Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 58 views

    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) (MPLS) : Higher Institute For Applied Sciences and Technology

    Uploaded by

    Hasan Ahmad
    MPLS combines the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching by using short, fixed-length labels to direct packets through the network instead of long network addresses. MPLS establishes label switched paths between ingress and egress routers to efficiently forward packets. This allows traffic engineering and quality of service capabilities while working with any protocol, primarily IP. MPLS simplifies forwarding and improves routing scalability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) (MPLS) : Higher Institute For Applied Sciences and Technology

    Uploaded by

    Hasan Ahmad
    58 views31 pages
    MPLS combines the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching by using short, fixed-length labels to direct packets through the network instead of long network addresses. MPLS establishes label switched paths between ingress and egress routers to efficiently forward packets. This allows traffic engineering and quality of service capabilities while working with any protocol, primarily IP. MPLS simplifies forwarding and improves routing scalability.

    Original Description:

    Virtual Networking is carefully reviewed in this document.

    Original Title

    MPLS

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    MPLS combines the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching by using short, fixed-length labels to direct packets through the network instead of long network addresses. MPLS establishes label switched paths between ingress and egress routers to efficiently forward packets. This allows traffic engineering and quality of service capabilities while working with any protocol, primarily IP. MPLS simplifies forwarding and improves routing scalability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views31 pages

    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) (MPLS) : Higher Institute For Applied Sciences and Technology

    Uploaded by

    Hasan Ahmad
    MPLS combines the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching by using short, fixed-length labels to direct packets through the network instead of long network addresses. MPLS establishes label switched paths between ingress and egress routers to efficiently forward packets. This allows traffic engineering and quality of service capabilities while working with any protocol, primarily IP. MPLS simplifies forwarding and improves routing scalability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology Telecommunication department Master Program 2011-2012

    HIAST

    Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)


    (5)

    Prepared by Dr. Khaldoun KHORZOM


    1

    The switching problem


    OSI Reference Model Application Presentation Session Transport
    Knows about other workgroups Knows about local workgroup Doesnt know anything

    Network Data Link Physical

    Router Workgroup Switch Repeater

    Route/ Switch Hub

    The switching problem (continued)


    What does a switch do? Establishes a path through a network end-end (connection) Example: circuit switch used in telephony No need for decisions at each point along the way

    The switching problem (continued)


    What does a router do? Looks at incoming packet address and looks it up in table to find outgoing port No dedicated paths established (connectionless) Router does not know total path Dynamic paths Path for subsequent packets going to same destination may change due to congestion or other problems Requires seach Complexity ~ O(log2 n), where n is number of entries in routing table

    The switching problem (continued)


    IP traffic: primarily routed ATM traffic: primarily switched Permanent virtual circuit (PVC) fixed Switched virtual circuit (SVC) dynamic

    The switching problem (continued)


    How to switch (route) packets with least expenditure of processing? How to allow different services to coexist on same IP network? At present, isochronous traffic (e.g., voice) does not work if network utilization greater than about 25% Requires QOS (quality of service) or COS (class of service) How to allow different protocols on same network? IP ATM

    The switching problem (continued)


    How to have a single packet forwarding method or paradigm while still allowing for different routing paradigms OSPF: Open Shortest Path First PNNI: Private Network to Node Interface or Private Network to Network Interface An ATM routing protocol

    Desired solution elements


    Combine best of switching and routing Do routing once to find a path Record path elements Apply tag to subsequent packets with path information No need for looking into these packets to fetch addresses and do lookups at each router Complexity ~ O(1), because indexing is used Initially called Tag switching or Label switching

    Label Switching
    Have a friend go to B ahead of you using one of the previous two techniques. At every road they reserve a lane just for you. At every intersection they post a big sign that says for a given lane which way to turn and what new lane to take.

    LANE#1 TURN RIGHT USE LANE#2 LANE#1

    LANE#2

    Basic idea behind label switching


    Set up virtual circuit between source and destination Assign numbers to each path element Copy numbers to packets Switch packet based on number Ingress router or host applies label Exit router strips it off

    Basic idea behind label switching (continued)


    Forwarding of packets done using a short, fixed-length label rather than disassembly of complete address Addressing scheme different for different protocols (ATM, FR, IP, etc) Labels identify streams of traffic Label table much smaller than routing table Each label represents a set of destination addresses Packets with same label treated as a group, not individually Utilizes Time-To-Live (TTL) counter accurately maintained Idea is similar to PVCs and SVCs

    Solution: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)


    Layer 3 technology Works with any protocol, but primarily used for IP traffic MPLS is being considered for: high-speed IP backbones, legacy ATM, optical Glues connectionless IP to connection-oriented networks IP to ATM IP to optical networks Referred to as shim layer Something between layer 2 and layer 3 to make them fit better

    Solution (continued)
    Addresses problems of modern networks Speed Scalability Quality of Service (QoS) management Traffic engineering (TE) Multiprotocol

