Proposed Revised Syllabi

for the first two semesters of M.A./M.SC. Statistics

The M. A. / M. Sc. Program in Statistics shall consist of 100 credits.
Credits of a course are specified against the title of the course. A course with T
in brackets indicates that it is a theory course whereas a course with P in
brackets indicates that it is a practical course. Some of the practical courses are
linked with a theory course and in such a case, both the courses will have the
same number with T and P, indicating a theory and a practical course
respectively.

A student can enroll for a practical course if
(1) if (s)he has enrolled for the corresponding theory course(as indicated) in the
same term
or
(2) if (s)he has passed the corresponding theory course in an earlier term
or
(3) if terms for the corresponding theory course have been granted in an earlier
term.

Some courses have pre-requisites as specified. Unless a student passes the
pre-requisites of a course, she/he will not be allowed to enroll in the said course.
Prerequisites of a course are indicated in curly brackets against the course.

The Head of the Department, if necessary, may change the pre-requisites
of a course on recommendations of the Departmental Committee.





Semester Courses in Statistics at M. A. /M. Sc.

Core courses

ST 1 Mathematical Analysis (5)

ST 2(T) Linear Algebra (3)

ST 2(P) Linear Algebra (2)

ST 3(T) Probability Distributions (5)

ST 3(P) Probability Distributions (1)

ST 4 Calculus (3)

ST 5 (T) Numerical Analysis and Programming (2)

ST 5 (P) Numerical Analysis and programming (3)

ST 6 Probability theory (5) {ST 1}

ST 7(T) Regression Analysis (4) {ST 2(T), ST 3(T)}

ST 7(P) Regression Analysis (2)

ST 8 Parametric Inference (5) {ST 3(T)}

ST 9 (T) Multivariate Analysis (4) {ST 3(T) , ST 4, ST2(T) }

ST 9(P) Multivariate Analysis (2)

ST 10 Stochastic Processes I (4)



Detailed syllabi of the compulsory courses

ST 1: Mathematical Analysis
Countability, supremum and infimum of sets of real numbers. Limit points
of a set open sets, closed sets etc. (will be developed through general metric
space and R
n
will be considered as a special case), compactness, Bolzano-
Weierstrass theorem, Heine-Borel Theorem. Continuous functions, uniform
continuity. absolute continuity.
Sequences and series of real numbers, limit superior, limit inferior and
limit of a sequence. Cauchy sequences, convergence of series, tests for
convergence of series, absolute convergence, Cauchy products.
Riemann and Riemann Stieltjes integrals, integration by parts, mean
value theorem.
Uniform convergence of sequences and series. Term by term
differentiation and integration, applications to power series. Improper Riemann
Stieltjes integrals: Improper integrals of first and second kind for one variable.
Uniform convergence of improper integrals, differentiation under the sign of
integral Leibnitz rule.

Books Recommended

1. Apostol, T. M. (1975) Mathematical Analysis : A Modern Approach to
Advanced Calculus. (Addison - Wesley)

2. Bartle, R. G. (1976) Elements of Real Analysis (Wiley)

3. Rudin, W. (1985) Principles of Mathematical Analysis (McGraw - Hill)

ST 2(T): Linear Algebra
Matrix algebra, special types of matrices, determinants and their simple
properties. Orthogonal and idempotent matrices: Linear dependence, basis of a
vector space, an orthogonal basis, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, projection
theorem, linear transformation, rank of matrix, linear equations, solution space
and null space.
Characteristics roots of real matrices, right and left characteristic vectors,
independence of characteristic vectors corresponding to distinct characteristic
roots, algebraic and geometric multiplicities; Generalized inverse, Spectral
decomposition theorem.
Definiteness of a real quadratic form, reduction of quadratic forms,
simultaneous reduction of two quadratic forms, maxima and minima of ratios of
two quadratic forms.

