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    4 Value

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    Aarthi Padmanabhan
    We value biodiversity because we like it Spiritual, and aesthetic values Functional value Ecosystem goods and services Economic value Existence and option value we value it because otherwise nature may not work as well If nature does not work, we will get in trouble too.

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    4 Value

    Uploaded by

    Aarthi Padmanabhan
    32 views5 pages
    We value biodiversity because we like it Spiritual, and aesthetic values Functional value Ecosystem goods and services Economic value Existence and option value we value it because otherwise nature may not work as well If nature does not work, we will get in trouble too.

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    We value biodiversity because we like it Spiritual, and aesthetic values Functional value Ecosystem goods and services Economic value Existence and option value we value it because otherwise nature may not work as well If nature does not work, we will get in trouble too.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views5 pages

    4 Value

    Uploaded by

    Aarthi Padmanabhan
    We value biodiversity because we like it Spiritual, and aesthetic values Functional value Ecosystem goods and services Economic value Existence and option value we value it because otherwise nature may not work as well If nature does not work, we will get in trouble too.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    1.4.

    The value of biodiversity

    We value it because How do we value biodiversity? we like it Spiritual, and aesthetic values Functional value Ecosystem goods and services Economic value Existence and option value We value it because otherwise nature may not work as well If nature does not work, we will get in trouble too We value it because we want to make money of it

    Painting by Ray Troll

    We value it because we want it to exist (and maybe use it in the future)

    Spiritual and aesthetic value


    Quality of life Tourism Micro-climate Human habitat
    Plant biomass (g m-2)

    Functional value: productivity

    Source: Loreau et al. (2001) Science 294:804-808

    and stability

    Ecosystem goods and services


    Products and processes of natural ecosystems that sustain life and are critical to human welfare, e.g.
    Food production (soil fertility, pollination, erosion control, fish production) Clean air and water Carbon fixation Natural fibers Pharmaceuticals

    Source: Tilman et al. (2006) Nature 441:629-632

    Human society
    Impacts

    An example from coastal ecosystems

    Biodiversity
    Genetic Species Ecosystem

    Linkage

    7% extinct

    Ecosystem functioning
    Carbon and nutrient cycling Primary and secondary productivity Food and habitat provision Transformation of waste products

    Benefits

    Linkage?

    36% collapsed

    Ecosystem services
    Water and air quality control Soil and seafood production Tourism and recreation Ecosystem resilience

    Source: Worm et al. 2006. Science 314:787-790

    Loss of diversity

    leads to loss of services

    Source: Worm et al. 2006. Science 314:787-790

    Source: Worm et al. 2006. Science 314:787-790

    leads to increased risks

    Oyster example
    Removal of Oysters Algal blooms

    Source: Worm et al. 2006. Science 314:787-790

    How are services valuated?


    Products:
    Total market value per year Hedonic pricing Factor income

    Economic value: long-term benefits


    Natural habitats have typically larger longterm value, conversion larger shortterm benefits

    Processes:
    Avoided cost Replacement cost Contingency evaluation (willingness to pay)

    Source: Balmford et al. (2002) Science 297:950-953

    Weighing different services

    Restoring diversity and services

    Source: Barbier et al. (2008) Science 319:321-323

    Source: Worm et al. 2006. Science 314:787-790

    Economic value: Insurance function Insurance function


    Salmon catch history in Bristol Bay, Alaska Cite Hilborn et record al. catches Many populations maintain over time, buffer effects of climatic changes

    Biodiversity begets fisheries sustainability


    More species Fewer collapses Faster recovery More predictable More productive
    Source: Worm et al. 2006. Science 314:787-790

    Source: Hilborn et al. 2003. PNAS 100:6564-6568

    Existence and option value


    Existence value: the value that people place on simply knowing that something exists, even if they will never see it or use it. Option value: the potential value of the resource for future (direct or indirect) use
    Deep-sea hydrothermal vent field

    Summing up
    Biodiversity sustains a range of important ecosystem functions and services Ecosystem services are essential for human well-being The long-term economic benefits of biodiversity conservation are often substantial Economic and ethical arguments are both important for biodiversity conservation

    Rain forest

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