    MPLS functions
    Mechanisms to manage traffic flows of various granularities Independent of layer 2 and layer 3 specs But serves as glue Maps IP addresses to fixed length labels to speed forwarding Interfaces to existing routing protocols such as OSPF Supports IP, FR, ATM layer 2 protocols

    MPLS paths
    Utilizes label-switched paths (LSPs) Sequence of labels at every node from source to destination Each label represents a path between two nodes Set up in two ways Hop-by-hop Explicit routing Label establishment Prior to packet transmission (control-driven) Upon detection of a certain flow (data-driven)

    MPLS devices
    LSR: Label Switched Router High speed router (switch) in core of MPLS network Participates in establishment of LSPs

    LER: Label Edge Router Operates at edge of access network and MPLS network Forwards traffic to MPLS network after establishing paths and attaching labels

    Aggregating addresses in one label


    Aggregating addresses may be done in different ways Flow direction Traffic priority Traffic type Source address
    IP Destination 85.32.16.122 114.42.77.33 16.33.41.76 131.33.55.19 Label 225 225 225 225
    Label Switched Path 225

    Part of Label Information Base

    There are many examples of label substitution protocols already in existence


    ATM - label is called VPI/VCI and travels with cell. Frame Relay - label is called a DLCI and travels with frame. TDM - label is called a timeslot its implied, like a lane. X25 - a label is an LCN Proprietary PORS, TAG etc.. One day perhaps Frequency substitution where label is a light frequency (or wavelength)?

    Label creation methods


    Topology-based Uses normal processing of routing protocols Request-based Uses processing of request-based control traffic Traffic-based Uses reception of packet to trigger assignment and distribution of label

    MPLS terminology
    Label: short, fixed length, contiguous bits, locally significant (i.e., on a single link) Label switching router (LSR): Routers that use labels Traditional router ATM switch FR switch Optical switch Forwarding equivalence class (FEC): Same path and same treatment => same label Label switched path (LSP): Particular path through network MPLS domain: contiguous set of MPLS nodes in one administrative domain

    MPLS terminology (continued)

    MPLS edge node: ingress or egress node Label information base (LIB): label tables in each MPLS node which contain path information associated with labels Label distribution protocol (LDP): Method for distributing label information

    Normal routing of packet

    Label distribution by MPLS

    MPLS switching through network

    Forwarding results of lookup


    IP Destination 85.32.16.122 114.42.77.33 16.33.41.76 131.33.55.19 Label 225 225 225 225 IP Destination 85.32.16.122 Label 33 196 75 196 LSP 75 LSP 196

    LSP 33

    Label Switched Path 225

    114.42.77.33 16.33.41.76 131.33.55.19

    Labels can be merged


    IP Destination 211.35.45.8 Label 33

    Label Switched Path 33

    IP Destination 85.32.16.122 114.42.77.33

    Label 196 196 196 196 LSP 196

    IP Destination 85.32.16.122 114.42.77.33 16.33.41.76 131.33.55.19

    Label

    16.33.41.76

    Label Switched Path 225


    225 225 225 225

    131.33.55.19

    Labels can also be tunneled

    IP Destination 211.35.45.8

    Label 33

    LSP 33 LSP 99
    IP Destination 85.32.16.122 114.42.77.33 16.33.41.76 131.33.55.19 Label

    LSP 33

    LSP 225
    225 225 225 225

    LSP 225

    Routing protocols in MPLS


    OSPF: Open Shortest Path First Intended to yield better routing Based on link-state technology Allows Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) Other enhancements BGP: Border Gateway Protocol Purpose is to advertise to other routers what your network can route to (internally) IS-IS: Intermediate System to Intermediate System Authentication between routers

    Summary of motivations for MPLS


    Simplified forwarding based on exact match of fixed length label Initial drive for MPLS was based on existence of cheap, fast ATM switches Separation of routing and forwarding in IP networks Facilitates evolution of routing techniques by fixing the forwarding method New routing functionality can be deployed without changing the forwarding techniques of every router in the Internet Facilitates the integration of ATM and IP Allows carriers to leverage their large investment of ATM equipment

    Summary of motivations for MPLS (continued)


    Can be easily used for such things as traffic management, QoS routing Promotes the partitioning of functionality within the network Move granular processing of packets to edge; restrict core to packet forwarding Improved routing scalability Removes the need for full routing tables from interior routers in transit domain; only routes to border routers are required Applicability to both cell and packet link-layers Can be deployed on both cell (eg. ATM) and packet (eg. FR, Ethernet) media Common management and techniques simplifies engineering

    Generalized MPLS (sometimes referred to as MPS) or GMPLS


    MPS = Multiprotocol Lambda Switching Generalizes MPLS to deal with optical networking Photonic switches (PXCs) Optical Cross Connects (OXCs) Add/Drop Multiplexers (ADMs) DWDM Wavelength router Attempts to utilize as much of MPLS engineering as possible Requires rethinking of some concepts How label switching can be done What edge devices should see

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy