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    Domes

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    ashishbhanderi
    This document provides an introduction to dome structures. It defines different types of domes that can be formed by revolving different geometric shapes, including spherical domes from circles, elliptical domes from ellipses, and conical domes from right triangles. It discusses the common uses of domes to cover large circular areas and explains how the stress in domes is primarily compressive. The document then analyzes the stresses in different types of domes when subjected to uniform and concentrated loads, deriving the equations for meridional and hoop stresses in spherical and conical domes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Domes

    Uploaded by

    ashishbhanderi
    805 views65 pages
    This document provides an introduction to dome structures. It defines different types of domes that can be formed by revolving different geometric shapes, including spherical domes from circles, elliptical domes from ellipses, and conical domes from right triangles. It discusses the common uses of domes to cover large circular areas and explains how the stress in domes is primarily compressive. The document then analyzes the stresses in different types of domes when subjected to uniform and concentrated loads, deriving the equations for meridional and hoop stresses in spherical and conical domes.

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    This document provides an introduction to dome structures. It defines different types of domes that can be formed by revolving different geometric shapes, including spherical domes from circles, elliptical domes from ellipses, and conical domes from right triangles. It discusses the common uses of domes to cover large circular areas and explains how the stress in domes is primarily compressive. The document then analyzes the stresses in different types of domes when subjected to uniform and concentrated loads, deriving the equations for meridional and hoop stresses in spherical and conical domes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    805 views65 pages

    Domes

    Uploaded by

    ashishbhanderi
    This document provides an introduction to dome structures. It defines different types of domes that can be formed by revolving different geometric shapes, including spherical domes from circles, elliptical domes from ellipses, and conical domes from right triangles. It discusses the common uses of domes to cover large circular areas and explains how the stress in domes is primarily compressive. The document then analyzes the stresses in different types of domes when subjected to uniform and concentrated loads, deriving the equations for meridional and hoop stresses in spherical and conical domes.

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    DOME

    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi


    INTRODUCTION
    A Dome is a thin shell generated by the revolution of a
    regular geometrical curve about its vertical axis.
    Revolution of a circular curve about the vertical diameter
    gives a Spherical Dome.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Revolution of an elliptical curve about one of its axis gives
    an Elliptical Dome.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Revolution of a right angled triangle about one of the sides
    gives a Conical Dome.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    USE OF DOME
    To cover any circular area Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    To cover any circular area
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Circular tanks Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Circular tanks Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Biogas Circular tanks
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Exhibition hall, Stadium, Auditorium
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Exhibition hall,
    Stadium, Auditorium
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Temple, Mosques Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Assembly hall
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Mainly domes are used to cover large circular areas,
    because they prove to be far economical with respect to
    material than any other types of roof.
    In domes, the loads cause only direct stress ( compressive
    or tensile) and bending moment and shear force are
    negligible.
    Usual materials for construction of dome are steel,
    masonry, timber and reinforced concrete. Due to
    development of tensile stress in large dome, the masonry
    domes become very heavy and expensive. Timber and
    steel domes are also expensive beside their usual
    shortcomings. Therefore concrete domes are most
    suitable for normal construction.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    NATURE OF STRESS IN SPHERICAL DOMES
    A spherical dome may be thought of as consisting of
    circular rings of continuously reducing diameter placed
    one above the other.
    The top point is called the crown of the dome.
    Each ring supports the load of all the rings above it and
    transfers the load to the ring immediately belowit.
    The joints between two rings being radial, the reaction
    between them is tangential to the curved surface, giving
    rise to compression along the meridians.
    This is termed as Meridional Compression or Thrust
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Latitudes is the curve of a ring.
    Meridian if the circles are drawn through the top and bottom
    points diametrically opposite to each other, the circles are
    called of meridians.
    Longitude A line corresponding to each circle of meridian is
    called longitude.
    Meridional thrust (T) the direct compressive force acting along
    the meridians is called Meridional thrust or Meridional
    compression.
    Hoop compression (H) the tendency of separation of any
    voussoir will be prevented because of its wedge shape giving
    rise to hoop compression (H) in each ring.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Vertical section Formation of spherical dome
    Ring
    Plan of a Ring
    Meridian
    Meridian
    Latitude
    Latitude
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    LOAD ACTING ON DOMES
    The various types of load acting on the domes are:
    i. Self weight of dome
    ii. Live load
    iii. Snow load
    iv. Wind load
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    SPHERICAL DOME SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY
    DISTRIBUTED LOAD
    Here, r = Radius of dome T = Intensity of Meridional thrust
    t = Thickness of dome shell
    w = U.D.L. inclusive of its self weight per unit area. Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Consider the equilibrium of a ring ABCD between two
    horizontal planes AB and CD, the extremity of it makes an
    angle and +d with vertical at the centre respectively.
    So the ring subtends an angle d at the centre.
    Force acting on unit length of the ring.
    The meridional thrust T, per unit length of the circle of
    latitude AB, acting tangentially at B.
    The reaction or thrust T+dT, per unit length of the circle
    of latitude CD, acting tangentially at D.
    The weight W of the ring itself, acting vertically
    downward.
    Here, the meridional thrust T is caused by the weight of
    the dome shell APB above the horizontal plane AB.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Weight of the dome shell AB = 2r x PQ x w
    = 2r (r-rcos) x w
    = 2r
    2
    w(1-cos)
    Now, this total load above the ring AB must be equal to the
    vertical components of T round the total periphery of the
    ring ABCD.
    T(2 x QB) sin = 2r
    2
    w(1-cos)
    So, T sin (2r sin) = 2r
    2
    w(1-cos)
    .Eq. of Meridional thrust, T.
    Here meridional thrust T is acting on per unit length, so the
    Eq. for the meridional stress will be,
    u
    u
    =
    2
    sin
    ) cos - (1 r w
    T
    u +
    =
    cos 1
    r w
    T
    u
    u
    =
    2
    sin t
    ) cos - (1 r w
    T
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Hoop force (H)
    The horizontal components of the meridional thrust will
    produce the hoop stress along the periphery of the
    dome.
    As the meridional thrust T increases to T+dT at the
    bottomof the ring, this difference will cause hoop stress.
    Let H be the hoop force per unit length of surface
    measured on great circle arc.
    As the breadth of ring = rd
    The Hoop force = H x rd .. (I)
    The horizontal component of T is T cos which produces
    hoop tension.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    The magnitude of Hoop tension,
    = T cos x Radius of ring AB
    = T cos x r sin
    = T r sin cos . (II)
    Similarly, the horizontal components of the thrust T+dT
    will be (T+dT) cos(+d) and this horizontal component
    will cause hoop compression.
    The magnitude of Hoop compression,
    = (T+dT) cos(+d) x Radius of ring CD
    = (T+dT) cos(+d) x r sin(+d) .. (III)
    The difference between (II) and (III) will cause the actual
    hoop stress.
    If (III) > (II), Hoop stress will be compressive
    If (III) < (II), Hoop stress will be tensile.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    So, the Hoop stress is due to change in the value of T
    when increase by a small amount d, hence in the
    limiting case when d is extremely small,
    H x rd = d(T r sin cos)
    by putting value of T and differentiating,
    But, at the crown,
    = 0 and also T = 0, So, H = wr/2
    And Hoop Stress at crown =
    This is the maximumvalue of hoop stress in compression.
    u +
    u + u
    =
    cos
    1) - cos (cos r w
    H
    2
    1
    t 2
    r w

    t
    H
    =
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Now as the increase up to some value, the hoop stress
    will go on decreasing and becomes tensile.
    To get the circle of zero hoop stress,
    Cos
    2
    + Cos 1 = 0
    Cos = 0.618
    = 51.82
    When = 51.82 , H = 0
    When < 51.82, H will be compressive (+ve)
    When > 51.82, H will be Tensile (-ve)
    0
    1
    =
    u +
    u + u
    =
    cos
    1) - cos (cos r w
    H
    2
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    SPHERICAL DOME SUBJECTED TO
    CONCENTRATED LOAD AT THE CROWN
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    The sum of the vertical components of thrust T acting
    along the circumference of the circle of latitude must be
    equal to the load W.
    T x 2r sin x sin = W
    OR
    Now, as the hoop stress developed in any horizontal ring
    is due to the difference in the meridional thrust T and
    (T+dT),
    H x rd = d(T r sin cos)
    u t
    =
    2
    sin r 2
    W
    T u
    t
    =
    2
    ec cos
    r 2
    W
    T
    u
    t

    =
    2
    ec cos
    r 2
    W
    H
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Hoop stress =
    The negative sign shows that the hoop stress developed in
    the dome due to a concentrated load at the crown will
    always be tensile.
    At crown = 0, hence, Hoop stress becomes infinite.
    Therefore any concentrated load in the form of lantern or
    ornaments etc should always be distributed over
    sufficient area, to reduce the hoop stress at the crown. It
    is also desirable to thicken the dome at the crown to
    spread the load over greater area.
    u
    t

