1

11.1
11
I ;
71896 48783 II,
Now t here's a
new breed of
Beckman I ndu st ri al
Corporation hand-
held DMMs tough
eno ugh to withstand
accidental drops,
input overloads and destructive
environments.
The new HDI00 and HDll0
DMMs are drop-proof, packed with
overload protection and sealed
against contamination. You won't
find a more rugged meter than our
HDs.
Drop Proof
Constructed of double-thick
thermoplastics, the HDI00 series
DMMs resist damage even after
repeated falls . All components are
heavy-duty and shock mo unted.
Contamination Proof
The HD series meters are
designed to keep working even
around dirt, heavy grime, water
and oi l. The special o-ring seals,
u ltrasonically-welded display
window and sealed input jacks pro-
tect the internal electronics of the
HD meters. The oops-proof meters
are sealed so tightly, t hey even
float in water.
Accidental Overload
Protection
All DC voltage inputs are pro-
tected up to 1500 Vdc or 1000 Vrms.
Current ranges are protected to
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microseconds.
More Meter for
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For starters you can get 2000
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CIRCLE 100 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
from a common 9V
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You can run i n-cir cu it
diode tests and check
continuity. You even
get a one year warranty.
The 0.25% basic de vo lt accu-
racy HD meters serve you wit h 7
functions and 27 ranges. The HD
110 also gives you 10 AMPS ac and
de. With one simple t urn of the
single se lector switch, yo u can go
directly to the function and range
you need. Ther e' s less chance of
error.
Also available is the electrical
service kit. It i ncl udes the meter of
your choice, a current clamp,
de luxe test lea ds and a heavy-duty
case designed to carry both meter
and accessories, conveniently.
Feature for feature you can't
find a more dependable meter with
prices starting at just $169 (U.S.
on ly) .
To locate your nearest distribu-
tor, write Instrumentation Prod-
ucts Division, Beckman Industrial
Corp. A Subsidiary of Emerson
E lectric Company. 630 Puente
Street, Brea, CA 92621 (714)
773-8453.
Where's Your ELECTRONICS Career Headed?
The Move You Make Today Can Shape Your Future
Yes it's your move. Whether on a chess board
or in your career, you should plan each move
carefully. In electronics, you can move ahead
faster and further with a
B. S. DEGREE
Put professional knowledge and a COLLEGE
DEGREE in your electronics career. Earn your
degree through independent study at home,
with Grantham College of Engineering. No
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while continuing your present job.
The accredited Grantham non-traditional
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careers . . . and who can successfully study
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INDEPENDENT STUDY, AT HOME
Free Details Available from:
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Independent Home Study Can Prepere You
Study materials, carefully written by the Gran-
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supplied by the College, and your technical
questions related to those materials and the
lesson tests are promptly answered by the Gran-
tham teaching staff.
Recognition and Quality Assurance
Grantham College of Engineering is accredited
by the Accrediting Commission of the National
Home Study Council.

We are located at 2500 S. LaCienega Blvd.,

Los Angeles, California, but for faster. response
please use our mailing address: P. O. Box35499,
Los Angeles, ,CA 90035.
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I Grantham College of Engineering 6-84 I
I . P. O. Box 35499, Los Angeles, CA 90035 I
I Please mail me your free catalog which explains your I
I B.S. Degree independent-study program. I
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THE MAGAZINE FOR NEW
IDEAS IN ELECTRONICS
Electronics publishers since 1908
JUNE 1984 Vol. 55 No.6
SPECIAL FEATURE
BUILD THIS
TECHNOLOGY
45 RECEIVING SATELLITE TELEVISION
Learn about satellite TV and the components that make up a
home TVRO system. Mart in Clifford
47 ALL ABOUT SATELLITE TV
51 THE DISH
61 SATELLITE RECEIVERS
67 FROM FEEDHORN TO RECEIVER
75 DIRECTBROADCAST SATELLITES
41 SOLID-STATEBAROMETER
Make your own weather predictions with this fun project.
Sudh ir H. Gupta.
78 HOME CONTROL COMPUTER
Part 3. We wrap up our look at a control computer that's ideal for
home-control applications. Steven E. Sarns
81 AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST ANALYZER
Part 2. A useful test instrument that helps get your car ready for
those tough emissions tests. Philip M. Van Praag
4 VIDEO ELECTRONICS
Tomorrow's news and technology in this quickly changing industry.
David Lachenbruch
14 SATELLITEITELETEXT NEWS
The latest happenings in communications technology.
Gary H. Arlen
ON THE COVER
Satellite TV offers a lot of attractions,
what with its promise of nearly un-
limited viewer selection of TV pro-
gramming. But is it for you? This
month, Radio-Electronics turns its
attent ion to satellite-TV, with a spe-
cial section devoted, among other
things, to home reception of satellite
signals. It all begins on page 45.
PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER
MEASUREMENt
AND
DISPLAY
5VDC
L- .J
BEFORE WEATHER SATELLITES, perhaps the
most useful too l f or weather prediction was the
barometer. In this i ssue, we show you a solid-
state barometer that you can build. The story
starts on page 41.
As a service to readers, Radio-Electronics publishes available plans or information relating to newsworthy products, techniques andscientific and technological developments. Because of possible
variancesin the quality and condition of materials and workmanship used by readers, Radio-Electronics disclaims anyrespcnsibility for the safe andproperfunctioningof reader-built projects based
upcn or from plans or information published in this magazine. '
CIRCUITS AND
38 NEW IDEAS
COMPONENTS Turn-signal alarm.
86 HOBBY CORNER
Finding replacement parts. Earl "Doc" Savage, K4SDS
88 DRAWING BOARD
Smoothing out the sinewave-generator output. Robert Grossblatt
90 DESIGNER'S NOTEBOOK
Charging indicators. Robert Grossblatt
92 STATEOF SOLID STATE
Regulator IC's. Robert F. Scott
VIDEO 94 SERVICE CLINIC
Fixing half of a computer. Jack Darr
95 SERVICE QUESTIONS
Radio-Electronic's Service Editor solves technicians' problems.
EQUIPMENT 26 Triplett Model 3500 Autorange Digital Multl meter
REPORTS 29 Beta Electronics Pro-Kit 1 PC-Board Fabrication Kit
DEPARTMENTS 8 Advert ising b d Sales Off ices
129 Index
130 Free Informat ion Card
15 Letters
98 Market Center
31 New Products
6 What's News
COMING NEXT MONTH
On Sale June
Energy Mizer. This useful project
wi!'1 help you get the most out of
your air conditioning system.
Interfacing ttie ZX81. Put your
Timex/Sinclair ' computer to work
with this practical interface.
A Unique Ammeter. Here's a DC
clamp-on ammeter you can build.
Repairing PC Boards. Fixing
those broken PC boards is easier
than you'think.
And lots more!
Radio-Electronics, (ISSN 0033-7862) Published monthly
by Gernsback Publications, Inc., 200 Park AvenueSouth,
New York. NY 10003. Second-Class Postage Paid at New
York. N.Y. andadditional mailingoffices. One-yearsubscrip-
tion rate: U.S.A. and U.S. possessions, $14.97. Canada.
$17.97. Othercountries, $22.47 (cashordersonly, payablein
U.S.A. currency). Singlecopies$1.75. 1984by Gernsback
Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
POSTMASTER: Please send addresschanges to RADIO-
ELECTRONICS. SubscriptionDept., Box 2520, Boulder, CO
80322.
A stamped seif-addressed envelope must accompany all
submittedmanuscripts and/or artworkor photographsif their
return is desired should they be rejected. We disclaim any
responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscripts and/or
artworkor photographswhileinour possessionor otherwise.
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VIDEO ELECTRONICS
DAVID LACHENBRUCH
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
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COMPATIBLE
HDTV
MULTICHANNEL
TV SOUND
A compatible high-definition widescreen TV system has been proposed by North American
Philips and Philips of the Netherlands. In the American version, a standard 525-line picture
would be received on the basic TV channel, while a second channel would be used to supply
the extra scanning lines required for the higher-definition picture, as well as the additional
information for the two ends of the expanded screen, whose proportion would be 1.78 to 1.
Philips says its research has shown that 657 lines, non-interlaced, at 60 fields, or 120 frames-
per-second , would be the optimum for HDTV.
Philips has developed a solid-state CCD frame-store that it says could be produced
economically, and has demonstrated what it calls HQTV (High Quality TV), which could be
developed in the TV set from a standard 525-line picture. The receiver would convert the 30-
frame interlaced picture to a 60-frame non-inte rlaced one, using special line-averaging
techniques in areas where motion is displayed. That gives the impression of virtually doubled
vertical resolution, completely eliminating the picture'sline structure, as well as line crawl , line
flicker and cross-color. Philips says its HQTV system will be used in its TV receivers "sooner
rather than later," although HDTV probably will have to wait for some form of standardization.
HDTV probably will see its first use via DBS or cable TV, where spectrum isn't a major
consideration.
Some aspects of Philips' frame-store system could show up quite soon in TV sets-perhaps
within two years. Using a partial frame store, it'sexpected to add a picture-in-picture feature to
some sets, superimposing a second color picture in the corner of the screen. Philips also likes
the idea of what it calls "MPIC" (for Multiple Picture In-Picture), providing up to nine pictures on
a single screen to let the viewer see at a glance what programs are available at any time.
Philips says the 9-picture display could be accompl ished with only two tuners in the set by a
scanning technique, but with lower resolution than normal full-screen pictures. The full-frame
store, when available, will also provide still-framing of TV pictures and digital noise elimination.
All indications are that the FCC will soon permit the broadcasting of supplementary multi-
plexed sound channels along with the TV picture. The two major benefits of that authorization
will be the availability of stereophonic sound and a separate audio channel that can be used for
bilingual translations, program commentary on a different educational level, or even descrip-
tions of the on-screen action for the blind.
A four-year, industry-wide engineering study under the control and influence of the EIA
tested three proposed multichannel TV-sound (MTS) systems and three companding (or
noise-reduction) systems and chose an FM-AM system developed by Zenith, along with the
dbx companding system, to recommend to the FCC. Also tested were transmission systems
proposed by the EIA, Japan, and by Telesonics Corporation, as well as companding systems
by Dolby Labs and CBS (the CX system, used for noise reduction on videodiscs). The winning
Zenith system is similar to the current broadcast FM-stereo system, but the addition of
companding will avoid the reduction in coverage area for stereo sound, which occurs in FM
broadcasts, as well as reducing unwanted noise.
In proposing MTS, the Commission indicated that it intended to adopt the "marketplace
approach"-permitting transmission in any and all technically sound systems-as it did in AM
stereo more than two years ago. Fearing a repetition of the problem of AM stereo, which still
has relatively little broadcasting and almost no audience, the EIA made specific recommenda-
tions that it hopes will serve as a de facto standard should the FCC stick to its marketplace
policy for TV sound.
TV-set manufacturers are already tooling for stereo versions . Some recently introduced sets
incorporate plugs for stereo decoders. It's expected that high-end sets will include both stereo
and A-B switching, the latter for the so-called "separate audio program" (bilingual, etc.), which
can be broadcast simultaneously with stereo. Some medium-priced sets designed for regions
with large foreign-speaking populations may have the A-B switch without the stereo feature.
The inauguration of MTS is also expected to result in the availability of component hi-fi tuners
that include the ''TV-stereo'' band, as well as stand-alone "converters" that are basically stereo :
radios incorporating TV audio. R-E
TEK
2213A12215A
60 MHZ OSCILLOSCOPES
THEPERFORMANCE!
PRICE STANDARD
Tek's best-selling
60 MHz scopes:
Now25 ways better for
not a penny more!
giving thesescopes thefinal measure
of convenience.
Triggering, sweep accuracy,
CMRR andmanymore major
specifications arebetter than ever.
Check the performancechart: not
bad for scopes alreadyconsidered
the leadersintheir class!
Theprice: still
$1200* forthe
2213A, $1450* for
the2215A. Or, step
up to the100MHz
2235for just $1650*!
You can order, ob-
tain literature, or
get expert tech-
nical advice,
throughTek's
National Market-
ing Center.
Direct orders
include oper-
ator manuals,
two10Xprobes,
15-dayreturn policy,
world-wideserviceback-
up and comprehensive
3-year warranty.
Talk toourtechnical
experts.
Call toll-free:
1-800-426-2200
Ext. 185.
InOregoncall collect:
(503)627-9000Ext. 185.
10,000 to 1 (2215)
5,000 to 1 (2213)
2.0 div compos. sync
4:1
0.4 div at 2 MHz
5%, 20 to 30C
10 t01 at 10MHz
Not specified
250 kHz
2213/2215
30 pF
10 kv acce!. potential
3%, +20 to 30 C
10: 1
A Trigger sensitivity (int) 0.3 div at 5 MHz
Delay jitter 20,000 to 1 (2215A)
10,000 to 1 (22 13A)
TV triggering 1.0 div compos. sync
Sweep accuracy (in 10X) 4%, 15to 35C
Input ca pacitance 20 pF
Vertical accuracy 3%. O" to 50C
CMRR 10 to 1 at 25 MHz
Chop rate 500 kHz
Channel isolation 100:1 at 25 MHz
Specification
enhancement 2213/2215 "A" Series
CRT brightness 14 kv acce!. potential
NowTek hasimproved its
2213/2215 scopes with brighter
displays. Greater accuracy.
Andmoresensitive triggering.
At noincrease inprice.
The60 MHz2213 and dual time
base 2215 havebeen the most
popular scopes inTektronix
history. Now, Tek
introduces an ''An
Series update with
morethan 25 speci-
fication and feature
enhancements-
things you have
askedfor such as .
single sweep-all
included at no
added cost.
A brighter
display andnew
vertical ampli-
fierdesign
provides sharp,
crisp traces.
That makes the 2213N
2215A a primecandidate
for tasks like TVtrouble-
shooting and testing,
wherefast sweeps are
typical.
Newfeatures include
10MHzbandwidth limit
switch, separate AlB
dual intensity controls
(2215A only), andpower-
onlight: additions custom-
ers havesuggested for '-C H0.::c. ld.:..: o'-- ".:.c R.::c. an--" g'-- e .'-'.:..:-'--- -'--- _
COMMTTEO TO EXCEllENCE
' Price FOB. Beaverton, OR.
All scopes are UL Listed and CSA
approved. 3-year warranty includes
CRTand appl ies to 2000 famil y osc illo-
scopes purchased after 1/1/83
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Copyright " 1984. Tekt ronix, Inc . All right s reserved. TIA-438
5
WHAT'S NEWS
TECHNICIANATNASA's LEWISRESEARCHCENTER,CLEVELAND, adjusts a
laser Interferometer in the Center's new near-field antenna test facility. The
precise measurements that can be made in this near-field environment permit
accurate calculations of far-field beam patterns originating thous ands of
miles distant. The sharp pyramlds-of foam material that absorbs microwave
energy-prevent signals from being reflected and conf using the measure-
ments.
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Radio anechoic chamber
tests 1990 antennas
A unique new facility at the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration's Lewi s Res ear ch
Center is designed to test the so-
phisticated ant ennas envisioned
for the communic ations satellites
of the 1990's. It is intended to mea-
sure the electric fields very close to
the antenna-the so-call ed near
field.
That testing is part of a broad
Lewis eff ort to design , bui l d,
launch, and conduct experiments
with an advanced communications
satellite operat ing in the higher 30/20
gigah ert z range durin g this de-
cade. Such a satellite will require a
larger, more complex antenna than
present types. But conventional
far-field testing for such antennas
requires a separation of many
miles between transmitter and an-
tenna, making measurements diffi-
cult, costly and impractical.
In the near-field environment,
very precise measurements can be
made of the beam pattern close to
the antenna, even just a few feet
away. From those measurements,
far-field patterns-such as would
be produced on earth by an anten-
na thou sand s of mil es away in
space-can be determined accu-
rately.
The new near-field facilit y at
Lewis is enclosed by walls 40 feet
high, covered by thousands of
small pyramids of specially coated
foam material, which absorb stray
microwave reflections much as re-
flected sound is absorbed by the
similar-looking acoustic anechoic
chambers.
A small probe or scanner mea-
sures the antenna field as it moves
up and down on a 22-foot tower
mounted on acarrlaqe that moves
across the chamber on rails, ac-
quiring data over a surface area 22
square feet. Laser beams check
the precise alignment of the mov-
ing systems. The probe can be
moved to within a fewthousandths
of an inch over the entire 22 x 22-
foot scan area, making it possible
to make measurements on anten-
nas up to 60 gigahertz.
Antennas on present satell ites
havevery wide beams, covering an
area the size of the United States
with two or three single beams.
The technology Lewis is working
on is to desiqn antennas that will
have a great many non-interfering
beams. That will greatly increase
traffic-carrying capacity per satel-
lite-the more beams there are,
the more channels of different in- -
formation that can be transmitted
simultaneously.
Blind reading service
is going national
In Touch, a New York closed-cir-
cuit network that provides a free
reading service to the "print-hand-
icapped," announces plans to ex-
tend its services to the whole
country. Satellite Syndicated Sys-
tems, Inc., ofTulsa, OK, is donating
its Transponder 3 on Satcom IV for
distribution ofthe free reading ser-
vice to all parts of the United
States. It will be available without
charge to all cable systems and
FM stations that wish to make use
of it.
In Touch broadcasts 24 hours a
day on weekdays and 14 hours a
day on weekends. The service is
provided by more than 300 volun-
teers, who read from seven se-
lected newspapers and a wide
variety of magazines. Part of the
material is first readon tape (for the
overnight and some of the week-
end broadcasts). Not only do the
visually handicapped find this ser-
vices valuable, but also quad-
riplegics and victims of strokes or
cerebral palsy who are not able to
hold or turn the pages of printed
matter.
The effort is supported entirely
by voluntary contributions, not only
to purchase supplies and support
the full-time staff of five-all of
whom are visually handicapped
-but to supply free receivers to
those who may need them.
In Touch is located at 322 West
48 St., New York, NY 10036. The
phone number is 212-586-5588.
RCA Americom to launch
three more satellites
RCA American Communica-
tions, Inc., has filed with the FCC a
plan to launch and operate three
new hybrid communications satel-
lites, or, atthe company's option,
three co-located C-band and Ku-
band spacecraft , in the 1989-1992
time frame. .
The Ku-band portion of the new
service would be provided by six-
teen 50-watt transponders on each
spacecraft. The C-band portion
would be provided by twenty-four
to-watt solid-state power ampli -
fiers.
The company has requested or-
bital slots of 61, 63, and 65 degrees
in the orbital arc. Spacecraft in
those slots can provide service to
the contiguous 48 states plus the
Caribbean basin, specifically Puer-
to Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Competing mobile groups
agree in Minneapolis-51.
Paul
MCI /Cellcom, Metro Mobile
CTS, and Cellular Mobile Systems
of Minnesota have combined their
cellular applications in the Min-
neapolis-St. Paul area. The part-
nership includes all the applicants
for the non-telephone company
cellular franchise in Minneapolis-
St. Paul. The group expects to re-
ceive a construction permit by the
end of the year.
Under the agreement, MCI/Cell-
comwill take an 83 percent interest
in the partnership, Metro Mobile
will take 10 percent, and Cellular
Mobile Systems 7 percent.
If granted a construction permit
continued on page 8
Fluke 77
$129'
Fluke 75
$99'
Fluke 73
$85'
The Digital
vs.Analog
battleis over.
$85* buys you the new champion.
The new Fluke 70Series,
They combine digital and analog displays for
an unbeatable two-punch combination.
Now, digital users get the extra resolution of a
3200-count LCD display.
While analog users get an analog bar graph for
quick visual checks of continuity, peaking,nulling
and trends.
Plus unparalleled operating ease, instant
autoranging, 2,000+ hour battery life and a
3-year warranty.
All in one mete[
Choose from three new models. The Fluke
73, the ultimate in simpli city. The feature-packed
Fluke 75. Or the deluxe Fluke 77, with its own
multipurpose protective holster and unique
"TouchHold" function (patent pending) that cap-
tures and holds readings, then beeps to alert you.
Each is Fluke-tough to take abeating,
American-made, to boot. And priced to be, quite
simply, aknockout.
For your nearest distributor or afree brochure,
call toll-free anytime 18002273800,
Ext. 229.From outsi deU.S.,call 1-402-496-1350, Ext.229.
FROM THE WORLD LEADER
IN DIGITAL MULTIMETERS.
Analog/ digital display
Volts. ohms. l OA, diode
test
Analog/ digitaldisplay
Volts, ohms, 1OA. mA,
diodetesl
Analog/ digital display
Volts. ohms. 1OA. mA,
diode test
Suggesled US. list price, effecti veOctober 1,1983.
Autorange
0.7%basic dcacaJracy
2000+ hour banery life
3-year warranly
Audible continuily
Autorangelrange hold
0.5%basic deaa:uracy
2(0) + hoor banery tile
3-year war,..,ty
Audiblecontinuily
"Tooth Hold" IlKldion
Aulorange/r.!nge hold
0.3%basic dcaccuracy
2000+ hoor batterylife
3-year warranty
Multipurpose holster
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C1003 JOOnFlukeMfg. Co., Inc. All ngti sreserved 7
WHAT'S NEWS
THEKODAVISION 2400" CAMCORDER" combines video cameraand record-
er,with acassette little larger than an audio tapecassette. Extremely portable
and maneuverable, the 8-mm unit weighs only a litt le over 5 pounds.
I
A
GERNSBACK
PUBLICATION
Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967)founder
M. Harvey Gernsback, editor-In-chief
Larry Steckler, CET, publisher
Arthur Kielman, editor
Carl Laron, WB2SLR, associate
editor
Brian C. Fenton, assistant technical
editor
Robert A. Young, assistant editor
Jack Darr, CET, service editor
Robert F. Scott, semiconductor
editor
Herb Friedman, communications
editor
Earl ""Doc" Savage, K4SDS, hobby
editor
Gary H. Arlen, contributingeditor
David Lachenbruch, contributing
editor
Lou Frenzel, contributingeditor
Ruby M. Yee, production manager
Robert A. W. Lowndes, production
associate
Dianne Oslas, production
assistant
Joan Roman, circulation director
Arline R. Fishman,
advertising coordinator
Cover photo by Robert l ewIs
Radio-Electronics is indexed in
Applied Science & Technology Index
and Readers Guide to Periodical Liter-
ature.
Gernsback Publications, Inc.
200 ParkAve. South
NewYork, NY10003
Chairman of the Board, M. Harvey
Gernsback
President: Larry Steckler
ADVERTISING SALES 212-7n6400
Larry Steckler
Publisher
EAST/SOUTHEAST
Stanley Levitan
Radio-Electronics
200 ParkAve. South
NewYork, NY10003
212-777-6400
MIDWESTlTexas/ArkansasiOkla.
Ralph Bergen
Radio-Electronics
540Frontage Road-Suite325
Northfield, Illinois60093
312-446-1444
PACIFIC COAST
Mountain States
Marvin Green
Radio-Electronics
15335Morrison st., Suite 227,
Sherman Oaks, CA91403
818-986-2001


