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    Continuity Equation

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    Suta Vijaya
    The document discusses the continuity equation, which is a statement of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics. It can be used to relate flow variables like velocity, volume flow rate, and density at different points in a fluid system. The key concepts covered are: - Definitions of terms like control volume, streamline, discharge - The one-dimensional continuity equation relating velocity and density for an incompressible fluid - Applying the continuity equation to examples involving changes in pipe diameter or fluid properties - Expressing the continuity equation in different coordinate systems like cylindrical coordinates - Special cases for steady compressible or incompressible flow

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Continuity Equation

    Uploaded by

    Suta Vijaya
    871 views26 pages
    The document discusses the continuity equation, which is a statement of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics. It can be used to relate flow variables like velocity, volume flow rate, and density at different points in a fluid system. The key concepts covered are: - Definitions of terms like control volume, streamline, discharge - The one-dimensional continuity equation relating velocity and density for an incompressible fluid - Applying the continuity equation to examples involving changes in pipe diameter or fluid properties - Expressing the continuity equation in different coordinate systems like cylindrical coordinates - Special cases for steady compressible or incompressible flow

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    Fluid mechanics: Continuity Equation

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    The document discusses the continuity equation, which is a statement of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics. It can be used to relate flow variables like velocity, volume flow rate, and density at different points in a fluid system. The key concepts covered are: - Definitions of terms like control volume, streamline, discharge - The one-dimensional continuity equation relating velocity and density for an incompressible fluid - Applying the continuity equation to examples involving changes in pipe diameter or fluid properties - Expressing the continuity equation in different coordinate systems like cylindrical coordinates - Special cases for steady compressible or incompressible flow

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    871 views26 pages

    Continuity Equation

    Uploaded by

    Suta Vijaya
    The document discusses the continuity equation, which is a statement of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics. It can be used to relate flow variables like velocity, volume flow rate, and density at different points in a fluid system. The key concepts covered are: - Definitions of terms like control volume, streamline, discharge - The one-dimensional continuity equation relating velocity and density for an incompressible fluid - Applying the continuity equation to examples involving changes in pipe diameter or fluid properties - Expressing the continuity equation in different coordinate systems like cylindrical coordinates - Special cases for steady compressible or incompressible flow

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the definitions and concepts related to continuity equation, including discharge, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, fluid systems, control volumes, control surfaces, and tubes of flow.

    Discharge or volume flow rate is the volume of fluid flowing per unit time across a section. Mass flow rate is the mass of fluid flowing per unit time across a section. Both are usually expressed in terms of mean velocity and cross-sectional area.

    A fluid system is a continuous mass of fluid containing the same fluid particles. A control volume is a selected volume in space where mass can flow in or out. A control surface encloses the control volume.

    http://www.unimasr.net/ums/upload/files/2010/Oct/UniMasr.com_e31d001976240dea5ceb0dc41026646c.

    pdf

    Continuity Equation
    Lecture 9

    Some Definitions
    Discharge or Volume Flow Rate: For variable velocity distribution: Mass Flow Rate: For variable velocity distribution: (cross section of area must be perpendicular to velocity)

    System, Control Volume, and Control Surface


    A fluid system is a continuous mass of fluid that always contains the same fluid particles. By definition, the mass of a system is constant. A control volume is some selected volume in space which can deform, move and rotate. Mass (i.e., particles) can flow into or out of the control volume. A control surface is the surface that encloses the control volume.

    Tube of Flow

    Tube of flow is an imaginary tube whose boundary consists of streamlines The volume flow rate must be the same for all cross sections of the tube of flow

    Continuity Equation
    One Dimensional
    A stream tube is a tubular surface generated by a group of stream lines For the shown stream tube: Input volume Output volume = storage

    Continuity Equation (cont.)

    Continuity Equation

    (cont.)