Books Recommended

1. Graybill, F.E.(1961) Introduction to Matrices with Applications in Statistics
(Wadsworth Pub. Co.)

2. Hohn, F. E. (1973) Elements of Matrix Algebra (Macmillan)

3. Rao, C. R. (1995) Linear Statistical Inference and Its Applications. (Wiley
Eastern)

4. Searle, S. R. (1982) Matrix Algebra Useful for Statistics. (John Wiley & Sons

Additional Books for Reference

1. Bellman, R. (1970) Introduction to Matrix Analysis (Tata McGraw Hill)


ST2 (P)
The following practicals are to be done by using the software R/SYSTAT/Matlab.

I. Calculation of determinant (4 x 4)
II. Calculation of eigen values, eigen vectors, g- inverse
III. Solution of simultaneous equations
IV. Quadratic forms


ST 3(T): Probability Distributions

Random Experiment and its sample space, random variables, c.d.f., p.d.f.,
p.m.f., absolutely continuous and discrete distributions, mixtures of probability
distributions. Some common distributions. Transformations, moments, m.g.f.,
p.g.f., quantiles and symmetry. Random vectors, joint distributions, joint m.g.f.
mixed moments, variance covariance matrix. Hazard rate and cumulative hazard
rate, lack of memory property. IFR, IFRA, DFR and DFRA classes of distribution.
Independence, sums of independent random variables, convolutions,
conditional expectation and variances, regression function and best linear
regression function, multiple and partial correlation coefficients.
Sampling distributions of statistics from univariate normal random samples,
such as linear and quadratic forms. Fisher Cochran theorem. Non-central x
2
, t
and F distributions.
Order statistics: distribution of r-th order statistics, joint distribution of
several order statistics and their functions. Probability Integral Transformation,
Rank orders and their exact null distributions. One and two sample examples of
rank statistics such as sign statistic, Wilcoxon signed rank statistics, Wilcoxon
two sample statistics etc. Recurrence relations for the null distribution of the
Wilcoxon two sample statistics.

Books Recommended

1. Hogg, R. V. and Craig, T. T. (1978) Introduction to Mathematical Statistics
(Fourth Edition) (Collier-McMillan)

2. Rohatgi, V. K. (1988) Introduction to Probability Theory and Mathematical
Statistics (Wiley Eastern)

3. C. R. Rao (1995) Linear Statistical Inference and Its Applications (Wiley
Eastern) Second Edition

4. H, Cramer (1946) Mathematical Methods of Statistics,( Prinecton).
5. J. D. Gibbons & S. Chakraborti (1992) Nonparametric statistical Inference
(Third Edition) Marcel Dekker, New York
6. W.J.Conover. (1999) Practical Nonparametric Statistics, Wiley. 3rd Edition
7. Barlow R. E. & Proschan F. (1975) Statistical Theory of Reliability & Life
testing. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc.

ST 3(P)
. Using software packages: SYSTAT, R and MINITAB
1. Plotting of density functions, distribution functions. and failure rates.
2. Wilcoxon test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kruskal Wallis test., rank
correlation (2 practicals)
3. Model sampling from standard distributions and mixtures of distributions.



ST 4: Multi-dimensional calculus

Review of calculus : differentiability, mean value theorem and Taylor
series expansions.
Functions of several variables: Continuity, directional derivatives,
differential of functions of one variable, differentials of functions of several
variables, the gradient vector, differentials of composite functions and the chain
rule, the mean value theorem, a sufficient condition for the existence of the
differential, partial derivatives of higher order and Taylors formula.
Multiple Integrals and evaluation of multiple integrals by repeated
integration. Mean value theorem for multiple integrals.
Applications of partial differentiation: Jacobians, the inverse function
theorem, the implicit function theorem, extremum problems.

1. Apostol T.M. (1975) Mathematical Analysis :A modern approach to advanced
calculus, (Addison-Wesley).

2. Bartle, R. G. (1976) Elements of Real Analysis (Wiley)

3. Kreyszig, E. (1975) Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley Eastern)

4. Rudin, W. (1985) Principles of Analysis (McGraw-Hill)

5 Williamson R.E. and Tratter H.F. (1996) Multivariable Mathematics , 3
rd
Ed.
(Prentice Hall)



ST 5(T): Numerical analysis and programming

Solutions to Non linear equations: Bisection method, NR. Steepest
descent, Quadrature interpolation, Jacobi and Gauss Seidel Methods.
Simple Optimization method. Direct search, grid search, Hooke & Jeeves
method Interpolatory search, Gradient search.
Progamming in R.