NEMA makes Tech Alert
available to nonmembers
Since June 1973, the National
Electrical Manufacturers Associa-
tion (NEMA) has been publ ishing
for its members Tech Alert, a bi-
monthly newsletter on trends and
events in plant automation and
high-tech systems . Now TechAlert
is available to nonmembers as
well.
The newsletter presents' in a
concise and readable form, a sum-
mary of some of the leading-edge
issues relating to the complex au-
tomat ion process.
It spotlights emerging or criti cal
technologies, and tells where to go
for more information . It tells what is
happening within NEMA and its
Automated Systems Program; and
in other organi zations, national
and international, that are working
on technology issues.
Tech Alert covers state-of-the-
art topi cs and critical legislative
and regulatory issues relating to
technology, and provides a con-
tinuing glossary of " t echni cal
terms" to help nontechnical man-
agers understand the jargon of
high technology.
For those who would like a free
subscription, write Tech Alert,
NEMA, 2101 L Street , N.W., Wash-
ington , D.C. 20037. R-E
Kodavision 2000 series: the man-
ual-focus 2200 and an auto-focus
2400, which also adds several
other features , including pushbut-
ton fade-in/out control and back-
light control. Both use an f/1.2, 6:1
power-zoom lens and an electronic
viewfinder. Picture quality is
claimed to be extremely high, "at
least equal in quality -to that dis-
played from Y2-inch systems ." The
8-mm video cassettes are only
slightly larger than audio tape cas-
settes .
An interesting feature of the new
series is the playback equipment,
the "cradle," which is connected to
the user 's TV. The camcorder is
placed in it to play back the record-
ing, with the camera's motor driv-
ing the tape, while its battery is
being recharged by the cradle.
Tentative list prices are $1,599
for the camcorder 2200, $1,899 for
the 2400, and $199 for the cradle.
Camcorder marks Kodak's
entry into TV imaging
Kodak, long-tim e leader in the
optical imaging field, is now enter-
ing the video-recording market
with an 8-mm camera/recorder
(camcorder) which combines in
one unit a camera and a video tape
recorder, and weighs only a little
over five pounds. Kodak is also in-
troducing a wide range of video
tapes.
Two camcorders make up the
The system can be fitted into
cars already in use. A car owner
can install it in his or her car 'selec-
trical system in about an hour, or
have it install ed by a garage that
speciali zes in automotive elec-
tronics , says the president of Audio
Systems.
The suggested price of the Voice
Warning System is $184.95.
continued from page 6
Voice warning system
for auto drivers
A system that tells a driver in
English when his oil is running low
or his parking brake is on, and
warns him of 12 other possible
problems, is being marketed by
Audio Systems Inc. (114B Royce
SI. Los Gatos CA. 95030). The de-
vice can even be set up to report
the fuel level at a desired time daily,
or when the fuel drops to a given
level.
The circuit-monitoring unit con-
sists of a complete package from
National Semiconductor Corp.,
and in cludes the company's
MM54104 Speech Synthesizer,
whi ch produces a high-quality
female voice.
by the FCC, the partnership ex-
pects that its 12-cell system could
be built in nine months.
en
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AN INNOVATIVE 20MHz OSCILLOSCOPE
THAT EMPHASIZESOPERABILITY
$535*
The 55-5702 has flexibility and power which make it ideal for the maintenance and
troubleshooting of TVs, VTRs, audio equipment and a wide range of other electronic
systems by hobbyist as well as professionals. At the top of its class,
the 55-5702 uses a 6-inch rectangular, parallax-free CRT.
-In Canada: ATELCO, 3400 Pharmacy Avenu e, Unit 1, Scarborough, Ontario, M1W 3J8, Phone (416) 497-2208,TWX 610- 492-0122
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IWAT8U makes more than 20 oscilloscopes as well as an impres-
sive lineup of other instruments including logic analyzers and
digital memory scopes. The fastest oscilloscope has a maximum
frequency of 350 MHz. And the same technological expertise
and product quality that make this super high-f requency oscil-
loscope possible are incorporated in the 88-5702.
User price, including probes.
6-inch rectangular, parallax-free CRT
TV-V trigger
Variable sweep length
Double Lissajousfigure
1 mV/div to 10 V/div sensitivity
100 ns/div t o 0.2 s/div sweep
Differential input with ADD mode
DC operation (optional)
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ePHI LIPS IDiiD!i1 WESTON Non-lIne.r SYltema
LEADER
FEATURES
1mV/div high sensitivity design. Effective for
measurement of weak signals.
Employs TV sync separator circuitry with one
touch synchronization of both TV horizontal and
vertical signals.
Delayed sweep function with one touch control
10 x magnification.
Trace rotation system for easily adjusting trace
inclination caused by terrestrial magnetism.
Fine adjusting click positioning function enhances
measuring efficiency.
Signal output: Vertical output terminal to
Frequency Counter, etc.
Z axis input provided - possible to use as CRT
display.
One touch shifting of waveform slopes for easy
observat ion of rise and fall of waves.
I
Price does not include probe. Probe $20. when
purchased with oscilloscope.
Full 2 year parts & labor warranty.
WE CARRY A FULL LINE OF HITACHI
OSCILLOSCOPES
Vertical Deflection
Sensitivity 5mV/di v to 5V/div 5%, 10 cal ibrat ed steps
1mV/di v t o 1V/div 6%
(When using x5 ampli f ier)
Uncalibrated co nt inuous cont ro l bet ween
ste ps 1: < 2.5 (pr ovided wit h clic k-p ositioning
f uncti on)
Bandwidth DC t o 15MHz, - 3dB lat 4 di v)
DC to 7MHz, -3dB tat 4 dlvl
(When using x5 amplifi er)
Rise Time 24ns, (t or x5) 70n s tvp
Signal Dei lY Line -
Max . Input o t ~ 6OOVpp or 300V IDC + AC peak , at 1kHz)
Input Coupling AC ,GND, DC
Input Imped ance Direct 1M ohm, approx. 30pF
Oper ating Mod.. Si ngle-t race
X-Y Operation Ext ern al tri gger Input : X ax is.
Verti ca l Input : Y axis
Sensitivity X axis: app rox. 200 mV/ d iv.
Y axis : same as Vert ical input
Phase Difference DC to 10kHz within 3
X Bandwidth DC to 500kHz, -3dB
Dynamic Range 4 di v or more
Vertical Output
Output Voltage 20mV/d i" or more (terminated into 5On)
Bandwidth 50H z t o 5MHz, -3dB
Output Impedance Approx . 50n
Horizontal Deflection
Trigger Mod.. AUTO, NORM, TV 1+1.TV 1-)
Trigger Source LINE, EXT
Trigger Coupling AC
TV Sync TV syn c-separation circuit
Internal 1 di v or more (V sync-signal)
External 1Vp-p or more (V sync-signal)
Trigger Sensitivity
I
Frequency I Internal I External
I
20Hz t o 2MHz O.5div 200mV
2 t o 15MHz 1.5di v 800mV
AUTO Low Bandwidth 30H z
Trigger Slope
External Trigger Input Input impedance : approx . 1M ohm ,
30pF or less
Max. input voltage : l00V
IDC + AC peak at 1kHz)
Sweep Time 0.2Ils/div to 0.2s/div. 5%
19 calibrated steps
Uncalibrated continuous co nt rol between
steps 1: < 2.5 (provided wit h cl ick-positioninq
funct ion)
Sweep Time Magnifier 10 t imes 17%)
Max. Sweep Time 1OOns/di v 120ns/div and 50ns/div. not
cal ibrat ed)
Amplitude Calibrator
Wavefo rm Approx . 1kHz 10% (t vc) : square wave
Voltage 0.5V 5%
Power Requirements 100/1 20/220/ 240V 10% I
50 t o 60Hz. approx. 40W
Dimensions Approx . 2751W) x 1901H) x 4oo1D) mm
Weight Ap prox .8.5kg
@HITACHI
15 MHz
TRIGGERED SCOPE
QUANTITIES ARE LIMITED
SPECIFICATIONS
HITACHI
30 MHz
SCOPE
$549
95
Price does not include
probes. Probes $50. a pair
when purchased with
scope. $15. shipping
within continental U.S.
V-151F
MODEL 302F
DUAL TRACE
WIDELAY
All HITACHI Oscilloscopes
feature 2 year parts & labor
warranty.
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We don't just take
orders, we ship them
Mutercharge & VIu aItlpped wtthln 24 hours,
Bank clMcka or Money Orders aItlpped wtthln 24 hours,
Personal c:hec:ka - p..... . lIow 3 WMka lor clMck to cJur.
All prten pluhlpplnv charge P..... e1111 lor .pproprt8te
charges, UN our toillTee number.
..... York State ,..ldenta edd .pproprtate ..1Mlex
PRICES SUBJECTTO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE,
QuIlntItIM .... limited
W.222 $499 95
DC to 20 MHz,
1mV/div, dual-trace,
DC off. func., All. .
agnify function
VIZ ...u.
HICKOK
V222
ALL FEATURE 6" RECTANGULAR CRT
Full 2 year parts & labor warranty.
HI-PERFORMANCE
PORTABLE
OSCILLOSCOPES
IFLUKEI
$439
95
V212
DC to 20 MHz,
1mV/div, dual-trace
PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE
PROBES, PROBES $50. A PAIR
WHEN PURCHASED WITH SCOPE.
$15 SHIPPING WITHIN
CONTINENTAL U.S.
W.422 $599 95
to 40 MHz,
nmV/div, dual-trace,
offset function
~ H I T H I
~ D T PRECISION TRIPLETT
HITACHI100MHz
QUAD TRACE DELAYED SWEEP
OSCILLOSCOPE
Large 6" rectangular CRT with internal graticule.
20kV acceleration potential.
500 f.LV/div high sensitivity.
Quad-trace.
Equipped with delayed sweep function.
Simultaneous enlarged waveform (delayed
sweep) and entire original waveform (Main sweep)
displayed on the CRT. (Alternate sweep function)
Single sweep function .
TV sync separator circuitry with one touch
synchronization of both TV horizontal and vertical signals.
V-1050F $1 ,249
95
Large 6" rectangular CRT with internal
graticule.
10 kV acceleration potential.
1 mV/div high sensitivity.
Triple trace.
Equipped with delayed sweep function.
Single sweep function.
Automatic focus circuit eliminates loss of
focusing.
HITACHI 60MHz
DUAL TRACE DELAYED SWEEP
OSCILLOSCOPE
V-650F $939
95
HOT L\NE
TOLL FREE 0474
800-2
23-
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212 730 7030
26 WEST46th STREET. NEWYORK. N.Y. 10036
11
ePHiliPS
QiD!II WESTON
Non -Line.r SYltema
LEADER
73
0.7% Accuracy
Autorange Only
10 Amp Only
EIJll/IIBJ
70 MHz Dual Time Base
SCOPE MODEL
-- 1570


