Diversity of Life: EBIO 1010

Diversity of Life
EBIO 1010
Lecture 11
Introduction to Animals
General Features of Animals
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
No cell walls
Active movement
Diverse in form
Diverse in habitat
Most reproduce sexually
Most have a similar
pattern of embryonic
development
All but sponges have
tissues
Five Key Transitions

There are five key transitions in animal
evolution
1. The evolution of tissues, allowing
specialization
2. The evolution of symmetry
3. The evolution of a body cavity
4. The evolution of different development
patterns
5. The evolution of segmentation (repeated
segments)
Tissues
Sponges (Parazoa) lack tissues (and organs)
They have cell specialization not found in protists
Cells can differentiate and redifferentiate
All other animals (Eumetazoa) have distinct and

well-defined tissues
The differentiation of cells
is irreversible for most cell
types
Symmetry
Sponges lack any
symmetry
Almost all other animals
have shape and
symmetry
Radial
Bilateral
Thought Question
Are the following organisms radially or
bilaterally symmetrical?
a) Sea horse
b) Coral polyp
c) Millipede
Thought Question
Are the following organisms radially or
bilaterally symmetrical?
a) Sea horse
Bilateral
b) Coral polyp
Radial
c) Millipede
Bilateral
Radial Symmetry
Symmetrical body
plans first evolved in
Cnidaria
Cnidarians exhibit
radial symmetry
Arranged around a
central axis
Any plane passing
through the axis cuts
the body into two
mirror images
Bilateral Symmetry
Most other animals
have bilateral
symmetry
Animals with bilateral
symmetry have a top
(dorsal) and bottom
(ventral) side
They also have a
front (anterior) and
back (posterior)
Bilateral Symmetry
Evolution of bilateral symmetry is a major
advance in the animal body plan
Bilateral symmetry allows:
Concentration of sensory organs at the
anterior end
Greater ability to move through the
environment
Concentrated nerve cells in the anterior end
led to the development of a brain area
(cephalization)
Body Cavities
Most animals have three germ layers
Endoderm - digestive organs and intestines
Mesoderm - skeleton and muscles
Ectoderm - outer coverings and nervous
system
Sponges lack germ layers, Cnidarians

have only two (endoderm and ectoderm)
Body cavity allowed the development of
advanced organ systems
Body Cavities
Three basic body cavities
Acoelomates do not have a body cavity
Space between mesoderm and endoderm is filled
with cells and organic material
Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity, that

is not entirely surrounded by the mesoderm;
body cavity is called the pseudocoelom
Coelomates - a fluid-filled body cavity entirely

located within the mesoderm
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
With a coelom (or pseudocoelom)
movement of nutrients and wastes becomes
a problem
Pseudocoelomates churn the fluid in their
body cavity
Coelomates develop a circulatory system

Open circulatory system - blood passes from
vessels into sinuses and mixes with body fluid
Closed circulatory system - blood is separated
from other fluid and is controlled separately
Body Cavity Evolution

Zoologists used to believe that the first animals
were acoelomate, some of their descendents
evolved a pseudocoelom, and that some
peseudocoelomates evolved a coelom
Rather, pseudocoleoms seemed to have
evolved several times, and some have lost a
body cavity altogether, becoming acoelomate
secondarily
The coelom appears to have evolved just once
Patterns of Development
Bilaterally symmetrical animals initially form a blastula
This indents to form a blastula with a primitive gut cavity
The hole is called the blastopore
The fate of the first opening determines two different

types of development
Protostomes - the first opening becomes the mouth
Flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, and arthropods
Deuterostomes - the first opening becomes the anus

Echinoderms, chordates
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways
Cleavage patterns
Determinate vs. indeterminate development
The fate of the blastopore
How the coelom is formed
Protostomes
Mollusk, Tridacna gigas
Annelid, Haplotaxida
Marine flatworm,
Pseudoceros susanae
Arthropod, Haplopelma
lividum
Nematode,
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Deuterostomes
Echinoderm, Thelenota ananas
Chordate, Ailurus fulgens
Cleavage pattern
Some protostomes have
spiral cleavage
A new cell forms in the space
between old ones
Tightly packed
Deuterostomes have radial

cleavage
A new cell forms adjacent to
the old ones
Loosely packed
Development
Many protostomes have
determinate development
The fate of the first cells is already
determined
Deuterostomes have
indeterminate development
The first few cell divisions are
identical
If a cell becomes separated, it can
form an entirely new (genetically
identical) organism
Blastopore
Blastopore - opening in the
blastula
In protostomes the blastopore
becomes the mouth
In some protostomes it also
becomes the anus
In others, the anus develops later
In deuterostomes the
blastopore becomes the anus
Coelom
The coelom forms from the
mesoderm in all coelomates
In protostomes, cells
separate within the mass of
mesodermal cells to form the
coelom
In deuterostomes, groups of
cells pouch off the inside end
of the blastula to form the
coelom
Protostomes and
Deuterostomes
Protostome development is diverse, but
spiral development in the embryo evolved
once
Deuterostomes evolved from protostomes
more than 500 mya and probably evolved
only once
Segmentation
Segments are subdivisions of the body that look
alike, but have the possibility of specialization
Two advantages:
1. Redundant systems
- Damage to one segment of highly segmented
animals does not have to be fatal because other
segments duplicate the function
2. Locomotion is more efficient

- Segments can move independently
Segmentation
Millipede (Class Diplopoda)
Animal Tree of Life
Animal Phylogenetics
Recent revisions in the classification of
animals
Old classification used body plan
(aceolomate, pseudocoelomate,
coelomate)
New classification based on genetic data
(ribosomal RNA sequences)
Traditional Phylogeny
Animalia
Animalia
Symmetrical
Animalia
Symmetrical
Bilaterally Symmetrical
Animalia
Symmetrical
Protostomes
Deu.
Animalia
Symmetrical
Deu.
Protostomes
Acoelomate
Coelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Animal Phylogenetics
General agreement on the classification of 35-40
animal phyla
Major question: How are these phyla related?
Both classifications agree:
The Parazoans (sponges) first separated from
Eumetazoa (all other animals)
Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra) and
Ctenophora (comb jellies) branch out before the
Bilateria
The new phylogeny has radial symmetry as paraphyletic
Bilateria divided into protostomes and deuterostomes

Diversity of Life: EBIO 1010

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Diversity of Life

General Features of Animals

Five Key Transitions

All other animals (Eumetazoa) have distinct and

Sponges lack germ layers, Cnidarians

Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity, that

Coelomates - a fluid-filled body cavity entirely

Coelomates develop a circulatory system

Body Cavity Evolution

The coelom appears to have evolved just once

The fate of the first opening determines two different

Deuterostomes - the first opening becomes the anus

Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways

Mollusk, Tridacna gigas

Echinoderm, Thelenota ananas

Chordate, Ailurus fulgens

Deuterostomes have radial

2. Locomotion is more efficient

Millipede (Class Diplopoda)

Animal Tree of Life

Bilateria divided into protostomes and deuterostomes

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