Random number generation methods
i. i. Mixed congruential
ii. ii. Multiplicative congruential
iii. iii. Rejection
iv. iv. Distribution specific methods

Testing for randomness of a sequence. Runs test, digit frequency test,
gap test, serial correlation
Methods to compute integrals: quadrature formula, Monte Carlo Methods.
Applications of Monte Carlo methods to compute expected values of
random variables..
Books Recommended:

1. Thisted R. A.(1988) Elements of statistical computing, (Chapman and
Hall)

2. Kennedy W. J. & Gentle J. E. (1980) Statistical computing (Marcel
Dekker)

3. Rajaraman V. (1993) Computer oriented numerical methods, 4
th
ed.
(Prentice-Hall).
4. Krishnamurthy V. & Sen (1993) Numerical Agorithm Computation in
Science and Engineering 2
nd
Ed. (Affiliated East West Press)
5. Ross, S. (2000) Introduction to Probability Models.(Academic Press)

6. Ripley B. D.(1987) Stochastic Simulation (Wiley)

ST 5(P)

Elementary Statistics as listed below using software packages : SYSTAT,
R and MINITAB

. Calculation of summary statistics (mean, median, maximum, minimum,
s.d.)
Calculation of regression and correlation coefficients.
ANOVA for one-way and two way models
Analysis of 2 x 2 contingency table (tables of O, E, (O-E)
2
/E).
Computation of integrals by Riemann & RS sums.
Calculation of p-value for standard normal distribution (for given Z
value)
Preparing frequency distribution of given data.
Calculation of double integrals.
SRSWOR,
Calculation of order statistic
Plotting of curves (standard & non standard)
Limits of functions
Box Plot
Computing integrals by statistical methods
Computing expectations of complicated functions
Calculation of empirical power & level of significance.
Empirical confidence coefficient
Test for Randomness

Books Recommended:

7. Thisted R. A.(1988) Elements of statistical computing, (Chapman and
Hall)

8. Kennedy W. J. & Gentle J. E. (1980) Statistical computing (Marcel
Dekker)

9. Rajaraman V. (1993) Computer oriented numerical methods, 4
th
ed.
(Prentice-Hall).
10. Krishnamurthy V. & Sen (1993) Numerical Agorithm Computation in
Science and Engineering 2
nd
Ed. (Affiliated East West Press)
11. Ross, S. (2000) Introduction to Probability Models.(Academic Press)

12. Ripley B. D.(1987) Stochastic Simulation (Wiley)

13. Handbook of Statistics - Vol 4 ( The Art of Computer Generation of
Random Variables): M. T. Boswell, S D Gore, G. P. Patil and
C. Tallie.


ST 6: Elements of Probability Theory

Algebra of sets, fields and sigma-fields, limits of sequences of subsets,
sigma-field generated by a class of subsets, Borel fields.
Probability measure on a sigma-field, probability space, continuity of a
probability measure, Real and vector-valued random variables, distribution
functions (d.f.), discrete r.v.s, r.v.s of the continuous type, decomposition of a d.f.,
Independence of two events and n (> 2) events, sequence of independent events,
independent classes of events, -system and -system of events, Dynkin's
theorem, independence of r.v.s, Borel zero-one law.
Expectation of a real r.v. and of a complex-valued r.v. Linear properties of
expectations, Characteristic functions, their simple properties, Parseval relation,
uniqueness theorem.
Convergence of a sequence of r.v.s., convergence in distribution,
convergence in probability, almost sure convergence and convergence in
quadratic mean, their inter-relations, Khintchin's weak law of large numbers,
Kolmogorov strong law of large numbers (without proof), monotone convergence
theorem and dominated convergence theorem, continuity theorem for
characteristic functions. Lindeberg's CLT and its particular cases, Cramer's
theorem on composition of convergence in distribution and convergence in
probability.