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PRICE DOES NOT

INCLUDE PROBES
1mV/division sensit ivity to 70
MHz
500 J.L V/di vision cascade
sensit ivity
Four-i nput operat ion provides
tr igger view on 4 separate inputs
Alternate ti me base operat ion
Switc hing power supply delivers
best effici ency and regulation at
lowest weight
75

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0.5% Accuracy
Manual or
Autorange
10A + 300 rnA
Range
Beeper
MODEL
5208
Now with HI/LO Drive
Works In-circuit when
others won't
Identifies all three tran-
sistor leads
Random lead connection
Audibly and visually In-
dicates GOOD transistor
Analog Display Rotary Knob Volts AC &
DC Resistance to 32 Mn. 10 Amps Diode
Test 3200 Counts Fast Autoranging Function
Annunciators in Display Power-Up Self Test
2000+ Hour Battery Life wI Power Down "Sleep
Mode" New Test Leads VDE & UL Approval
EIJl11!JJIIfJI INDUSTRIAL
TRANSISTOR
TESTER
$199
95
...
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WE CARRY A FULL
LINE OF FLUKE
MULTIMETERS.
IN STOCK NOW
$329 95 MODEL 1650
=lF
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Frequency measuements to
200KHz
dB measurements
Basi c dc accu racy 0.4%; 10/-,V,
10 nA and 10 mn sensiti vity
Relative measur ement s
True RMS
Highspeed Beeper
Functions as three separate
supp lies .
Exclusive tracking circuit
Fixed output SVDC, SA
Two 0 to 2SVDC outputs at O.SA
Fully automatic, current- Ilmlted
overload protection
e 0.3% Accuracy
Manual or
Autorange
10A + rnA Range
Beeper
"Touch-Hold"
Funct ion
77
MODEL
1601
MODEL
8060A
POWER SUPPLIES
4% DIGIT
MUlTIMETERS
Isolated OSOVDC, continuously
variable; 0-2A in four ranges
Fully automatic shutdown,
adjustable current limit
Perfect for solid state servicing
:1<PRECISIUN
Sine, square and triangle output
Variable and fixed TIL outputs
0.1 Hz to 1MHz In si x ranges
Push button range and function
selec tion
Typical sine wave distortion
under 0.5% from 1 Hz to 100kHz
CAPACITANCE METERS
$199
95
$1 59
95
MODEL 820
Resolves to 0.1pF
4 digit easy-ta-read
LED display
Fuse protected
against
capacitors
Overrange Indication
Automatically mea-
sures capacitance
from 0.1pF to 200mF
0.1pF resolution
0.2% basic
accuracy
3% digit LCD display
MODEL 830
FUNCTION GENERATORS
. MODEL
3020
SWEEP FUNCTION
Four Instruments In one package.
- sweep generator, funct ion
generator, pulse generator, tone-
burst generator
Covers 0.02Hz2MHz
1000:1 tuning range
Lowdistortlon highaccuracy
outputs
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@HITACHI
{Jii"'"OATA PRECISION TRIPLETT
IFLUKEI HICKOK
VIZ liM
AVAILABLE NOW....
BECKMAN'S CIRCUITMATE
ALL UNDER $100
-Small Size
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Autoranging
- "Touch Hold"
-Audible
continuity
checking
The DM 77 gives you
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autoranging plus 10
amps ac/dc
measurement
capability. You simply
select the function
you want, and the
DM 77 automatically
sets the required
range.
$63
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$76
95
The DM73 is the smallest digital
multimeter on the market. Its probe-style
design makes it ideal for taking
measurements in hard-to-reach test areas.
$64
95
Circultmate DM 45 -
3Vz -digit multi meter;
0.5% Vdc accuracy,
diode test,contlnuity
beeper, 10 amps AC
and DC ranges, auto-
zero, auto-polarity,
auto-decimal
Circuitmate DM-40 -
3Vz-dlglt multimeter;
0.8% Vdc accuracy,
diode test, auto-
polarity, auto-zero,
auto-decimal
Circultmate DM-25-
3V2 digit, pocket-size
multlmeter; 0.5% Vac
accuracy, diode test,
capacitance, continuity $7995
beeper, conductance,
10 amps AC and DC
ranges, auto-polarity,
auto-zero, auto-
decimal
Circuitmate DM 20-
3V2-dlgit, pocket-size
multimeter; 0.8% Vdc
accuracy, diode test,
hFE test, conductance,
10 amps AC and DC
ranges , auto-polarity
auto-zero, auto-
decimal
TOll FREE HOT LINE
800-223-0474
26 WEST 46th STREET . NEW YORK. NY 10036
212-730-7030
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SATELLITE/TELETEXT NEWS
GARY ARLEN
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
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'-,
WPIX BECOMES
SUPERSTATION
ESPN MAY
SCRAMBLE
SKY-HIGH
PREDICTIONS
PLAYING
MUSICAL ORBIT
SLOTS
DBS DRIVES
OLYMPIC
TELETEXT
WPIX- TV, the popular New York City television Channel 11 , is becoming the newest satellite
superstation, transmitted nationwide via a transponder on Westar 6. WPIX, with its full
comp lement of New York-area sports events, movies, and other programming, will be beamed
by United Video, the same satellite carrier that made WGN-TV, Chicago , into a superstation.
ESPN, the mostly sports network on Satcom 3R, may begin scrambling its satellite transmis-
sion by year's end. The company is in the preliminary stages of analyzing how, or if, it could
begin encoding its signals; it would be the first ad-supported cable/satellite network to install
such scrambling to prevent reception by unauthorized earth stations. ESPN claims that pick-
ups by home and apartment earth stations diminishes the value of its programming to cable-
TV operators who pay for the 24-hour channel. HBO is already well along oil scrambling tests,
and Showtime cable/pay TV network is considering a scrambling system.
More than 550,000 backyard earth stations will be installed this year, twice the number set up
during 1983, according to a forecast by KLM Electronics President Peter Dalton, an official of
the home earth-station association, SPACE. If Dalton's prediction comes true, upwards of
875,000 dishes will be in place by the end of 1984, including units at apartments, schools, and
office buildings, as well as home satellite receivers. The price is now averaging about $2,500
apiece . (That's down from last year's $3,000 average.)
The FCC has shifted several orbit assignments for domestic satellites in an effort to head off
interference problems of C-band and Ku-band birds. Westar 5 (the C-band bird which
malfunctlonedatter launching from the February Shuttle) still has rights to 91 west longitude;
Westar 3, which had been in that slot, shifts to 81, and Westar 2 cont inues operating from
current 78S. SBS 4, a digital -data satellite, will operate in the same slot in Ku-band. AT&T's
Comstar 03 will move from 88S to 86, and GTE Spacenet satellite-due to launch this
summer-will go into the 89slot.
United Satellite Communications Inc. has accelerated its direct-broadcasting satellite ac-
tivit ies , introducing a five-channel service in Washington, Cincinnati, ' Richmond, and
Harrisonburg (VA) so far this year. (Its first site was Indianapolis iri late 1983.) USCI expects
that by the end of the year 200,000 homes will have signed up to use the pay-TV service , which
comes in via Canada's Anik II bird. Subscribers pay $300 for installation then $40 per month
for service and equipment rental. Customers are also allowed to purchase receivers for $700
then pay only $25 per month. USCI plans to expand in 1986 to a higher-powered Ku-band bird
allowing coverage of all U.S. homes.
Meanwhile, Satellite Television Co., the Comsat DBS subsidiary, is firming up plans for its
late-'84 launch. Toshiba and ANCOM (a venture of Alcoa and NEC) have developed the
equipment package , which costs about $350 to $450 per home. STC plans to charge about
$15 to $20 per month for its 3-channel service.
Olympic visitors in Los Angeles this summer will be able to use teletext on KTIV Channel11 , a
Metromedia station, to look up late results from the Games, find out about road conditions to
the scattered events, and even get tips about other area activities. Two hundred teletext
receivers, made by Zenith and Sanyo, will be placed in hotel lobbies, travel centers , and other
public sites around L.A. The project is part of a test by Metromedia and other supporters of the
World System Teletext format (which is incompatible with the techno logy that CBS and NBC
are using).
Sanyo's plunge into teletext carries added significance, because it will build an integrated
set with decoder; the company has also been actively involved in related text services; notably
as sole maker of TeleCaptioning decoders used for closed-captions of TV shows. R-E
LETTERS
Address your comments to: Letters, Radio-Electronics,
200 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10003
DIGITAL PANEL METERS
I have been following the articles on digital
panel meters with interest. In the March, 1984
issue, I was particularly interested in the pre-
cision thermometer, si nce I am in the process
otbulldlnq several for automat ic controls in
my hybrid solar house , I am using both the
LM3911 and LM335 sensors . Even though
the latter is called a precision temperature
sensor, it really doesn't do any better than that
claimed for the one in Ray Marston's article,
"How to Use Digital Panel Meters ."
There is one flaw in the calibration pro-
cedure that I would like to poi nt out, however.
It is a shame to build such a potentially accu-
rate thermometer and then calibrate it er-
roneously. Water does not boil at 100 degrees
C, except at 760 mm of mercury atmospheric
pressure. The boiling point drops about 1 de-
gree for each thousand feet of elevation; in
Denver, for example, climatic conditions will
cause the boiling point to vary about Y2 degree
above and below the average for the par-
ticular altitude.
If the thermometer is calibrated to read boil-
ing at 100 degrees, and the altitude is appre-
ciably higher than sea level, the thermometer
will still be reasonably accurate in the lower
quarter of its range. But if one wants the best
accuracy, or is goi ng to use it at higher than
normal weather temperatures, I suggest that
it would be better to adjust the boiling point
downward at the rate of 1 degree-per-thou-
sand feet of elevation. If higher accuracy is
required, one should take into account both
altitude and Current barometric pressure. The
details are beyond the bounds of this letter.Or
one could better cali brate the thermometer
immersed in a mixture of liquid and frozen
chemical of known freezing point, exactly as
with water for the a(zero)-degree calibration.
Or what is even simpler yet, immerse it in a
li quid held ess ent ially at a steady tem-
perature that is monitored with a good lab
thermometer.
KENNETH E. STONE
Cherryvale, KS
continued 0 11 page 22
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COMPUTERSARE
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heater. 1/16" _9012 screwdriver up, sponge and lip tray. spo nge. and Iron Holder.
A lOW' cost alternative in an operator-ad justable . temperature controll ed soldering
system.

