UNIT-2 Two Dimensional Problem - Vector Variable Problem: Two Mark Questions and Answer

UNIT-2 TWO DIMENSIONAL PROBLEM VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEM
TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

1.What are the types of loading acting on the structure?
There are three types of loading acting on the body. They are: Body force (f). Traction force (T). Point load (P).
2. Define body force (f).

A body force is a distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body. UNIT:Force per unit volume. Example:Self-weight due to gravity.
3. Define Traction force (T).

Traction force is defined as a distributed force acting on the surface of the body. UNIT:Force per unit area. Examples: Frictional resistance, viscous drag, surface shear etc.
4. What is Point Load (P).

Point load is a force at a particular point which causes displacement.
5. What are basic steps involved in the finite element modelling.

Finite element modelling consist of the following: Discretization of structure, Numbering of nodes.
6. What is discretization?
The art of subdividig a structure into a convenient number of smaller component is known as discretization.
7. What are the classification of co-ordinates?
The co-ordinates are generally as follows: Global co-ordinates. Local co-ordinates. Natural co-ordinates.
8. What is Global co-ordinates? [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, JUNE 2005]

The points in the entire structure are defined using co-ordinate system is known as global coordinate system.
Example:
9. What is natural co-ordinates? [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, JAN 2005]

A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of dimensionless numbers. Whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is very useful in assembling of stiffness materices.
10. Define shape function. [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, DEC 2007]

In finite element method, field variable within an element are generally expressed by the following approximate relation: ( x, y ) = N ( x, y ) + N ( x, y ) + N ( x, y ) where , and are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N, N and N are the interpolation functions. N, N and N are also called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or shape of the element.
11. What are the characteristics of shape function?

The characteristics of shape functions are as follows: 1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at other nodal points. 2. The sum of shape function is equal to one.
12. What polynomials are generally used as shape function?
13. How do you calculate the size of the global stiffness matrix?
Global stiffness matrix size = {Number of nodes} {Degrees of freedom per node}.
14. Give the general expression for element stiffness matrix.

Stiffness matrix, * K + = * B +T [ D ] [ B ] dv Where, * B + Strain displacement matrix [Row matrix]. * D + Stress, strain relationship matrix *Row matrix+.
15. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for one dimensional bar element. [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, JAN 2006]
1 Stiffness matrix [ K ] = AE / L -1 1 -1
Where A Area of the bar element. E Young's modulus of the bar element. L Length of the bar element.
16. State the properties of a stiffness matrix. [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, JAN 2006]
The properties of a stiffness matrix [ K ] are: 1. It is symmetric matrix. 2. The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero. 3. It is an unstable element. So, the determinant is equal to zero.
17. Write down the general finite element equation.

General finite element equation is, {F}=[K]{u} Where, , F - Force vector *Column matrix+. * K + Stiffness matrix *Row matrix+. , u - Degrees of freedom *Column matrix+.
18. Write down the finite element equation for one dimensional two noded bar element.
The finite element equation for one dimensional two noded bar element is, F1 = AE/L F2 -1 1 u2 1 -1 u1
19. What is truss?

A truss is defined as a structural, made up of several bars , riveted or welded together.
20. State the assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss.
The following assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss. All the members are pin jointed. The truss is loaded at the joints. The self-weight of the members are neglected unless stated.
21. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for a truss element.
lm
Stiffness matrix, [ K ] = AE/l lm
-lm
-lm
Where, A Area E Young's modulus L Length of the element l , m Direction cosines.
22. Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one dimensional bar element. [ANNA UNIVERSITY, JAN 2005 ]
For one dimensional bar elenment,
Displacement function, u = N u + N u Where, Shape function, N = l-x / l Shape function, N= x / l
23. Define total potential energy.

The total potential energy of an elastic body, is defined as the sum of total strain energy U and the potential energy of the external forces, (W). Total potential energy, = Strain energy (U) + , Potential energy of the external forces(W).-
24. State the principle of minimum potential energy. [ANNA UNIVERSITY, DEC 2007]
The principle of minimum potential energy states: Among all the displacement equations that satisfy internal compatibility and the boundary conditions, those that also satisfy the equation of equilibrium make the potential energy a minimum in a stable system.
25. What is stationary property of potential energy.

If the body is in equilibrium, its total potential energy is stationary. For stable equilibrium, 2 > 0, otherwise is minimum for stable equilibrium. For neutral equilibrium, 2 = 0. In this case is unchanging. For unstable equilibrium, 2 < 0, otherwise is maximum.
26. State the principle of virtual work.
[ ANNA UNIVERSITY, DEC 2006 ]
A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for every kinematically admissible displacement field.
27. Distinguish between essential boundary conditions and natural boundary condition: [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, DEC 2006 ]
There are two types of boundary conditions. They are:
1.Primary boundary condition (or) Essential boundary condition: The boundary conditions which are in terms of field variable is known as primary boundary condition. 2.Secondary boundary condition or Natural boundary condition:
The boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field variable is known as secondary boundary condition.
Example: A bar is subjected to axial load as shown in fig.
In this problem, Displacement u at node 1 = 0, that is primary boundary condition. EA du/dx = P, that is secondary boundary condition. 28. What are the differences between boundary value problem and initial value problem. [ANNA UNIVERSITY, JUNE 2005]
The solution of differential equation is obtained for physical problems which satisfies some specified condition known as boundary conditions. The differential equation together with these boundary conditions, subjected to a boundary value problem. The differential equation together with initial conditions subjected to an initial value problem.
Examples: Boundary value problem.

(d2y/dx2) a(x) (dy/dx) b(x)y c(x) = 0 With boundary conditions, y(m) = and Y(n) = Initial value problem, ax2 + bx + c = 0 Boundary conditions: x(0) = 0 x(0) = 7

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UNIT-2 TWO DIMENSIONAL PROBLEM VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEM

TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

2. Define body force (f).

3. Define Traction force (T).

4. What is Point Load (P).

5. What are basic steps involved in the finite element modelling.

7. What are the classification of co-ordinates?

8. What is Global co-ordinates? [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, JUNE 2005]

9. What is natural co-ordinates? [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, JAN 2005]

10. Define shape function. [ ANNA UNIVERSITY, DEC 2007]

11. What are the characteristics of shape function?

12. What polynomials are generally used as shape function?

14. Give the general expression for element stiffness matrix.

17. Write down the general finite element equation.

19. What is truss?

Where, A Area E Young's modulus L Length of the element l , m Direction cosines.

Displacement function, u = N u + N u Where, Shape function, N = l-x / l Shape function, N= x / l

23. Define total potential energy.

25. What is stationary property of potential energy.

26. State the principle of virtual work.

[ ANNA UNIVERSITY, DEC 2006 ]

Examples: Boundary value problem.

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