Books Recommended
1. Bhat, B. R. (1985) Modern Probability Theory (Wiley Eastern)

2. Billingsley, P. (1986) Probability and Measure (John Wiley and Sons)

Additional Books for Reference

1. Feller, W. (1969) Introduction to Probability and its Applications vol.II
(Wiley Eastern Ltd.)

2. Loeve, M. (1978) Probability Theory (4th Edn) (Springer Verlag)

3. Gnedenko, B.V. (1988) Probability Theory (Mir.Pub.)


ST 7(T): Regression Analysis

Simple regression with one independent variable(X), assumptions, estimation
of parameters, standard error of estimator, testing of hypothesis about ,
standard error of prediction. Testing of hypotheses about parallelism, equality of
intercepts, congruence. Extrapolation, optimal choice of X.
Diagnostic checks and correction: graphical techniques, tests for normality,
uncorrelatedness, homoscedasticity, lack of fit, modifications like polynomial
regression, transformations on Y or X, WLS. Inverse regression X(Y).
Multiple regression: Standard Gauss Markov Setup. Least square(LS)
estimation, Error and estimation spaces. Variance- Covariance of LS estimators.
Estimation of error variance, case with correlated observations. LS estimation
with restriction on parameters. Simultaneous estimation of linear parametric
functions. Test of Hypotheses for one and more than one linear parametric
functions. Confidence intervals and regions. ANOVA.
Non Linear regression: Linearization transforms, their use & limitations,
examination of non linearity, initial estimates, iterative procedures for NLS, grid
search, Newton- Raphson , steepest descent, Marquardts methods.
Logistic Regression: Logit transform, ML estimation. Tests of hypotheses,
Wald test, LR test, score test. Test for overall regression.
Multiple logistic regression, forward, backward method. Interpretation of
parameters relation with categorical data analysis.
Generalized Linear model: link functions such as Poisson, binomial, inverse
binomial, inverse Gaussian, gamma.
Books Recommended:

1. Draper, N. R. & Smith, H(1998) Applied Regression Analysis, 3
rd
Ed.
(John Wiley).

2. McCullagh, P & Nelder, J. A. (1989) Generalized Linear Models
(Chapman & Hall).
3. Ratkowsky, D.A. (1983) Nonlinear Regression Modelling (Marcel Dekker ).
4. Hosmer, D.W. & Lemeshow, S. (1989) Applied Logistic Regression (John
Wiley).
5. Seber, G.E.F. and Wild, C.J. (1989) Nonlinear Regression (Wiley)
6. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., Kutner,M.H. (1985) Applied Linear Statistical
Models. (Richard D. Irwin)
7. Montgomery, Douglas C.; Peck, Elizabeth A.; Vining, G. Geoffrey: (2003)
Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. (Wiley)

ST 7(P)
Simple regression, regression diagnostics. (2 practicals )
Multiple regression, forward method, backward method (2 practicals)
Non-linear regression two or three non-standard models (2 practicals)
Logistic regression (2 practicals)
Following practicals are to be done with the help of a software package.

1. best subset selection, (2) GLM, (3) Linearization transforms.


ST 8: Parametric Inference

Sufficiency, completeness, Uniformly minimum variance unbiased
estimators, C-R inequalities, exponential class of densities and its properties,
some special classes of distributions admitting complete sufficient statistics,
extensions of these results to multi-parameter situation.

Test function, Neyman- Pearson lemma for test functions. Uniformly most
powerful tests for one sided alternative for one parameter exponential class of
densities and extension to the distributions having monotone likelihood ratio
property.

Confidence Intervals, shortest expected length confidence intervals,
relations with testing of hypotheses, uniformly most accurate confidence intervals.
Bayesian estimation, prior distributions, posterior distribution, loss function,
principle of minimum expected posterior loss, quadratic and other common loss
functions, conjugate prior distributions. Common examples. Bayesian HPD
confidence intervals.