    Assuming that there is no storage inside Input volume = Output volume

    A1 ds1 = A2 ds 2 A1ds1 = A2 ds2


    no change inside the tube ( steady condition )

    ds1 ds2 A1 = A2 dt dt A1V1 = A2V2

    Continuity Equation
    1 1

    (cont.)

    is the same for incompressible fluid


    AV = A2V
    2

    = constant =Q ( discharge )

    Flow Rate & Mean Velocity

    Flow rate is quantity of fluid flowing per unit time across any section Usually expressed as either:
    volume flow rate or discharge (Q )
    SI units m3/s, BG units ft3/sec ) mass flow rate ( m SI units kg/s, BG units slugs/sec

    AV , and = Q = m = AV Q

    Continuity Equation
    Example 1

    Gas flows at a steady rate in a pipeline which increases diameter from 150 mm to 200 mm. The upstream gas density = 1.75 kg/m3 and its velocity = 18 m/s, decreasing to 12 m/s downstream. Calculate the gas density in the 200 mm pipe section.

    Solution
    A1 = x 0.152 / 4 = 0.0177 m2, A2 = x 0.22 / 4 = 0.0314 m2
    Continuity: 2 = 1 A1 V1 / (A2 V2) = 1.75 x 0.0177 x 18 / (0.0314 x 12) = 1.48 kg/m3

    Continuity Equation
    Example 2

    Benzene (SG = 0.879) flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3 m/s. Find the volume and mass flow rates.

    Solution Q = AV = ( x 0.12 / 4) x 3 = 0.0236 m3/s = 23.6 L/s = 1416 L/min = 0.879 x 1000 x 0.0236 = 20.7 kg/s = Q m

    Conservation of Mass

    In general, continuity equation cannot be used by itself to solve for flow field, however it can be used to
    1.

    2.

    Determine if velocity field is incompressible Find missing velocity component

    Mass Balance

    Consider flow into and out of small fixed control surface of sides dx, dy and dz At any instant, mass in control volume = dx dy dz Rate of mass accumulation = rate of mass inflow rate of mass outflow rate of mass accumulation = m

    Mass Balance

    Rate of increase of mass in fluid element equals the net rate of flow of mass into element. Rate of increase is:

    ( dxdydz ) = dxdydz = m t t

    Conservation of Mass

    Differential CV and Taylor series


    First, define an infinitesimal control volume dx x dy x dz Next, we approximate the mass flow rate into or out of each of the 6 faces using Taylor series expansions around the center point, e.g., at the right face
    Ignore terms higher than order dx

    Conservation of Mass

    Differential CV and Taylor series

    Infinitesimal control volume of dimensions dx, dy, dz

    Area of right face = dy dz

    Mass flow rate through the right face of the control volume

    Conservation of Mass

    Differential CV and Taylor series


    Now, sum up the mass flow rates into and out of the 6 faces of the CV Net mass flow rate into CV:

    Net mass flow rate out of CV:

    Plug into integral conservation of mass equation

    Conservation of Mass

    Differential CV and Taylor series


    After substitution,

    Dividing through by volume dxdydz

    Or, if we apply the definition of the divergence of a vector

    Conservation of Mass
    Alternative form
    Use product rule on divergence term

    Conservation of Mass
    Cylindrical coordinates

    There are many problems which are simpler to solve if the equations are written in cylindrical-polar coordinates Easiest way to convert from Cartesian is to use vector form and definition of divergence operator in cylindrical coordinates

    Conservation of Mass
    Cylindrical coordinates

    Conservation of Mass
    Special Cases

    Steady compressible flow

    Cartesian Cylindrical

    Conservation of Mass
    Special Cases

    Incompressible flow
    and = constant

    Cartesian Cylindrical

    General Continuity Equation

    For steady compressible 3-D flow: For incompressible 3-D flow:


    u v w + + = 0 x y z
    ( u ) ( v) ( w) + + + = 0 t x y z

    For incompressible 2-D & 1-D flows:


    u v + = 0 x y

    and

    u =0 x

    General Continuity Equation


    Examples Which of the following velocity fields satisfies conservation of mass (continuity) for incompressible 2-D flow?

    (a) u = x, v = y (b) u = y, v = x (c) u = 2x, v = -2y (d) u = 3xt, v = -3yt (e) u = xy + y2t, v = xy + x2t (f) u = 3x2y2, v = -2xy3

    General Continuity Equation


    Examples - Solutions

    u v For incompressible 2-D flow, + = 0 x y (a) u x = No 1 1 , v y = 0 , v y = 0 (b) u x = Yes 2 , v y = 2 (c) u x = Yes 3t , v y = 3t (d) u x = Yes
    (e) u x = y , v y = x (f) u x = 6 xy , v y = 6 xy No Yes

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