Solution To X 3/ (X 3+1) DX
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mesfaisantSolution To X 3/ (X 3+1) DX
Uploaded by
mesfaisantSolution to
_
x
3
x
3
+1
dx
drmagnanimous
_
Before we begin, lets call I =
_
x
3
x
3
+ 1
dx so we dont have to keep writing
this over and over again.
To start, lets add and subtract one from the numerator,
I =
_
x
3
x
3
+ 1
dx =
_
x
3
+ 1 1
x
3
+ 1
dx,
and by breaking apart the fraction and simplifying the resulting integrals,
we obtain the following,
I =
_
x
3
+ 1
x
3
+ 1
1
x
3
+ 1
dx
=
_
x
3
+ 1
x
3
+ 1
dx
_
1
x
3
+ 1
dx
=
_
1 dx
_
1
x
3
+ 1
dx
= x
_
1
x
3
+ 1
dx
. .
I1
.
So were now left with solving the integral I
1
=
_
1
x
3
+ 1
dx, which we can
address rst by factoring x
3
+ 1. If you already know how to factor this using
some method, great (skip ahead a bit); otherwise, I see that x = 1 is a root
of x
3
1, so I can use polynomial division,
1
x
2
x +1
x + 1 x
3
+0x
2
0x +1
x
2
+0x
+x +1
Therefore, x
3
+1 = (x+1)(x
2
x+1) and we may proceed to nd I
1
using
the method of partial fractions on
1
x
3
+ 1
,
1
x
3
+ 1
=
1
(x + 1)(x
2
x + 1)
=
A
x + 1
+
Bx + C
x
2
x + 1
and so we nd,
1 = A(x
2
x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
0x
2
+ 0x + 1 = (A + B)x
2
+ (B + C A)x + (A + C).
Which we solve for A, B, and C to nd A = B, 2A = C, and A + C = 1,
so A =
1
3
, B =
1
3
, and C =
2
3
. This implies that
1
x
3
+ 1
=
1
3
x + 1
+
1
3
x +
2
3
x
2
x + 1
,
and so we may rewrite
I
1
=
_
1
x
3
+ 1
dx
=
_
1
3
x + 1
+
1
3
x +
2
3
x
2
x + 1
dx
=
_
1
3
x + 1
dx +
_
1
3
x +
2
3
x
2
x + 1
dx
=
1
3
_
1
x + 1
dx
. .
I2
1
3
_
x 2
x
2
x + 1
dx
. .
I3
For the left integral I
2
=
_
1
x + 1
dx, we make the substitution t = x + 1,
2
which gives us dt = dx and we nd that
I
2
=
_
1
x + 1
dx =
_
1
t
dt = ln |t| + C = ln |x + 1| + C,
and so I
2
= ln |x +1|, which gives I
1
=
1
3
ln |x +1|
1
3
I
3
, and therefore our
original integral can be written as
I = x
1
3
ln |x + 1| +
1
3
I
3
.
It now remains to solve I
3
=
_
x 2
x
2
x + 1
dx, which we approach by trying
the substitution u = x
2
x + 1 so du = (2x 1)dx or
1
2
du = (x
1
2
)dx.
This tells us we should split up the numerator from x2 to x
1
2
3
2
before
making our substitution, obtaining
I
3
=
_
x 2
x
2
x + 1
dx =
_
x
1
2
3
2
x
2
x + 1
dx
=
_
x
1
2
x
2
x + 1
dx
_
3
2
x
2
x + 1
dx
=
1
2
_
1
u
du
3
2
_
1
x
2
x + 1
dx
=
1
2
ln |u|
3
2
_
1
x
2
x + 1
dx
=
1
2
ln |x
2
x + 1|
3
2
_
1
x
2
x + 1
dx
. .
I4
This gives us more information about our original integral,
I = x
1
3
ln |x + 1| +
1
6
ln |x
2
x + 1|
1
2
I
4
,
but we still have one piece left to solve.
The last integral I
4
=
_
1
x
2
x + 1
dx may also be the trickiest to gure
out on your own, since x
2
x+1 is irreducible over the reals; we see this because
the discriminant = b
2
4ac = (1)
2
4(1)(1) = 1 4 = 3 < 0 or < 0.
3
To deal with integrals of this form, we need to rst use the method of com-
pleting the square,
x
2
x + 1 = x
2
2(
1
2
)x + 1
= x
2
2(
1
2
)x + (
1
2
)
2
+ 1 (
1
2
)
2
= x
2
2(
1
2
)x + (
1
2
)
2
+
3
4
= (x
1
2
)
2
+
3
4
=
1
4
(2x 1)
2
+
3
4
=
1
4
_
(2x 1)
2
+ (
3)
2
_
.
This should clue you in to the fact that we will be using inverse trigonometric
functions, specically arctan (which you may write as atan or tan
1
). The two
last steps I just performed are so that the terms inside the squares are be a little
easier to handle. Additionally, we use the substitution v = 2x1 and dv = 2dx
to obtain
I
4
=
_
1
x
2
x + 1
dx =
_
4
(2x 1)
2
+ (
3)
2
dx
= 2
_
1
v
2
+ (
3)
2
dv
At this point the formula for inverse tangent should be clear to you, but if
its not, we draw a right triangle with legs v and
3,
3
_
v
2
+ (
3)
2
This leads us to the observation that tan =
v
3
or = arctan
_
v
3
_
; when
4
we take the derivative of tan implicitly with respect to v, we nd
tan =
v
3
sec
2
d
dv
=
1
3
,
and by the above diagram, we nd that sec
2
=
1
cos
2
=
v
2
+ (
3)
2
(
3)
2
, so
sec
2
d
dv
=
1
3
_
v
2
+ (
3)
2
(
3)
2
_
d
dx
=
1
3
d
dv
=
3
v
2
+ (
3)
2
.
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part I), we can integrate both
sides with respect to v and nd that
+ C =
_
3
v
2
+ (
3)
2
dv = arctan
_
v
3
_
+ C.
Dividing the
3 in the numerator to the other side of the equation, we obtain
_
1
v
2
+ (
3)
2
dv =
1
3
arctan
_
v
3
_
+ C
and since I
4
= 2
_
1
v
2
+ (
3)
2
dv and v = 2x 1, we nd that
I
4
=
2
3
arctan
_
v
3
_
+ C
=
2
3
arctan
_
2x1
3
_
+ C.
Therefore, our nal result is
I = x
1
3
ln |x + 1| +
1
6
ln |x
2
x + 1|
1
3
arctan
_
2x1
3
_
+ C.
5