select the exact temperature you need . Neo n on-off' light . Iron Holder can be
right- or left-hand mounted to accommodate all operators.
Electronic Temperature
Controlled Soldering System
with Builtin Controller
Bui lt-In vacuum pump eliminates the need for shop air. Compa ct design and portability
make it ideal for use at any location where there IS an AC elect ncal plug-in outlet.
switch is
actuated.
Temperature Control : vanabre solid-state control that adjusts the tip temperature from
500" - 1000 F. An electric circuit assures that transient spikes are full y suppressed thereby
makin g the system safe for desoldenng volt age-sensitive components .
UNGAR DESOLDERING&SOLDERING
Special Pricing... Special Free Offer
Hot VAC Desoldering System
Reg $599 .95
OUR SPECIAL PRICE
$37995 $89
95

f
D -=' C w\th purchase of
ung
ar 4000
TOLL FREE (800) 645-9518

260 Motor Parkway, Hauppauge, N.Y. 11788

in N.Y. State 800-832-1446
VISA COD Master Charge
Money Order N.Y. State residents add
Check appropriate sales tax.
COD's extra (required 25% deposit)
ADD FOR SHIPPING AND INSURANCE
5250.00 $4.50
5251 .00 to 500.00 6.50
501 .00 to 750.00. . . 8.50
751.00 to 1000.00 : 12.50
over 1000.00 15.00
Model 650F
S?P
High sensitivity . 1 mV/div
(10 MHz) 5 ns/ div sweep rate
3rd channel display (trigger
view) Variable trigger hold-off
Full TV trig- OUR PRICE
gering Single 995
sweep Auto- $
matic focus
correction.
WITH PROBES

,cor8 !linited'tl
me
tYJIY
35 MHz DUAL TRACE SIGNAL DELAY LINE
FORDHAM DISCOUNTS DISCOUNT
PRICES ON HITACHI SCOPES
We will beat any advertised price
60 MHz DUAL TRACE
DELAYED SWEEP
TOLL FREE (800) 645-9518
FORDHAM
r, . . . .
! .,....".:,::'::;::,.::.::;
..............
100 MHz QUAD TRACE
DELAYED SWEEP
ADD FOR SHIPPING AND INSURANCE
5250. 00 . . $4 .50
5251. 00 to 500.00.... .. 6.50
501 .00 to 750.00 ... . 8.50
75 1.00 to 1000.00 12.50
over 1000.00 15.00
Large. bright 8xlO em screen
Quad trace operation/Cht , Ch2.
A trigger and B trigger . High
sensitivity 500 p. V/div (5 MHz)
Full TV
tri9gerin9 $ 1 2 9 9 9 S I
WITH PROBES - ..._-_...-
in N. Y. State 800-832-1446
VISA COD Master Charge
Money Order N. Y. State resident s add
Check appropriate sale. tax.
COD's extra (required 25% deposit)
V355 F
260 Motor Parkway. Hauppauge. N.V. 11788
Vertical sensitivity 5m V/dlv to 5V/dlv
and 1m V/div to 1 V/div with 5X
amplifier . Trigger modes Auto-
matic. Normal. TV (+) . TV(- ).
REG $895
OUR PRICE
$599
95
WITH PROBES
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MODEL
DM25
SOLDERING STATION
MODEL EC2000
OUR PRICE
$139
95
PORTABLE OSCILLOSCOPES
MODEL V-42 2 (40 mHz)
REG. $895.00
O
.
I I
Permits displaying vertical interval test and reference
signals by front panel line selec tor.
NTSC VECTORSCOPE
MODEL LV5-5850 OUR PRICE
REG. $2050.00 $1850
Conven ient method for observ ing and rneasunnq the
relative phase and amplitude of chromi nance signa l
components
NTSC WAVEFORM MONITOR
MODEL LBo-5860 OUR PRICE
REG. $2050.00 $1850
pocke t-size multimeIer
05 % voc accuracy . diode test .
capacitance . continuity beeper .
conductance . 10 amps AC and DC
ranges . auto-polanty auto-zero .
auio-decnnat
Identi cal to the EC2000 except LED
DigItal tempe rature reado ut
The EC1000 is dial co ntrolled.
WELLER
SOLDERING STATION
..... ..
S251.00 toS 500.00. . S 6.50
S501.00 toS 750.00 S 850
S751.00 toSI00000. . . . . . S12.50
overS1000.00 . .. S15.00
CALL FOR SPECIAL PRICING
VIZ DC TRIPLE POWER SUPPLYST
MODELWp..708
REG. $479.95
OUR PRICE .
$399
95
[
LEADER
New seriesof scopes provides high performance and light weight . Large 6-inch
rectangular, internal graticule CRT . Autotocus' circui t and scale illumination . DC
offset funcion . , Voltage and frequency reading outputs . High accuracy- 3%
Hi gh sensitivity - 1 rnv/dl v.
HITACHI
MODEL V-222 (20 mHz)
REG. $695.00
MODEL EC1000
OUR PRICE
$109
95
'.- ' -.-.J
. . ... . -.
NY Stale
reSIdents add
appreveale
salestax
COD' s extra(reqJl red25% deposit)
IT'S HEREI
IT'S FREE.
LETTERS
conti nued from page 15
THE COUNTDOWN CONTROVERSY
After reading Jack Darr's June 1983 article
on countdown circuits and L.D. Smithley'slet-
ter concerning the same, I did some research
to clear up the confus ion in my mind and hope
that the results of my research will help give
other readers of Radi o- Elect ronics a clearer
view of how countdown circuits function .
As Mr. Smithley said, the ratio of 15,750 to
60 (or 262.5) is not directly compatible with
counting . The same goes for the present day
15,734 Hz (horizontal) to 59 .94 Hz (ver-
tical)- it's still not compat ible. Toallow count-
down by a whole number it is necessary to
begin with 31,468 Hz whi ch is twice 15,734
Hz, and then break it down to the horizontal
and vertical rate with the dividers.
For this discussion we will use RCA's CTC
99/101 color-TV chassis . IC V-400 performs
those operations by usi ng a master-cl ock
VCO, which oscil lates at 31.468 Hz. Its output
is divided by 525 to obtain vertical pulses and
by 2 to obtain horizontal pulses.
Mr. Smithley was right in stating that ; "Per-
haps the circuit is doing something that it is
not tel ling him". Also, Jack Darr did a good job
describing the operat ion, except for that one
minor detail, whi ch is understandable when
you consider howdifficult it can be to find all of
the information on new circuits. I love your
magazine and Jack's articles.
STEVEN JAY BABBERT
Worthington, OH
CORRECTION
I was extremely pleased to see my articl e,
"Instrument Landing Systems ," in the March
1984 issue of your magazine. I would like to
point out one correction, however.
On page 52, fourth line from the bottom of
the first column , the text reads: "feet in width
at the outer marker or 3."
.. . AND IT'S YOURS'
CALL TOLL FREE TODAY!
18005433568 18007623412
Consol idated Elect ronics has a cata log that's sure t o please yo u.
We've slashed 80% of our prices in th is catalog . We at CEI are so
sure t hat you' ll f i nd our quality parts dependable t hat we've put a
TWO YEAR WARRANTY on everyt hi ng. Not on ly that , CEI is
offering FREE shipping and handling . Just call us TOLL FREE for
details .
POSITIVE AGREEMENT
I couldn't agree more with the reader who
wrote, "Stay as you are," in the March 1984
Letters column.
I am especially interested in video and re-
lated projects. As a cont inuance of explora-
tion of cable-television methods, I would like
to suggest an art icle and kit on how stereo
music is transmitted and received over cable,
i.e. MTV. Thank you for a fine "one-of-a-kind"
magazine .
JOHN R. DEAN
Thiells, NY
In the original manuscript, that line read:
"feet in width at the landing threshold or 3."
That makes quite a difference in the struc-
ture of the radiated signal, and may cause
some of our technicians to write in for clar-
ification.
Thanks again for publishing my article, and
I hope to send you another one soon.
BILL SEWELL
Schaumburg, IL
SUPERSTATION SATELLITE
I was very surpr ised to read the report pub-
lished under "SatellitelTeletext News" in the
January 1984 issue of Radio-Electronics,
That is because the EBU has no plans what -
soever "to launch a multinational satellite-su-
perstation during 1984."
The report appears to confuse a number of
separate developments making use of the
European Communications Satellite System,
only one of whi ch involves the EBU. That is,
the contract concluded between the EBU and
Eutelsat for a ten-year lease of two transpon -
ders in the Eutelsat F-2 satellite. Those tran-
sponders will be used exclusively, to enable
certai n of the point-to-point international tele-
vision circuits, whose use is coordinated by
the EBU, to be transferred from the existing
terrestr ial facilities-which should occur dur-
ing the second half of 1984.
Those circuits are used only for the ex-
change of programs and news items between
the broadcasti ng stations and networks that
are members of the EBU, known as Eurovi-
OHIO WATS
TELEX NO. 288-229
NAT IONAL WATS
705 WATERVLIET AVE.. DAYTON. OHIO 45420
IN DAYTON. (513) 252- 5662
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CIRCLE 18 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
c....
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2
IT
Mcin tosh Laborat ory Inc.
East Side St at ion P.O. Box 96
Binghamt on, N. Y. 13904-0096
P.O. BOX 2113, LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA 92038 (619) 459-4197
COONEu.s.SALES&STOCKINGSCAJRCE
Switchable X1 and X10
Attenuation Factor
100 MHz Bandwidth
Low Cost
High Quality
Excellent
Performance
Slender,
Flexible Cable
Wide Range of
Choice
CIRCLE 62 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
FROM THE BEST SOURCE FOR OSCILLOSCOPE
PROBES AND DMM/VOM TEST LEAD SETS.
MODEL SP100
541
0 0
If you are in a hurr y f or your cat alog please send t he coupon to Mcint osh.
For 110n rush service send the Reader Service Card to the magazine.
rntlntosh
STEREO CATALOG
and FM DIRECTORY
SEND
TODAYI
Get all the newest and lat est inf ormation on the new
Mcintosh st ereo equipment in t he Mci nt osh cat alog. In
addition you will receive an FM stat ion direct ory that
cove rs all of Nort h America.
SCHEMATIC NEEDED
On the fifth of October, 1982, I purchased
an IBM Select ric-Redactron-I/O PrinterlType-
writer from a company called Computer Prod-
ucts & Peripherals Unlimited (CPU), for my
then new, VIC-20. Bei ng very new to comput-
ers, I paid the $25.00 for the interface kit and
an extra $120.00 for the "tested & opera-
tional" machine. Unfortunately, the machine
was neither, and the kit consisted of one IC
and some illegible photocopies.
The company did make partial repairs, but
the machi ne still is not usable. I can not afford
to throwaway over $450.00, so I would like to
contact anyone who has built the interface
and is willing to help out with the schematic or
layout. Pl ease contact me for details and
costs. Thank you.
EUGENE WITHROW
254 Harken Street
Mansfield, OH
sian. Access to them by third parties is not
permitted. I should be very grateful if you
would inform the readers of Radio- Elec-
tronics of those facts, as soon as possible,
and inform me of the source of your report, so
that I may take steps to prevent the circulati on
of further such errors.
R. GRESSMAN, DIRECTOR
European Broadcasting Union (E.B.U.)
My two units (for two computers) are built
inside a surplus Executone telephone desk-
top machine. I made two small additions: a)
added MOV's from " hot" 115-vol ts AC to
ground and from "neutral" to ground, to guard
against transi ents. b) added a 4-amp fuse in
series with the power-input line.
My units have been up and running for 4
months without incident, and have worked
beautifull y under field conditions. Total cost
$25.00. Keep up the good work.
WEI-I LI
Seattle, WA
Something was apparently lost in the trans-
lation about European satellite activities. In
using usually reliable information about satel-
li te developments in Europe, the misin -
terpretation that Mr. Gressman suggests,
crept int o the repor t. With so many countries
planning satellite services- including several
mul tinati onal projects- it 's possible that
EBU'srole was improperly stated. Thank you
for setting the record straight, and I look for-
ward to hearing more from EBU about Euro-
pean satellite activities.-Gary Arlen.
ADDITIONS TO POWERLINE
TRANSIENT SUPPRESSOR
I'd like to congratulate Mr. Herb Friedman
on a fine article, "Build this Powerline Tran-
sient Suppressor", in the September 1983
issue.
23
CIRCLE 93 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
..
,
Diskette
Users..
When you've
heard from
all the
animals in
the diskette
zoo, but you
need fast
delivery and
high quality
diskettes...
Call Communications Electronics
Diskette order desk
800-521-4414
In Canada 800-265-4828
Choose your brand
Choose your price
Super Disk
diskettes f g ~ s
$0.99 each
Wabash
diskettes f g ~ s
$1.14 each
BASF
diskettes f g ~ s
$1.69 each
Product Description
Super Dis k
Part #
CE q ua nt.
100 pric e
per di sk ($)
Wabash
Part #
CE quant.
100 price
per disk ($)
BASF
Part #
CE quant .
100 pri ce
per disk ($)
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8" SSSD IBM Compatible 1288/ S, 26 Sector
8" SSSD Shugart Compati ble, 32 Hard Sect or
8" SSDD IBMCompatible( 128 8/S, 26 Sect ors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unf or mat ed)
8" DSDD Soft Sect or (25 6 8/ S, 26 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (5 12 8/S, 15 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 8/ S, 8 Sect or s)
5V, " SSSD Sof t Sect or w/ Hub Ring
5V, " SSSD Same as above but bulk product
5W ' SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/ Hub Ring
5W ' SSDD Soft Sector w/ Hub Ring
5W ' SSDD Same as above, but bulk prod uct
5W ' SSDD Soft Sector Fli ppy (use both sides)
5V, " SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5V, " DSDD Soft Sector w/ Hub Ring
5W ' DSDD Same as above, but bulk product
5V, " DSDD 10 Har d Sec tor w/ Hub Ring
5'/, " DSDD 16 Har d Sec to r w/ Hub Ring
5W ' DSDD Soft Sector w/ Hub Ring (96 TPI)
3V2' SSDD Soft Sector micro-f loppy
For more information
about this brand call:
6431 1. 19
6437 0.99
6481 1.44
6487 1.24
6491 1.94
6497 1.74
6501 2.84
Lifetime warranty
For more Inf o on Super Disk call
800-521-4414
In Mi chigan 313-973-1111
F111 1.89
F31A 1.89
F131 2.29
F14A 2.69
F144 2.69
F145 2.69
F147 2.69
M11A 1.34
M11AB 1.14
M41A 1.34
M13A 1.59
M13AB 1.39
1II:18A 2.59
M43A 1.59
M14A 2.09
M1 4AB 1.89
M44A 2.09
M54A 2.09
M16A 2.99
ISyear warranty
For more Info on Wab ash call
800-323-9868
In Illi noi s 312593-6363
54974 1.69
54980 2.44
54992 3.34
Lifetime warranty
For more info on BASF call
800-343-4600
In Massachusetts 617-27 1-4000
CE... your best source for diskettes
For you the diskette buyer, it's a j ungle out there. There are
so many different brands to choose from, you need to go on
a safari to find a good brand at a reasonable cost.
Fortunately, CE has already hunt ed for t he best diskettes
and offers you an excellent choi ce at a CE price. To save
you even more, CE also of fers bulk product where 100
diskettes are packed in the same box wi thout envelopes or
labels. Since we save packaging costs, these savings are
passed on to you. Diskette envelopes are also available
from CEo These super strong and tear resistant Tyvek"
envelopes are only $15.00 per 100 pack. Use order:#= TE-5
for a 100 pack of 5Y4" diskette envelopes.
Quantity Discounts Available
Our diskettes are packed 10 disksto acarton and 5 or 1acartons to
a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 100 disks to a case
without envelopes or labels. Please order only in increments of
100 uni ts for quantit y 100 pricing. With t he exception of bul k pack,
we are also willing to accommodateyoursmaller orders. Quantities
less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a20%
surcharge above our 100 unit price. Quantity discounts are also
available. Order 300 or moredisks at the sametime and deduct 1%;
500 or more saves you 2%; 1,000 or moresaves 3%; 2,000 or more
saves 4%; 5,000 or more saves 5%; 10,000 or more saves 6%;
50,000 or more saves 7%, 100,000 or more saves 8%, 500,000 or
more saves 9% and 1,000,000 or more disks earns you a 10%
discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all our
diskettes are i mmedi ately available from CEo Our efficient ware-
house facili ties are equipped to help usget you the quali ty product
you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find
t he f lexible diskette that's right for you, call the appropriate
manufacturers compatibility hotline telephone number listed at
the bottom of t his ad. Dealer inquiries invited.
Buyyour diskettes from CE with confidence
To get t he fastest delivery of your di skett es, phone your order directl y to our
order desk and charge it to your cred it card. Written purc hase orders are
acce pted fro mapproved government agencies and most well rated firms at a
10%surcharge for net 10 bil li ng. For maxi mumsavings, your order should be
prepa id. All sales are subj ect to availabil ity, acceptance and verificat ion. All
sales are final. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Prices, terms and specificati ons
are subject to change withou t notice . Out of stock items will be be placed on
backorder or subst ituted for equivalent prod uct at no ext ra cost to you unless
CE is instru ct ed different ly. A $5.00 addit ional handling fee wil l be charged
for all orders wit h a merchandi se total under $50. 00. All shi pments are F.O.B.
CE warehouse in Ann Arbor , Michigan. COD terms are available, in U.S. UPS
areas for $5. 00 extra, and are payab le with cash or cert ified chec k.
For shippi ng charges add $8 .00 per 100 di skett es and/or any fraction of
100 8-inch diskett es, or $6.00 per 100 diskett es and/or any fraction of 100
5V.-i nch mini-diskett es for U.P.S. grou nd shi pping and handl ing in the
cont inental U.S. UPS2nd day air rates are three times co ntinental U.S. rates.
For Canada, Puerto Rico, Hawai i, Alaska, or APO/ FPO del ivery, ship ping
charges are three t imes continental U.S. rat es.
Ma il orders to: Commu nicat ions Electronics, Box 1002,
Ann Arbor, Mich igan 48 106 U.S.A. If you have a Visa or Master
Card, you may call and place a credit card order. Order toll-free
in the U.S. Dial 800-521-441 4. In Canada, order toll-free by
calling 800-265-48 28. If you are outside the U.S. orin Michigan
dial 313-973-8888. Telex anytime 810-223-2422. Order today.
Copyright 1984 Communications Electronics' Ad #050184