    =
    2
    ec cos
    rt 2
    W
    t
    H
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    CONICAL DOME SUBJECTED TO
    UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
    Here, From the geometry, AB = 2y tan
    & Length AP = y/cos Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    The vertical component of the total meridional thrust at B
    will evidently be equal to the load on the dome shell APB.
    Load on dome shell APB
    Vertical component of total T, = T cos x ( x 2y tan)
    Meridional thrust,
    Intensity of meridional stress
    ( )
    u
    u t =
    cos
    y
    tan y 2
    2
    w
    ( ) ( )
    u
    u t = u t u
    cos
    y
    tan y 2
    2
    w
    tan y 2 cos T
    u
    =
    2
    cos
    y
    2
    W
    T
    u
    =
    2
    cos
    y
    t 2
    W
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Now, Horizontal components of T will cause Hoop tension
    at B, while the horizontal component of (T+dT) will cause
    hoop compression.
    Magnitude of Hoop tension
    H = T sin x Radius at ring AB
    = T sin x y tan
    = T y x sin
    2
    /cos
    Magnitude of Hoop Compression,
    = (T +dT) sin x (y + dy) tan
    The difference in these two horizontal components will
    give the value of Hoop force.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Let H be the Hoop compression induced in the ring, per
    unit breadth. Let ds be the breadth of the ring of height dy.
    So,
    We have,
    Substituting the value of T and differentiating, we get
    u
    =
    cos
    dy
    ds
    (

    u
    u
    =
    cos
    sin y T
    d ds H
    2
    u =
    2
    sin y T
    dy
    d
    H
    (

    u
    u
    =
    2
    2
    sin y
    cos
    y
    2
    w
    dy
    d
    H
    ( )
    2
    2
    2
    y
    dy
    d
    cos
    sin
    2
    w
    H
    u
    u
    =
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Hoop force , H = wy tan
    2

    Intensity of Hoop stress


    Where, t = Thickness of dome slab
    w = intensity of U.D.L. inclusive of self weight, per
    unit area of the dome.
    2 = angle of the apex
    u

    =
    2
    tan
    t
    y w
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    CONICAL DOME SUBJECTED TO
    CONCENTRATED LOAD AT VERTEX
    Here, From the geometry, AB = 2y tan
    & Length AP = y/cos Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    The sum of the vertical components of thrust T acting
    along the circumference of the circle of latitude must be
    equal to the load W.
    T cos x x 2y tan = W
    So, Meridional thrust T,
    Meridional stress,
    u t
    =
    sin y 2
    W
    T
    u t
    =
    sin y t 2
    W
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Now, Horizontal components of T will cause Hoop tension
    at B, while the horizontal component of (T+dT) will cause
    hoop compression.
    Magnitude of Hoop tension
    H = T sin x Radius at ring AB
    = T sin x y tan
    = T y x sin
    2
    /cos
    u
    u

    u t
    =
    cos
    sin
    y
    sin y 2
    W
    2
    u
    t
    = tan
    2
    W
    H
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Magnitude of Hoop Compression,
    H + dH = (T +dT) sin x (y + dy) tan
    So, Net Hoop compression on ring = H + dH H = dH
    And area of the ring /unit length = (ds x 1) = dy/cos
    Now, Hoop compression /unit length
    But from,
    It is clear that H is a constant quantity as w, and are
    constant for particular dome.
    So,
    u
    =
    cos / dy
    dH
    0
    dy
    dH
    =
    u
    t
    = tan
    2
    W
    H
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    dH = 0 shows that thrust on the bottom of the ring will
    also produce a hoop compression equal to H itself.
    Hence, net Hoop load on section = 0
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    DESIGN OF R.C.C. DOMES
    As compare to other structure, the required thickness
    and %of steel in the R.C.C. dome is very less.
    But as per the IS code, minimum thickness of 7.5 cm is
    provided to protect steel. And a minimumsteel provided
    is 0.15%for mild steel bars and 0.12%for HYSD bars, of
    the sectional area in each direction meridionally as
    well as along the latitudes.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Provision of Ring Beam
    If the dome is not hemispherical, the meridional thrust at
    the supporting circle of latitude will not be vertical. The
    inclined meridional thrust at the support will have
    horizontal component which will cause the supporting
    walls to burst outwards, causing its failure.
    In order to bear this horizontal component of meridional
    thrust, a ring beamis provided at the base of the dome.
    The reinforcement provided in the ring beam takes this
    hoop tension and transfer only vertical reaction to the
    supporting walls.
    The tensile stress on the equivalent area of concrete on
    the ring beamsection should not be exceed 1.2N/mm
    2
    .
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Placement of main reinforcement in Dome
    A minimum reinforcement of 0.15% of area is provided
    in both the direction of latitude as well as of the
    meridians.
    If the reinforcement along the meridians is continued
    upto crown, there will be congestion of steel there, hence
    from practical consideration, the meridional
    reinforcement is stopped at any latitude circle near
    crown, and a separate mesh is provided.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Provision of Opening
    The opening is also provided in the dome as required
    from other functional or architectural requirements.
    However sufficient trimming reinforcement should be
    provided all round the opening.
    The meridional and hoop reinforcement reaching the
    opening should be well anchored to the trimming
    reinforcement.
    If there is an opening at the crown of the dome, and if
    there is any concentrated load of lantern etc.. acting there
    a ring beam should be provided at the periphery of the
    opening.
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi
    Prof. A.M. Bhanderi

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