Books for Reference
1. Kale, B.K. (1999) A First Course on Parametric Inference (Narosa).

2. Casella G. and Berger Robert L. (2002) Statistical Inference. 2
nd

Edition, Duxbury Advanced series.

3. . Dudewicz, E. J. and Mishra, S.N.(1988) Modern Mathematical Statistics
(John Wiley)

4. Roussas, G. G. (1973) First Course in Mathematical Statistics (Addison
Wesley)

5. Silvey, S. D. (1975) Statistical Inference (Chapman and Hall)

6. Wilks, S. S. (1962) Mathematical Statistics (John Wiley )

7. .Lehmann, E. L. (1986) Testing of Statistical hypothesis (John Wiley )

8. .Lehmann, E. L. (1988) Theory of Point Estimation (John Wiley)

9. .Rohatgi, V. K. (1976) Introduction to theory of probability and
Mathematical
Statistics (John Wiley & Sons)


ST 9(T): Multivariate Analysis

Multivariate Normal distribution, pdf and mgf, singular and nonsingular
normal distributions, distribution of a linear form and a quadratic form of normal
variables, marginal and conditional distributions.
Multiple regression and multiple and partial correlation coefficients,
Definition and Relationships
MLE's of the parameters of multivariate normal distribution and their
sampling distributions (including derivation of Wishart distribution) Properties of
the Wishart Distribution.
Tests of hypothesis about the mean vector of a multinormal population,
Hotelling's T
2
-statistic and its distribution. Rao's U -statistic and its distribution,
Applications of Hotelling's T
2
-statistic.
Introduction to Principle Components , Canonical correlation coefficients
and canonical variables.
Cluster Analysis
Classification problem. Discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis D
2
-statistic.
Methods and applications of MANOVA (without derivation of the
distribution of Wilks' ) .


Books Recommended :
1. Anderson, T. W.(1984) Introduction to Multivariate Analysis (John Wiley)
2. Kshirsagar, A. M. (1983) Multivariate Analysis (Marcel Dekker)
3. Morrison, D.F.(1990) Multivariate Statistical Methods (McGraw Hill Co.)(3
rd
ed.)
4. Rao, C. R.(1995) Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications. (Wiley
Eastern Ltd.)
5. Johnson R.A. & Wichern, D.W. (1988) Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis
(Prentice Hall Inc.)

ST 9 (P)
1. 1. Model Sampling from multivariate normal distribution
2. 2. Applications of Hotellings T
2 ( 2 practicals)

3. 3. MANOVA
4. 4. Discriminant Analysis
5. 5. Principal Component Analysis
6. 6. Cannonical Correlations
7. 7. Cluster Analysis

ST 10 Stochastic Processes I


Markov chains with stationary transition probabilities, properties of
transition functions, classification of states, Stationary distribution of a Markov
chain, existence and uniqueness, convergence to the stationary distribution.
Methods based on Markov chains for simulation of random vectors. MCMC
algorithm.
Branching processes, Gamblers ruin problem, Transient states.
Estimation of transition probabilities.
Numerical Illustrations and calculations of transition probabilities.
Introduction to Wiener Process and Brownian Motion.


Books Recommended

1. Taylor, H. M. and Karlin, S. (1984) An Introduction to Stochastic
Modelling. (Academic Press)

2. Medhi, J.(1982) Stochastic Processes (Wiley Eastern Ltd.)

3. Ross, S. (2000) Introduction to Probability Models (7
th
Ed.) Academic Press

4. Bhat B.R.(2000) Stochastic Models: Analysis and Applications (New Age
Internationals)


Additional Books for Reference

1. Feller, W. (1972) An Introduction to Probability Theory and its
Applications, Vol.1 3
rd
rd. (Wiley Eastern Ltd.)

2. Karlin, S & Taylor, H. M. (1969) A First Course in Stochastic Processes
(Second.Edition) (Academic Press)

3. Hoel, P. G. Port, S.C.& Stone, C. J. (1972) Introduction to Stochastic
Processes (Houghton Mifflin)