..ELECTRONICS'"
Computer Products Division
818 Phoenix 0 Box 10020 AnnArbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.
Call TOLL-FREE 800-521-4414 or outsid e U.S.A. 31 3-973-8888
OTCK
Verbatim
diskettes rg:;.a.:'s
$1.79 each
3M
diskettes rg:;. a.:' s
$1.84 each
Memorex
diskettes rg:;. s.:' s
$1 .84 each
TDK
diskettes rg:;.a: s
$2.09 each
Fuji
di skettesrg:;.s.:' s
$2.99 each
Verbatim
Part #
CE quant.
100 price
per disk ($)
3M
Part #
8SSS0
8SS00
80S00
CE quant.
100 price
per disk ($)
1.94
2.39
2.89
Memorex
Part #
3062
3015
3090
3102
CE qu ant.
100 price
per disk ($)
1.94
1.94
2.39
2.89
TOK
Part #
F1-S
F2D-S
CE quant.
100 price
per di sk ($)
2.69
3.29
Fuji
Part #
F01S-128N
F020
CE quant.
100 price
per disk ($)
2.99
4.59
80S00-1024 2.89 3104 2.89 F20-S1024 3.29 F02D-1024 4.59
28820 1.79 5SS00-RH 1.84 3481 1.84 M1D-S 2.09 M010 2.99
28821 2.54 50S00RH 2.59 349 1 2.59 M2D- S 2.84 M020 3.19
800-3289438 8004481422 800645-6 571
In Minnesota 612 -736-9524 Monda y-Friday 9am-4pm ET In New York 516-6250100
CIRCLE 35 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Llfellme warranty
For mor e Info on 3 M call
5 yea, warranty
For mor e Int o on Memorex call
Li fetime warranty
For mor e inf o on TD K call
c....
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25
Lifetim e warranty
For mor e info on Fuji call
800 2236535
In New York 212-736-3335
M020-96TPI 4.49 3.89 M20X-S 3.49
3.74
3501
6100
3.49 50S0096RH 28823 3.44
8005388589
In Californi a 408-245-4400
Lifetime warranty
For more Info on Verbatim call
EQUIPMENT REPORTS
Triplett Model 3500
Autorange Digital
Multimeter
A "user friendly, " hand-held
multimeter for the hobbyist or
professional
CIRCLE 101 ON FREE INFORMATIN CARD
OF ALL THE DIFFERE NT TYPES OF ELEC -
troni cs test equipment available, the in-
strument that' s bought more than any
other is the multimeter. The handheld dig-
ital multimeter seems to be the type fa-
vored by most buyers today. We recentl y
had the opportunity to examine a good
representative of that class of instru-
ment s-the model 3500 from Trip lett
Corpo r ati on (One Triplett Drive,
Bluffton, Ohio 45817),
Although the 3500 is an auto range
model , its measurement ranges can be
selected manually, Let' s take a look at
those ranges- it's perhaps the best way to
get an idea of what the 3500 can do. Its
voltage ranges are: 0.2, 2, 20, 200 , and
1000 volts DC and 2, 20, 200 , and 600

I NSERT I ON .
FORCE '"
SOCKETS- .
cam actuated, true zero
insertion - ti n plated solder
tail pins - capable of being
plugged into dip sockets,
including wire wrap.
Stock NO.ol
No. PIn. 1'
10... 8 50
11055 24 4.88 $4.35 $3. 80
110M 2. 5.15 4.50 4.05
11057 40 6.81 5.85 5.35
11058 .. 12 .02 10.50 8.45
SCREW MACHINED SOCKET m .. " U..
PINS, 100". pa" ag.d " bag. 01
100 Steck No. 11310 1$ solde r l al l l U' .
with gold coll et fin shell . Stock No, ' M
113 11 1$ wire wrap Wit h gol d couet no ;
gold shell OSI Do.
Sloc;k OJO , .... _
No OoIl1Crl pt lon 1 Bag " a.gl 10 Bagl
11310 Baaotl00
lolder Ia n PIn' $ 4.95 S "4" 1).IiI"
11311 l!aQol1 00 0.. I
wl re wr8pplns 1, .g 5 10 . 75 11.50 ... . .. --1 '-
WILD ROVER
60 /40 ROSIN CORE SOLDER
I
Touc h SWitch capsule

Slock Len glh WeIght

Opera ting mohon IS 005 -' wl!houl t he "0
0 .. I ' eell CO l I Pflce
use 01 a levered ar m Extremely fast on s0070 0'"

, ,
51 16
and oil With low norse Norma ll y open - 5007 6 002 as 4 2 3.
rated 115 VAC. 1 6 amp-30 mll hohm re-
s0077 00 2 '0 a .20
sts teece > 615 radius by . 160thlck
50078 0 32 3 3
"
, 31
Stock Nc. 1' . 10 & Up
s00 79 032 88 , 4
' 47
12098 $1 .42 $1.28 50080 032
'"
a 57
IRE
WRAP
SOCKETS
Tin plated
phosphor bronze
contact - 3 wrap
Stoc k
No. No Pi ns 1 99
11301 8 ' $.40
11302 14 . 5 9
11303 18 .64
11304 18 .73
1130 5 20 . 9 9
113C>e 22 1.12
11 307 24 1 .25
11308 28 1.52
11 309 40 2.05
100
499 500
$.36 $. 30
.54 .45
.58 .48
.66 ' .55
.90 .75
1.02 .85
1.14 .95
1.38 1.15
1.86 1.55
TI LOW PROFI LE
SOCKETS
Tin plated ZiP
copper alloy
688 contact pins
with gas tight seal
Sto ck 100-
No. No Pins 124 2599 999
11 20 1 8 $.10 $.09 $.08
11 202 14 .14 .13 .12
11203 ie . 16 .15 .14
11 204' 18 .18 . 17 . 15
112 05 20 .20 .18 . 16
112 00 22 .22 .20 .18
11207 24 .24 .22 ,20
11208 28 .28 .26 .25
11209 40 .40 .37 .33
Pric e
$78 .95
19.50
84. 95
42 .95
38 .95
39.95
21 .95
SCotchtlex Breadboard
SYitema Basic kit
comes with 24
various Dual Sockets.
tools.
Ki t can be used with
any 01th e s ix boa rds.
Sto ck No . Descri pt Ion
03500 Bas ic Ki t
0351 1 BaSICb o a rd . 4.5 x 55
03 50e Intel SaCB010 Boar d. 12 x 6.75
03507 Motorola M6BOOB oa r d. 9 75 x 6
03508 $100 Boa rd. 10 x 5.3
035 09 ZBOBoard. 7.7 x 7.5
03 51 0 Eurocard Board. 6.3 x 3 9
LOW PROFI LE DIP SWITCHES
sealed bott om STOCK NO OF
Id
_
" 0 PO. ' 24 "
go pla te d . 1035 1 2 1 0 5 115
10 352 4 135 120
10J 5J 5 1 45 1 30
103 54 e 1 50 1 40
10355 7 1 &0 1 4 5
103 5& 8 185 1 &5
10357 II 2 10 1 11 5
11135e 10 2 25 2 0S
N
OW Desolder with
one hand!
Eliminates need for se par ate
sol de ri ng i ro n and desold er pump!
Revol ut ionary new El ect ric
Desolder lng I ron. Easy. portab le.
hand held . . . perf orms li ke an
industrial desolder station. No air
req uired. Easy cleaning.
St ock No . Electri cal
13349 115VAC 50/60 Hz

true row to row J /
spacmc , On e Side IS ... .:: ,;;,
for .300 centers, Fliptool ONE TOOL DOES
devi ce 8 thru 40 PINS!
In t ool and squeeze st ock No.

\ 4 p,..
13296 -e p. "
1319 1 16p."
1)19!1 lO p'"
1319'1 n p'"
13300 14 PO"
l JJOl lap."
I )J0 1 40 pn
' J J OJ '110 pon
SOCKET WRAP 10
DIP .. l pI,nl l(
", .tll n" mb t' If'd "O' t " n p n ll)Cd
t o(lt\ \. " f' l t >to'O' .. ... ,l
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""t. ,1 ....f ..... ' oI. PP' '''J ' fOvb' "
,I'I OO1'''Q ,and ' 1'001"
3M ScotchFlex
INSULATION DIS
PLACEMENT CABLES
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MICRO Ch art s' colorful 8h " x
1' " charts eli minate the need to
stumble thro ugh manuals
and summarieS Fully decoded -
Instant access totall y "-
etc. etc.
Stock No . R.fer enc. Pric e
23010 Z80CPU S5.85
23011 8OBOA./8085A 5.8 5
23012 8S0218SXX). . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.95
2301 3 . . . . 5.85
MI7400 TTL Pinout. . . . 5.g5
2301 5 a..re Algorithms . . . . . 5.95
rrI IC I NSERTI ONI
"'''''''0' xrr
OK MACHINE AND TOOL
EKI KITS come
with 811 part s
necessary to
assemble!
Stock No. 88844
TVJammer Kit "wipes
out" your TV
screen .. .. $ 7.71
Stock No. 88850
Whooper Alarm Kit
makes a great alarm
or siren. .. . . $11.33
MANY, MANY MORE
KITSAVAilABLE IN
FUl l LINE CATALOG
The Battery Just Wrap ' Too l
New blI lt ery pow ttfed tool wraps,Insulated
wire around 02 5 1<I"l r. posts W1l h.out ne od
4 '" I tor pr e,c Ulli nOAnd ere- stri pping Comple te

I I Prote
l'b,' 3340 B.alle ry luSI-wr illp 1001w,lh 0.1
and 100 It 30 AWG wl' e I5g.115
1334 1 Replacement 0.1 :: 10.3 5
13342 l OOH bluerepl acemttnlwl re 7.54

