surrounding
pharynx
Mouth
1 mm
Pharyngeal Inner
sheath muscle
cavity Pharyngeal layer of
cavity pharynx
Outer
muscle
Muscle layer
Epidermis
Adhesive
Sperm gland
Ventral
mass
nerve Cilia
Body wall
cords
composed of
Muscle
epidermis,
layers
circular muscle, and
longitudinal muscle
Parasitic Flukes and Tapeworms
• Typically have suckers or hooks
– for holding on to their hosts
• Ventral foot
– for locomotion
• Mantle
– covers visceral mass (body organs)
Mollusks
• Most have open circulatory system
– Cephalopods have closed circulatory system
Cilia
Mouth
Nephridium
Mesodermal
cells
Anus Trochophore
Larva
Class Polyplacophora
Class Polyplacophora
Shell
Digestive
tract
Class Gastropoda
Shell
Digestive
Foot tract
Torsion
Class Bivalvia
• Includes aquatic clams, scallops, oysters
• Two-part shell
– hinged dorsally
– encloses bodies
• Suspension feeders
The mollusk body plan.
(c) The compressed body of the horseneck clam (Tresus capax)
is adapted for burrowing in the North Pacific mud.
• Its shell grows to about 20 cm (8 in) in length.
Class Bivalva
Shell
Digestive
Foot tract
Clam
Excurrent
siphon
Incurrent
siphon
Class Cephalopoda
Tentacles Internal
(modified shell
foot)
Digestive
tract
Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)
• Aquatic worms, earthworms, leeches
• Segmentation
– both internally and externally
• Lophophore
– ciliated ring of tentacles surround the mouth
– specialized to capture particles in water
Lophophorates
• Phylum Brachiopoda
• Phylum Phoronida
• Phylum Bryozoa
Phylum Rotifera
Learning Objective
• What are the distinguishing characteristics of
phylum Nematoda?
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
• Pseudocoelom
Dorsal nerve
• No antennae, no mandibles
Chelicerates
Subphylum Crustacea
• Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, pill bugs, barnacles
First
antenna
Second
antenna
Antenna
Simple eye
Compound eye
Brain
Digestive
gland
Tube feet
Ampulla Anus
Gonad
• Sea cucumbers
– elongated flexible bodies
– circle of modified tube feet surrounds mouth
Phylum Chordata
• ~ 48,000 species
• A traditional view of
evolutionary relationships
• Six classes of fish, four
classes of tetrapods
(aquatic tetrapods such as
penguins evolved from
terrestrial forms)
Chordate Body Plan
supporting structures
jaw
Existing Jawless Fishes
Hagfish
• Well-developed brain
• Keen chemosensory organs
• Electroreceptors sense weak electrical fields of the
muscles of prey
• Lateral line organ is sensitive to mechanical
disturbances
• No lungs, but 5-7 paired gills
• Long pharynx but short straight intestine leading to a
cloaca, which receives metabolic wastes and urine;
– is reproductive organ in females
Reproduction in Chondrichthys
• Separate sexes, internal fertilization
• Males have modified pelvic fin called a clasper that
transfers sperm to the female
• Eggs fertilized in the upper part of the oviducts
– are coated with covering as they move down the oviduct
• Skates and some sharks are oviparous (egg-laying)
• Many sharks are ovoviviparous,
– in that they hatch within the mother’s body
• Some sharks are viviparous (live-bearing)
The Bony Fishes
• Salamanders
• Caecilians
Amphibian Groups
• Amnion (membrane)
– forms fluid-filled sac around embryo
Amniotic Egg
Amniotes
• Evolution of the amniotic egg was critical to
advancement beyond amphibia
• The egg contains fluid-filled sac called the amnion
– Keeps embryo wet
• From the amniotic egg organisms were able to diverge
yet again – to reptiles, birds and mammals
• Amniotic egg has
– Yolk – nutrient stores for embryo
– Chorion and allantois – for gas exchange and waste
storage (allantois)
Amniotes
• Have body coverings that minimize water loss
• Decreases gas exchange across body; requires better
lungs and efficient blood circulatory systems
• Conserve water through excretion of wastes in the
kidney
• Conversion of toxic ammonia to uric acid in birds and
reptiles is a water-saving mechanism; to urea in
mammals
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
1. Turtles, terrapins, tortoises
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
2. Lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
3. Tuataras
4 Groups of Extant Reptiles
4. Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials
Modern Reptiles
• Reproduction
– Leathery shell around egg
– Internal fertilization occurs first, then production of the
shell in the oviduct
– Requires a copulatory organ – the penis
• Are ectothermic – require heat from outside source
• Dry scaly skin
– Requires good lung, circulatory system
– Reptiles have 3-chambered, efficient heart
– Crocodilians have 4-chambered heart,
• which is more efficient and keeps the oxygenated
blood separate from the oxygen-depleted blood
venom gland