1334 5 100 It red repl.1ceme nl Willi 7.54
26
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volts AC. Its DC and AC current ranges
are 20 rnA, 200 rnA, and 10 amps. And its
resi stance ranges ar e 200, 2K , 20K,
200K, and 2 megohms. A low-power-
ohms measurement mode is also offered,
wit h ranges of 2K, 20K, 200K, and 2
megohms . In that mode, you can measure
in-circuit resistances that are shunted by a
si licon diod e or other such junction device
wi thout turning on the juncti on . (The
maximum open-circuit voltage is less than
.4 volt in the LPn mode.)
Another good way to get an idea of the
ca pabilities of the 3500 is to take a look at
the face of the unit and its controls. A 10-
mm, 3Y2-digit LCD readout dominates
the top hal f the unit, while a large rotary
switch (which lets you choose voltage,
res istance, or one of three current ranges)
dominates the bottom half. Three push-
push switches are located beneath the dis-
pl ay. The first lets you choose AC or DC
modes (when measuring voltage or cur-
rent) or normal or low-power ohms (when
measuring resistance). The seco nd but-
ton , RANGE SELECT, let s you choose the
prope r resi stance or voltage range. (When
first turned to the VOLT or OHM mode , the
unit is in its auto mode unt il the RANGE
SELECT button is pressed. The current
ranges are chosen only with the rotary
swi tch.) The third butt on , ZERO ADJUST,
is used to zero the resistance reading when
the leads are shorted together. It can also
be used in the voltage or current modes to
make offset measurement s (as long as the
two least-signi ficant digits are less than
19).
Three input jacks are centered at the
bott omofthe unit. The only time the leads
have to be changed is when making cur-
rent measurement s in the 1O-amp mode .
All of the j acks are of the recessed safety
type.
The accuracy specific ations of the 3500
should suit the professional as well as the
hobbyist. When measuring DC voltage ,
your measurement s will be, at worst,
accurate to within .75%of the reading I
digit (when the meter is corre ctly cali-
brat ed). For AC voltage measurement s,
the worst-cas e spec ification is I% of the
reading, 3 digits (for signals between
40 and 500 Hz). In either resistance mode,
you can expect your measurement s to be
accurate within 1.5%, I digit. The ac-
curacy of the 3500 drops when measurin g
current: 1.7% I digit DC, 1.7% 3
digit s AC.
If you plan to make in-cir cuit measure-
ments with your multimeter, there are
some additional specifications that you
should look at. One of those is the input
impedance, which is at least 10megohms
on all voltage ranges. When making cur-
rent measurements , the voltage dro p
acros s the instrument is, at wors t, 2/10
volt. For in- ci rcuit resistance measure-
ments , the ope n-c ircuit voltage dr op
across the leads is important. That voltage
is less than .4 volt in the low-power-ohms
mode, and less than 1.5 volts in the high-
power-ohms mode.
User features
The most " user-friendly" feature of the
3500 is its autoran ge capability. When
makin g voltage or resi stanc e measure-
ments, there is no need to select a mea-
surement range. However, you can , as we
mentioned earlier, select ranges manuall y
by depressing the RANGE SELECT butt on.
When you do that , the AUTO annunciator
will disappear from the displ ay. As you
step through the ranges, the decimal point
on the display will change , as will the unit
annunci ator.
One advantage of using the manual
range mode is that the meter's response
time is improved for some measurement s.
For example, while the ' response time
when making resistance or AC voltage
measurements is 5 seconds (maximum) in
the autorange mode, it is only 3 seconds
(maxi mum) in the manual mode. The re-
sponse time for DC voltage measurement s
is the same in either the auto or manual
modes, about 3 seconds maximum. The
maximum response time for current mea-
~ ~ ; I I t ~
,-
AWS OM 6500
MODEL DM-6500
AUTORANGING DMM
Priced at only
879
There's no sacrificing
quality, even at this low
price. And check out these
features:
Autoranging
Shock Resistant
Continuity Buzzer
Fuse Protection
Safety Construction
RANGES
DC Volts:
200m/2/20/200/1000V
AC Volts:
2/20/200/600V
AC/DC Current
200mA/lOA
Resistance:
200/2k/20k/200k/2000kfl
MODEL DM-6590
ELECTRO-PROBETM DMM
Lowest price availablel
863
75
Including case
The hottest new instrument to hit the
market. Contains features such as:
Autoranging
Data Hold Button
Shock Resistant Housing
Continuity Buzzer
200 hr. Battery Life
RANGES
AC/DC Volts: Resistance:
2/20/200/500V 2kl20k/2ookl2000kfl
For more information on the DM-6500 and
DM-6590 see your local distributor or con-
tact A.W. Sperry Instruments Inc., P.O.
Box 9300, Smithtown, N.Y. 11787. Phone:
800-645-5398 Toll-Free (N.Y., Hawaii, Alaska
call collect 516-231-7050).
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CIRCLE 17 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
27
surements is about 3 seconds for DC and 5
seconds for AC current. (Remember, au-
torange capability is not available for cur-
rent measurements .)
A useful "extra" feature of the 3500 is
its audible tone. In the voltage or current
modes the tone is used (along with a
blinking initial " 1" in the display) to indi-
cate that the tester is overranged. In the
resistance mode, the tone is used for a
continuity indicat or- it will sound when
the two least-significant digits are less
than 19 (in any range). Those of you who
find those tones annoyi ng will be happy to
know that the feature can be turned'off.
ladi8-
Elealrllnics
SPECIAl REPIIM
BUILD TltISIlOBOT fllfl UIIOfR S400
Protecti on
No matter how careful you are, it's all
too easy to put excessive voltage across
the meter probes . For example (although
no-one likes to admit it), almost everyone
has at one time or another tried to measure
a voltage with a multimeter that was in its
resistance mode. That is, of course , why
manufacturers design protection circui ts
into their meters. For voltage measure-
ments, the 3500 is protected up to 1000-
volts DC and 600-volts AC. In the resis-
tance and current modes, the unit is pro-
tected up to 250 volts AC. As for other .
types of protection, its rugged plastic case
should protect it against rough handling.
The 3500 requires 2 "AA" cells-you
can expect 300 hours of operation from
two alkaline batteries. A low-battery in-
dicator appears in the display when there
are less than about 50-hours of operating
life remaining.
OVERALL
PRICE
EASE
OFUSE
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
PRICE/
/VALUE
The instruction manual that' s supplied
with the meter is adequate. It includes-
along with a listing of specifications and
instructions-a parts list, schematic, and
a parts-placement diagram.
The3500 has a suggested price of$140,
which is about what you'd expect to pay
for an instrument with similar specifica-
tions. It comes equipped with two test
probes with screw-on alligator clips .
Other accessories are also available, in-
cluding a temperature probe, two high-
voltage probes (6 kV and 30 kV), a 20-
amp external shunt , and a variety of carry-
ing cases . You' ll probably want to get one
of the cases-the 3Yz X 6 X J51s-inch unit is
too large for a shirt pocket. R-E
BUI LD YOUR OWN ROBOTI

I
: Iildla-EII! In nlas Please print
I Robot Reprints
I 200 Park Ave. South
: New York , N.Y. 10003
I I want to order _ _ repri nts@$12.00 pl us $1.00 post-
I age and handlin g for U.S., Canada and Mexico .
I Add 9ge saies tax fo r New York State residents only. (Street add ress)
I U.S. Funds only.
I I want to order __ reprints @$12.oo plus $3.00 Air = -:;- -:=--:-.,-;- ___=_
: Postage and handli ng for all ot her cou nt ries. (City) (State) (Zip)
I U.S. Funds oniy .
: Allow 6-8 weeks for delivery . We do not bill, check must be enclosed. I
J
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Send today for you r 52-page (8V2 x 11")
booklet containing complete reprints of
all eleven articles i n the Build Your Own
Robot series by Jim Gupton.
This all -i nclusi ve reprint gives you all the
data you need to build your own Robot.
TELLS EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO
KNOW to build the Unicorn-1 Robot with-
out th e need for an engineering degree or
special equipment. The robot is fully
mobile with manipulator arms to grasp, lift
and carry.
MANIPULATOR ARMS and end-effec-
t ors (hands) are what enable the robot to
perform useful tasks. Details of construe-
t ion techniques and considerations are
full y explored .
MOBILITY BASE is not a lunar space
station. It is t he dri ve system that permi t s
the robot to move f rom here to there. Full
construction det ails along with a di scus-
sion of power sources is included.
THE BODY-FRAME AND ROTATION
MECHANISM. Thi s is t he part that makes
Unicorn-1 look like a robot. Wood and
Formica are the materials for t he body.
Motors and gears are what make it func-
tion.
COMMUNICATIONS. How you can tell
your robot what to do. Preprogramming
techniques....radio control....computer con-
trol are all deta il ed.
SENSORS. How to add sensors so your
robot doesn't bump int o th ings.
Beta Electronics Pro-Kit I
PC-Board Fabrication Kit
Using a stencil is the best
way to make a group of
printed-circuit boards that
use the same circuit pattern.
CIRCLE 102 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MOST OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
presented in the pages of Radio Elec-
tronics require the use of a printed-circuit
board. Even when it's not mandatory, it's
Look
for trouble
... and find it.
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RE684 72336 1984Tl
Addr... _
Name _
Ctrv _
Staee Zip, _
Texas Instruments
P.O. Box 3640, MIS 54
Dallas, Texas 75285
Add $1.25 per book for postage and handling. Prices
subject ro change without not ice.
Enclose check or money order with sales tax (except
AK, DE, NH, OR). Foreign orders must be in U.S.
dollars and include shipping charges. No phone
orders, please.
Mail to:
Kit f , all you' d have to do is to place
anot her copper-c lad board under the
screen and " pull" some more ink over
it- you no longer have to won)' about
exposure times. Beta claims that , with
practice (a lot of practice, as far as we
could tell), you should be able to get
enough speed to print 75 or more of the
same images in one setup. (If you let the
screen sit too long, the ink will dry on the
screen. But even if that happens, and you
still want to print the image more, you can
use lacquer thinner to clean off the ink
without disturbing the stencil. )
continued all page 40
New "Understanding Digital Troubleshooting"
book from TI.
The move is on to digital circuits, increasing the need
for expert maintenance and repair troubleshoot ing.
Before trouble finds you, get the new TI Under
standingSeries Digital Troubleshootingbook. The book
covers basic concepts and operating principles and
leads you through to accurate troubleshoot ing
techniques.
This 264page book is filled with the latest
information, clear illustrat ions and self-help
tests. It's everything you need to find trouble
in digital systems.
~ ~ ~
INSTRUMENTS
Creating useful products
and services for you.
_ _ @ $6.95
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Quantity Price Please send me:
Underslllnding Series,. Tlttes:
o Understanding Digital Troubleshooli ng-
(LCB8036)
o Understanding Solid-State Electronics- 3rd
edition (LCB3361)
o UnderstandingDigital Eleetronics- (LCB3311)
o UnderstandingMicroprocessors-(LCB4023)
o UnderstandingGalculator Math- (LCB3321)
o Understanding CommunicationsSystems-
(LCB4521)
o Understanding Computer Sci ence-(LCB5471)
o Understanding Dptronics- (LCB5472)
o Understanding AutomotiveEl ectronK:s -
(LCB5771 )
o Understanding Electronic Secunty
Systems-{LCB72D1)
o UnderstandingElectronic Control of Energy
Systems- (LCB6642)
o Understanding TelephoneElectronics-
(LCB7141)
o UnderstandingElectronicControl of Automation
Systems- (LCB6641)
Soli Study Coursos:
o AC Audio(LCB6651)/ACText (lCW8168)
o DCAudio(LCB5922)/DC Text (LCW8161)
o l o.mlngConter lIbrirt Cotl log(CMnOll
When the resist dries , you can etch the
board. All that 's left to do is to clean up.
The advantage of screening
You might wonder what the advantage
of the Pro-Kit method is. After all , you
could have gotten the same results , with
fewer steps by using a photo-resist met h-
od. But what if you wanted to make an-
other board? If you used a photo-resist
meth od, you' d have to expose another
board and wor ry abou t the exposure
times, rinsing, etc. And if you wanted to
expose five more boards, you' d have to do
the same thing five times more. With Pro-
Beta Electronics Pro-Kit I
OVERALL I I 1 I I I
PRICE
EASE 1 1 I I I I
OFUSE
INSTRUCTION I I I I I I
MANUAL
PRIC'lI I I I I I 1
VALUE
11 1213 141 51 6 7 8 910
y ~ ~ ~ ~
usuall y a good idea to use one-PC
boards can reduce wiring errors and make
troubleshooting easier. But if a prepared
board isn' t available, what do you do?
One solution might be to make your
own, using a PC-board fabr icatio n kit
such as Pro-Kit f from Beta Electronics
(2081- A 3r d Street , Rive rside , CA
92057). The kit is best suited for making
more than one board at a time-once
you've done one board , it's not much
more work to do twenty more. That makes
Pro-Kit f well suited for club or school
projec ts that requi re many boards of the
same type. But because the results from
Pro-Kit f are close to professional quality,
you could even use it in business applica-
tions.
After blotting up the excess water with
newspaper, block-out is applied around
the stencil material. That, when dry, will
prevent the resi st ink fro m fl owin g
through the screen. (It helps to save ink
and keeps the work area cleaner.)
When everything is dry (about 2 hours
later), you can pull off the stencil mate-
rial-but all that is removed is the plastic
sheet- the emulsion stays on the screen in
the area where you want the copper re-
moved (and prevents the resist ink from
being applied to the copper). The com-
bination of the block-out and emulsion on
the screen makes up the stencil.
Now that the stencil is all prepared, you
place your copper-clad board under the
screen and then pour resist ink on the
screen and " pull" it over the stencil.
The process
Pro-Kit f uses a screening method (the
same method that' s used professionally):
you f ir s t ma ke a ste nc i l ( p h o-
tographi call y) of your PC-board layout
and apply resist ink to a copper-clad board
using the stencil- but it 's not as easy as all
that , as you' ll see as we go through the
process step by step.
Once you have your artwork com-
pleted , you' ll need a right-reading emul-
sion positive which is used to expose the
stenci l materi al in the contac t print er
that' s included with the kit. (The stencil
materi al can be exposed in direct sunlight,
or under a sun lamp.) After exposing the
stencil material , you have to develop it,
rinse it , and then place it on the screen.
29
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CALL NOW
AND
RESERVE
YOUR SPACE
6 x rate $605 per each insert ion.
Reaches 235,323 readers.
Fast reader service cycle.
Short lead time for the placement of
ads.
We typeset and layout the ad at no
addit ional charge .
Call 212-777-6400 to reserve space. Ask
for Arl ine Fishman. Li mit ed number of
pages available. Mail materials to: mini-
ADS, RADIO-ELECTRONICS , 200 Park
Ave. South, New York, NY 10003.
VIOlO
SCRAMBLING
Tl CHNIQUl S
SUBSCRIPTION TV MANUAL. This infor-
mation packed boo k detail s the methods
us ed by subscripti on TV companies to
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Covers the Sinewave, Gated Pulse, SSAVI
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plus $1.50 first class P&H. Info $2.00, refun-
dabl e. RANDOM ACCESS, Box 41770-R,
Phoenix, AZ 85080 .
CIRCLE 31 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
THE High Performance Kit Company!
Qualit y co mpo nent s and SOTA designs
make these audio kits super ior performers.
Reviewed in AUDIO, SBLE SOUND, THE
AUDIO AMATUER, and cover of POPULAR
ELECTRONICS. A parti al list of audio kits
include; Parametric Equalizer, Analog Delay/
Ambience Extractor, Tape Noise Reduction,
Moving Magnet, and Moving Coil Phono Pre-
amps. Call or write for literature with full speci -
fications. PHOENIX SYSTEMS, INC.-RE2,
PO BOX 628, Manchester, Ct. 06040, (203)
643-4484 .
CIRCLE 82 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MAE-3 , VAGI MICROWAVE ANTENNA -
High quality up to 60 dB gain 1.9-2.5 GHZ-50
mile range possible clear TV picture, pre as-
se mbled probe with down converter,
1.9-2.5GHZ, power supply and RF amplifier,
1.9-2.5GHZ, 30dB gai n, with co-ax cable in-
cluded. All mounting hardware, for fast and
easy installation. Speci al $89.95. Available
by phone or mail order only. Check or money
order, 5% Shipping and Handling on all or-
ders. KASHIWAGI ELECTRONICS CORP.,
3555 So. Highland Suite 14 Las Vegas, Ne-
vada 89103, 702-367-1241. ::
CIRCLE 63 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Bring in those hard to get channels with these
low priced amateur microwave T.V. receivers.
New wide band multi channel reception in the
2.1-2.9 GHZ range. 100% legal for ITFS chan-
nels. We stock all types. Complete systems
from $43.95 in quant ity. Every item fully guar-
anteed. Free shipping, Phone or mail order
only. COD's accept ed. H.M.R. Sales, 221
East Camelback, Suite 1, Phoenix, Ari zona
85012, Phone 602-993-0398.
CIRCLE 38 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MINIATURE YSW 5% CARBON FILM RE-
SISTORS offer superior overall performa nce
characteristics compared to carbon composi-
tion resistors - at signi ficant cost savi ngs! EIA
color coding. 1 ohm thru 10 megohm. $3.75
per hundred per val ue. Mastercard, Visa,
American Express, accepted. Pl ease add
$2.00 for shipping. California residents add
6% Sales Tax. No C.O.D. ACORN INDUS-
TRIAL ELECTRONICS P.O. Box 10846,
SANTA ANA Ca. 92711. 1300-0 E. Edinger
Ave., Santa Ana , Ca. 92705. (71 4)
547-8424.
CIRCLE 46 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
~
..-___ LIC' _
- ;;- -;:; r; --
> #_ \.;,..: ..{_I 1.. _ 0.1'
Introducing a Stereo Syn thesizer with the
performance and features enthusi asts de-
mand. Unique circuitry produces a dramatic
stereo effect from mono sources whil e en-
hancing depth and definiti on. Usable with
TV's, VTRs, or in broadcast, studio, or live
situations. Order 3 ways: Assembled w/case
$199.95; Kit w/case $149.95; Board only
$39.95. Includes extensive literature pack-
age, warranty, and MONEV-BACK GUARAN
TEE. Check s, MCIVISA. Free kit catalogue,
RODCAR Electronic Sal es; 9983 Monroe
Dr., Dalla s, TX 75220 ; 214-351-9895.
CIRCLE 74 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
k : I ~ ..
~ ~ : :
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-,
SATELLITE CONTROL CABLE-NEMAL
ELECTRONICS has designed a new series
of combinat ion cables for TVRO installations.
These cables provide all necessary wires for
signal, motor and receiver power and sense
circuits together in one direct burial jacket.
TVPE-1 RG-59 + 9 conductor (2-18gu)
$495/1000', TVPE-2 RG-59 + 11 conductor
(2-12gu) $689/1000' , TVPE-3 dual RG-59 +
11 conductor (2-12gu) $879/1000' , all made
with milspec RG59, 96% copper shi eld ,
tinned drain wires. Over 500 types of cable,
connectors, SMATV products in stock. Autho-
rized distributor Kings-Amphenol-Columbia.
NEMAL ELECTRONICS Inc. , 12240 N.E.
14th Ave., N. Miami , FL 33161 (305)
893-3924.
CIRCLE 84 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
SHEET METAL WORKER-The 24" TRIOK
is a Press Brake, Shear and Slip-roll mao
chine-perfect for research and development
or maintenance shops . Over a thousand ma-
chines world wide in little to the largest com-
panies. For free literature on this and our
other sheet metal working machines contact:
PACIFIC ONE CORPORATION, 513Superi -
or Ave. Suite K408, Newport Beach, CA
92663, (714) 645-5962.
CIRCLE 14 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
For more details use the free
information car d inside the back cover
NEWPRODUCTS
fire calls, emergency transmissions, Coast
Guard rescues, aircraft communications, and
amateur-radio transmissions in the 10, 6, 2
and .7 (70cm) meter bands. Each of its 200
channels can be programmed to display the
source and location of a transmi ssion, 10-
codes , and phone numbers. Whenever a
broadcast is monit ored, the information pro-
SCANNER, the Bearcat model CP 2100, is
the first scanner radio designed as a pe-
ripheral for todays personal computers ; it is
available in versions that are compat ible with
t he IBM PC, At ari 800, Apple /I and /Ie,
Osborne, and Commodore 64 personal com-
puters .
The model CP2100 can monit or police and
CALL NOW
AND
RESERVE
YOUR SPACE
6 x rate $605 per each insertion.
Reaches 235,323 readers.
Fast reader service cycle.
Short lead time for the placement of
ads.
We typeset and layout the ad at no
additional charge .
Call 212-777-6400 to reserve space. Ask
for Ar line Fishma n. Li mited number of
pages available. Mail materials to: mini-
ADS, RADIO-ELECTRONI CS, 200 Park
Ave. Sout h, New York, NY 10003.
ONE MAN CRT FACTORY, easy operat ion.
Process new or rebuild old CRT's for tv's,
bus. machines, monitors, scopes, etc .
Co lor, b&w, 20mm, f oreign or domestic.
3 x6 ft. space required. Profits??? Average
CRT rebuildi ng cost - $5. Sell fo r $100 =
$95 prof it ; x 5 CRT's = $475 dai ly; x 5
days = $2375 weekly prof it. Hig her prof its
outs ide U.S.A. Investi gate this opport unity
today. We serv ice t he enti re wo rld. Writ e
or call : CRT Factory, 1909 Louise St. ,
Crystal Lake, II. 60014, (815) 459-0666.
CIRCL E 89 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
CIRCLE 121 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
~ 1 ~
- ~ ~
: ~ : : :
= : : : ~
FREE 1984 ELECTRONIC TOOL & IN-
STRUMENT CATALOG is packed with over
5,000 quality technical products for assem-
bling, testing and repai ring electronic equip-
ment. All products fully ill ust rated wit h
photographs, detai led descriptions and pric-
ing to allow for easy order ing by phone or
mail. Most orders are shipped within 24
hours. 100% satisfaction guarantee. CON-
TACT EAST, 7 Cypress Drive, Bu rlington,
MA 01803. (617)272-5051.
CIRCLE 50 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
grammed into the channel will automatically
appear on the screen.
The Bearcat CP-2100's basic package in-
cludes the radio, AC adaptor, plus a special
telescoping whip antenna with a 20' coaxial
cable and mating BNC connectors , Custom
5Y4-inch program diskette, custom interface
cable, and manual are packaged separately
OSCILLATOR, model 4400A, has a 3-digi t
frequency selector that eliminates any need
for a frequency counter for most applications.
It covers a frequency range from 1Hz to
100kHz.
CIRCLE 122 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
for compatibili ty with different models of com-
puters . Software can be user-modified to suit
individual needs.
The Bearcat mode l CP 2100, including
both hardware and software packages, has a
suggested list price of $499.95.-El ect ra
Company, 300 County Line Road, Cum-
berland, IN 46229.
Th e nearl y di st orti on-free si newave
(.001%) provides a source for measuring the
distortion of audio-preamplifiers, power am-
plifiers, communications systems, etc. It also
provides a 7-volt RMS output with a 3-posi-
tion pushbutton attenuator, calibrated in 20-
dB steps , along with a 30-dB vernier, givi ng a
total dynamic range of gO dB. The model
4400A is priced at $695.00.- Krohn-Hi te
Corporation, Avon Industrial Park, Bodwell
St., Avon, MA 02322.
CORDLESS PHONES, model FCT-246,
model FCT-266, and model FCT-346 (shown
in photo) all feature circuitry that provides se-
L
C
Z
m
31
from a built-i n test fixture, and is capable of
si ngle-shot or continuous measurements .
The model 4225 carries a suggested list price
of $1195.00
The model 4210 offers accuracy of 0.1 0%
and numerous options; it shares the features
of the model 4225. The most important option
is the complete systems capability through
the RS-232 output and the IEEE-488 bus.
Complete remote command and data trans-
fer allows the instrument to playa key data-
acquisition role in automated parts handling,
component evaluation , and other applica-
tions requiring program control of a high-ac-
curacy bridge. The model 4210 is priced at
$1995. 00.- Wayne Kerr, Inc., 400 West
Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 0180) .
CONTACT BURNISHERS, the P-4 and P-6
are pocket-pen type burnisher/cleaners for
the communicat ions , telep hone, and elec-
tronics industries. They are designed for all-
type contacts : silver, platinum, gold, pal-
ladium, tungsten, molybdenum, and all other
precious-metal contact s. The burnishers are
light, and the flexibility of the blades can be
adjusted by varying its depth in chuck.
The burnishers are non residual, leaving no
grit or dust on the contact. Their insulated
caps permit working on "live" contacts. They
have interchangeable blades made of stain-
less steel, with an abrasive coating of alumi-
num oxide that insures minimum contact
wear.
The burnishers are 5112 inches in length, e-
inch in diameter, and are available in two
types. The P-6 pen has 12blades 3.16-inches
wide, 1% inches long, and .007 inch thick for
against unauthorized use and false ringing,
and a range selector for choosing normal or
extended range. Pulse or tone dialing allows
for access to long-distance networks, and
two-way intercom between the cor dless
handset , and a convent i onal ha ndset
plugged into the base is featured.-Fanon,
15300 San Fernando Mission Blvd., Mission
Hills, CA 91345.
LCR BRIDGES, model 4225 (shown) and
model 42 10 are second-generation models
claimed to begreat improvements over earlier
bridges.
The model 4225 is a portable micro-
processo r-controlled, AC-powered compo-
nent brid ge wit h aut omati c or manual
component-display selection, andthree oper-
ating frequencies. With a basic accuracy of
0.25% over a wide component-value range, it
is capable of displaying 0 and Q values for
reactive components. It uses a touch-sensi-
tive keypad, is operated infour-terminal mode
CIRCLE 123ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
6-inch rectangular, parallax-free CRT
TV-V trigger
Variable sweep length
Double Lissajous f i gur e
1 mV/div to 10 V/div sensitivity
100 ns/div to 0.2 s/div sweep
Differential input wi th ADD mode
AN INNOVATIVE
20 MHz
OSCILLOSCOPE
THAT EMPHASIZES
OPERABILITY
$535*



Sales, Service, Rental/Leasing Programs .-"
. . . and Pre-Owned Test Equipment also Available -
User price. incl uding probe s.
The Professional Test Equipment Source
un
The Instrument Mart
295 Community Drive, Great Neck, New York 11021
(51614877430 Out side N.Y. (80016456535
curity against unauthorized use, and elimi-
nates interference and false ringi ng. The
three models also feature selectable guard-
tonefrequencies and a handset that operates
at themaximum range allowed by the Federal
Communications Commi ssion: up to 1500
feet.
The model FCT-246 features a 3-position
sentry switch, touch-butto n dialing, last-
nu mber redial, and pagi ng from the base to
the handset. It is priced at $129.95.
The model FCT-266 adds selectable pulse
or tone dialing to provide access to long-dis-
tance networks, such as MCI, SPRINT, etc. It
is priced at $149.95.
T he model FCT-346 features continuous-
monitor digital-security codi ng to guard
CIRCLE 28 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
'-
C
z
m
205 BANTA PLACE
FAI RLAWN. NJ. 07410
TEL: 201-796-1720
TELE: 968171
CIRCLE 127 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
The diode test measures the forward volt-
age drop of a semiconductor junction at 0.6
mA; continuity checks are done through audi-
ble tones. The model 2804 is pri ced at
$60.00; that price includes test leads, spare
fuse, two AA batt eries, and an instruction
manual.- B&K-Preci sion/Oynascan Cor-
poration, 6460 West Cortland Street, Chi-
cago, IL 60635. R-E
imp edan ce is 10 megohms. Resistance
ranges are 200 ohms, 2000 ohms, 20 KiI-
ohms, 200 Kilohms, 2000 Kilohms and 20
megohms. DC and AC current ranges are
200 mA and 10A.
dtiDAVLETECHINC
ELECTRONIC TOOLS" ACCESSORIES
Se lf-contained va.cuum pump - No shop
air required
Pistol grip iron for easy handl ing.
Temper at ure co ntrolled heat er.
Heavyduty suction with newlydes igned
cyl inder pump.
long life30W ceramic heati ng element,
Replacement tips avallable.
Str aight Dowthrough design.
Simple filter replacement.
THE SA-7
DESOLDER STATION
SA-7 is the of a Mrlaoldnolder equJpmmt.
Ilg"""'fbt p\ltol grip map! dnoIdor Iron allowslor maximumoomIort and board

=::=:d<soIdmng.p."....jW..If-containod cylind<r vacuum pwnp Io.... mlor Ions

lull industrial porfonnan and y<1 requ lr.. no shop air . The streight lIow-t1uu cIaIgn
dogging. and the see-t hru IOIdn collector is easy to don and the unit u.o
Iindudes a builtin tip rod stored in the handM. The SA 7 eaia o&n
comp.Kt slim styling, accnslble tool hold er and stmple trlggft' actuated opuadon. Stat .. oIthe
art daign wtth Ie ccetrolled cerarnlc heat er allows adJustnwnt of tip tanpaat\lrc foewidat
varkty of dnoldmng application. These deec lder syste ms are ckllgMd to meet the mold:
rigorous product ion desoldfting applic at ions including rework. modification. rt'pM', ftc.

onlY"
S349=.-
ptu, SJtipplng I
120 CPS!
RS-232 I
onlY" I
s289oo. 1
Plus Shippi",
onlYll l
s329:.
ptu, SJtipping I
TESTED AND
OPERATIONAL! I
onlY"
s89:.1
discussions, home-video productions, broad-
cast news and sports, and music recordings.
It uses the "Pressure Recording Process," in
which a miniature condenser-microphone
capsule is arranged very close to a sound-
reflecting plate or boundary. The capsule is
mounted in the "pressure zone" just above
the boundary-aregion where sound coming
directly from the sound source combines in-
phase with sound reflected off the boundary.
That eliminates phase interference between
direct and reflected waves, resulting in clean-
er reproduction.
An integral handle allows the microphone
to be hand-held, stand-mounted, or simply
laid on any hard surface.
The mode l PZM-180 can be phantom-
powered or battery-powered; it requires no
external power-supply interface. It is supplied
with a battery for powering and a windscreen
to reduce pickup of wind noise and breath
"pops." Self-contained electroni cs adapt the
unit for phantom powering, and connecting
the microphone to a phantom-power supply
disconnects the internal battery.
The suggested retail price of the model
PZM-180 is $169.00.- Crown International,
1718 W. Mishawaka Road, Elkhart , IN 4'6517.
MULTIMETER, the B&K-Precisi on model
2804, is a 3-1/2-digit auto/manual, handheld
digital multimeter featuring 0.7%-volt DC ac-
curacy; diode test; audible-continuity check,
and 10-amp current range.
DC voltage ranges are 200 mV, 2000 mV,
20 V, 200 V, and 1000 V. AC voltage ranges
are 2000 mV, 20 V, 200 V, and 750 V. Input
}pt;; ;,1
Shugart SA-400 "Mini-Floppy" Drives Sl19
0
a
o
.1
ModelSA-400, used, whole, untested, less power supply
& case. Data andschematics included. Removed from Plu,Shlpplng
Equipment. I
Writ, or ta ll for Our l alld Flyer NOW!! ! "Selectric" Is I registered trJdemart of IBM CorpofltlOft
C
omputer WAREHOUSE 18 Gr arute 5. HaverhIll Mass 01830
R
rpducts & ; O:;/3N7W2:S637shor e 03858
U
npherals rifI-. 50"y No Collec t Calls
nlimited < Mast er Card & VISA Accept ed
tacts and relays. Both are priced at $5.70
each.-Jonard Industries Corp., Precision
Tool s Di vi si on, 134 Marbl edal e Road ,
Tuckahoe, NY 10707.
CIRCLE 125 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
MICROPHONE, model PZM-180, is a gener-
al-purpose microphone suitable for applica-
tions such as conferences, interviews, group
I
G.E, "Terminet 1200" featuring:
11 0. 300. &1200Baud (11 . 30&120cps),fullKSR
I
&RS-232-C110. compact. table-topconfiguration, upper
&lower case conti nuous band, madein USA byGeneral
El ectric, tested andoperational.
I CRT Terminals Built by amajor OEM, these
I
terminalsinclude 3microprocessor boards(Interface, CPU &
CRT) pluscompositevideo &SWitchingpower supply48Korroms,
'Ergonomi c' design and more. Experimenter special, includes Data,
I Keyboard, RS-232 110 plus muchmore. Seemstobe quitepowerful.
Parallel, TTL Input I/O "Selectric" '.'
I
TYPEWRITER/PRINTER These machines have built-in
driver and decoder circuitry and take TIL level:6-bit
I
character, plus a4-bit function input signal s. Easily driven by most any
micro. Useasatypewriter(withadd'l ' repeat" circuitry) orasaKSR 110
printer or both. "TableTop' style case.
I 9" Composite Video Input CRT Monitor
I
Requires approx. 12VOC @; 1-2AVOC inattractivecase.
Withschematics.
I
I
fine contacts and relays. The P-4 pen also
has 12 blades, and is y.-inch wide, 1%inches
long, and .007 inch thick for industr ial con-
CIRCLE 68 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
33
Ifyou have .
put off learningmore
electronics for anyof
these reasons,act now!
D I don't have the time.
D High school was hard for me and electronics
sounds like it may be hardto learn.
D I can'taffordany moreeducation.
D I have a family now.
D I'm here. You're there. I've never learned that
way before. I'm not sure it will work for me.
(f)
a
Z
o
a:
f-
a
w
Readthe opposite page andsee howyou canget startedtoday!
o
-c
a:
34
Print Name _
Address Apt. _
c....
C
z
m
37
wants to keep pace with electronics
in the eighties. Or a Microprocessor
Training Laboratory you learn to
program and interface with displays,
memo ries, switches, and more.
Your credentials can impress
employers.
One of the best credentials you
can have in electronics - or any
other career field- is a college
degree. That's why CIEgives you
the opportunity to earn an Associate
in Applied Science in Electronics
Engineering Technology. Any CIE
career course can offer you credit
toward the degree.. .more than half
the number needed in some cases.
You can also prepare for the
government-administered FCC
(Federal Communications Commis-
sion) Radiotelephone License,
General Class. It can be a real mark in
your favor...government-certified
proof of your specific knowledge
and skills.
Find out more! Today. Now.
There's a card with this ad. Fill
it in and return. If some ot her ambi-
tious person has already removed
it, use the coupon.
You' ll get a copy of CIE's free
school catalog, along with a
complete package of personal home
study information.
For your convenience, we'll try
to arrange for a CIErepresentative
to contact you to answer any ques-
tions you may have.
If you are serious about a
rewarding career, about learning
electronics or building on your
present skills, your best bet is to go
with the electronicsspecialists- CIE.
Mail the card or coupon today or
write CIE (please mention the
name and date of this magazine),
1776East 17th Street , Cleveland,
Ohio 44114.
This could be the best decision
you've made all year.
Age Area Code/Phone No._ _ I _
City State Zip _
YES.. .I want to learn from the specialists in electronics - CIE. Send me my FREE
CIE school catalog.. .including details about the Associate Degree program. . .
plus my FREE package of home study information.
Check box for G.!. Bill bulletin on Educat ional Benefits : 0 Veteran 0 Active Duty
MAIL TODAY! RE-86
r
- - _- _ _- _ _-
RE-86
C I E Cleveland Instit ut e of Electronics, Inc.
I
1776 E a s t 17 th S t r e e t , C leveland, Oruo 44114
Acc redited Member Nati onal Home Study Council

Step-by-stenlearnlngincl udes
"hands-on''-training.
The kind of professional you
want to be needs more than theory.
That's why some of our courses
include the Personal Training Labo-
ratory, which helps you put lesson
theory into actual practice. Other
courses train you to use tools of the
trade such as a 10MHz, solid-state,
triggered-sweep oscilloscope. Or a
Digital Learning Laboratory to let
you appl y the digital theory that's
essential today for anyone who
NOWtW YOUAGREE CIE
1RAIrdNGCAN WORKFOR
YOYJ..HOWELSECANCIE
HELYYOU?
CIE is one of the largest inde-
pendent home study schools in the
world that specializes in electronics.
Although "big" does not always
mean "best" it is evidence that CIE
is a strong, successful institution
with the people and resources to
help you succeed.
You don't have the time.
Be realistic. All you have in life
is a period of time. Use it Try to
know mor e tomorrow than you do
today. That's the proven way to
success.
Electronics sounds like it
may be hard to learn.
You already know something
about electronics or you wouldn't
be reading this. Now, build on that
CIEAuto-Programmed" Lessons
help you learn. Topics are presented
in simple, logical sequence. All text
is clear and concise for quick, easy
understanding. You learn step by
step, at your own pace. No classes
to attend. Nobody pressures you.
You can learn.
You can't afford any more
education.
Actually, you can't afford NOT
to gain the skills that can put you
ahead of the ot hers. It makes sense
to invest in yourself through
education -learning a skill. If you
are not able to pay full tuition now,
convenient monthly payments can
be arranged.
You have a family now.
All the more reason why you
have the responsibility to advance
yourself. For the sake of your family.
Do you want them to have what
you had or have morethan you had?
The choice is yours. Electronics is a
rewarding career choice. CIE can
help you to get started on that career.
You're there. We're here.
Howdoes CIE help you learn?
First, we want you to succeed.
Youmay study at home, but you
are not alone. When you have a
question about a lesson, a postage '
stamp gets you your answer fast.
You may find this even better than
having a classroom teacher. CIE
understands people need to learn at
their own pace. When CIE receives
your completed lesson before noon,
it will be graded and mailed back to
you the same day with appropriate
instructi onal help. Your satisfaction
with your progress comes by return
mail. That's how CIEhelps you learn.
Be honest with yourself. Are
the reasons really excuses?
You already know enough
about electronics to be inter-
ested in readlna this maga-
zine. So why nollearn more?
If you need encouragement,
read on and see how excuses
can be turned into results.
ROil
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All you have to do is see your participating RCA
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Packed with the cap are eight hard-hitting SK
cartons containing:
QTY Stock Number
6 SK3444/123A
6 SK3466/1097
5 SK3100/519
4 SK3051/156
4 SK3024/128
4 SK3025/129
3 SK3854/123AP
3 SK3054/196
... withpurchase of 35 fast moving
RCASK Replacement Semiconductors.
Let's play ball! When you purchase 35 of RCA's
fastest moving SK replacement semiconductors,
we'll give you a deluxe corduroy baseball cap
(adjustable to fit your size) absolutely FREE.
(/)
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-I
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6
o See your participating RCA SK Distributor,and score big with RCA's reliable solid state replacements.

a: RCA Distributor and Special Products Division, Deptford, NJ 08096

38
NEWIDEAS
Turn-signal alarm
c..
C
;;
n
'"
o
""
Date
Street
Print Name
Signature
I agree to the above terms, and grant
Radio-Electronics Magazine the right to
publish my idea and to SUbsequently reo
publish my idea in collections or compilations
of reprints of similar articles. I declare that the
attached idea is my own original material and
that its publication does not violate any other
copyright. I also declare that this material has
not been previously publlshed.
City State Zip
Mail your idea along with this coupon
to: New Ideas Radio-Electronics,
200 Park Ave. South,
New York, NY 10003
Title of Idea
NEW IDEAS
This column is devoted to new ideas. cir-
cuits. device applications, construction tech-
niques, helptul hints, etc.
All published entries, upon publication. will
earn $25. In addition, for U.S. residents only,
Panavise will donate their model 333-The
Rapid Assembly Circuit Board Holder, having
a retail price of $39.95. It features an eight-
position rotating adjustment. indexing at 45-
degree increments. and six positive lock posi-
tions in the vertical plane, giving you a full ten-
inch height adjustment for comfortable work-
ing.
higher values are used for C2 and Rl , a
longer delay time will result. The light-
emi tting-diode, LED! , provides a voltage
drop to assure complete transistor block-
ing during the off periods of the flasher.
Alternatively, two diodes in series can be
used.-Walter K. MacAdam
LED
PIE70ElECiR1<:.
BU2:Z.E.R
DI
IN400\
R\
4' o\<.
+
+
How it works
Figure I shows a circuit that can be used
to tell the driver of a vehicle when his or
her turning signal is left on for too long.
The circuit consists of ICI , a.555 timer;
transistor QI , an MPS3702 PNP preamp!
driver; PBI, a piezoelec tric buzzer (such
as Radio along with an
assortment of resistors, capacitors, and
diodes. The 555 is connected in the mono-
stable mode, requiring only a moment ary
negative pulse at pin 2 to trigger the tim-
ing cycle.
Power for the circuit is picked off the
flasher relay and applied to ICI, pin 8,
through diode 01. The negative pulse is
provided by an initi ally discharged capac-
itor C2. After the initi al triggering, the
voltage across C2 rises as it becomes
charge d through R4, a IO,OOO-ohm re-
sistor. That prevent s subsequent inter-
ference with the delay function due to
false triggering.
Capacitor C3 and resistor RI determine
the delay. With the component values
shown, a delay of about one minute will
be provided before the intermittent tweet
sound generated by the circuit begins. If
5
.,
8
RIO
\ 0011
C. \
500 I\/0"
C4
0 .0\
FIG.1
I e \
S5!>
R5'
10 k
'3
4-
2
+ R'3
4, 1<..
To FLA51-'ER{
R E LA'{
HOW OffEN HAVE YOU FOLLOWE D THE CAR
in front of you and noticed that its turning
signal was flashing without purpose. Per-
haps you, too, have left your turning sig-
nal on by mistake. The clicking sound of
the interrupter in many cars is almost in-
audible; therefore, its difficult to know
whether the signal cut-off has taken
effect. At other times steering turns are so
gradual that the cance llation switch fails
to do its job. A brute-force solution to
making the interrupt er more noticeable is
to connect a buzzer between the two ter-
minals of the turn flashe r relay (located
under the dashboard). However, that may
prove annoying to the occupants of the
car-makin g the cure wor se than the
" disease . "
A more practical way of dealing with
the probl em would be to provide a tone
circuit with a reasonable delay so that the
tone signal is activated onl y after the turn
signal is left on for an excessively long
time . That's the approach taken by the
circuit described in here. If you've been
having a problem with leaving your turn-
ing signal on, perhaps this circuit will
interest you.
3!
Tuning type adjustments
Hickok's MX333 with
VARI-PITCH and LOGI-TRAK
Instantaneous VARIPITCH speeds:
Voltage trac ing
Troubleshooting in hard-to-
reach locations
100MHz response
Resistance checks
.5n sec pulse detection
Digital logic troubleshooting
Instant identification of rnarqi-
nal states and fault conditions
La G1-T RA K replaces t he best
100MHz logic probes and offers :
Eyes on the probe tip, Hl / Lf)
ind ication
And . . . Detects signal charac-
teristics and abnorma lities not pos-
sible with digital or analog meters.
LISTEN to what the MX333 can
do for you . Ask about our NO
RISK 30 day Free Trial.
THE HICKOK ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO.
10514 Dupont Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44108
[21 6 J54 1- 8060
Electronic Troubleshooting
I1VINNER
PTS CORPORATION
P.O. Box 272
Bloomington, IN 47402
(812) 824-9331
signs on fabric (but you' ll prob abl y need a
vacuum-frame cont act print er for best re-
sults).
Of course , there are some disad van-
tages to this method as well. It can be very
messy, and it takes quite a lot of pract ice
to get cons istently good results. That 's
why our rating cha rt shows only a "fair"
mark for "Ease of Use . " Of course there 's
no easy way to make PC boards-until
you get the hang of things. The Pro-Kit
takes a bi t longer to learn than other meth-
ods. but it can do more as well.
Anot her disadvantage to the kit is that
continued all page 93
PTS makes my job easier with 'one stop
shopping' . All the modul es and tuners I need
are available right behind the counter. I can
get fast, 8 hour rebuilding, or I can make a
quick exchange at over 1500 distribut ors
throughout the country."
Try PfS rebuilt modules and
\
tuners for:
. Fast 8 hour
rebuilding service
Full year limited
warranty
Availability at
over 1500 au-
thorized
stocking
distribut ors
. Quality
rebuilts
that mee t or
\
exceed
original
manufacturers'
specs
One stop
shopping
for all
makes/all
models
continued from page 30
EQUIPMENT REPORTS
Another advantage of the screening
method is that it can be used for things
o ther than applyi ng resist ink to copper-
clad boards. For exa mple , you can (using
the appropriate ink) pri nt compone nt leg-
e nds on PC boards, or the legends on the
fro nt panel of your next project, or use it to
pri nt the PC-board solder mask. And you
can use it for non-electronics hobbi es too.
For example you can print posters or de-
o CIRCLE 43 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
CIRCLE 85 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Solid State
BIOMETER
Measuring and charting the atmospheric pressure
has long been recognized as an effective way to make
weather forecasts. Now you can build this state-of-the-
art barometer and make your own weather predictions.
SUDHIR K.GUPTA
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STRESS
RELIEF
MOUNT
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PRESSURE DIFFUSED
PORT SENSOR
ELEMENT
SENSOR CAVITY
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FIG. 3- THE STRUCTURE of the LX0503A is
shown in a and its pinou t is shown in b. The
schematic of the device is shown in c. We will
not use t he V
T
pin, which is normally used for
temperature compensation.
pressure.
The signal-condi tioner section is nec-
essary to provide zero and offset correc-
tions for the transduc er output . The signal
MEASUREMENT
AND
DISPLAY
PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER
FIG. 2- THE LX0503A pressure transducer is
ideal for barometric appl ications.
resistance of the piezoresist ive elements
changes as the pressure changes, and thus
the output voltage changes . TIle voltage
on pin 6 (V,) increases with an increase in
pressure . TIle voltage on pin 5 (V2) de-
creases (or goes negative) wit h increasing
FIG. 1-THESOLID-STATE BAROMETERcan be
thought of as being made up of four bl ocks of
cir cuitry.
BEFORE WEATHER SAT ELLI T ES CAM E INTO
use, the barometer was perhaps the most
useful instrument for providing informa-
tion abo ut future changes in the weather.
Both mercury and aneroid barometers
have long been used to meas ure the at-
mospheric pressure. But we ' re going to
show you a new type of barometer-a
barometer that uses a state-of-the-art sol-
id-state pressure tran sducer and gives a
digital readout of atmospheric pressure .
The barometer that we' ll bui ld can be
thought of as bei ng made up of four basic
buildi ng blocks. As shown in Fig. I, they
inclu de the pressure transducer, power
supply, signal conditioner, and the mea-
surement-and-display section . Let's look
at eac h separately.
The pressure transducer
A transducer is a device which trans-
forms one form of energy to a diffe rent
form of energy. In this barometer, we'll be
using a pressure transducer that converts
barometric pressur e into electrical sig-
nals. The transducer is made by SenSym
(]255 Reamwood Ave, Sunn yvale, CA
94809) and is shown in Fig. 2. It is an
absolute-pre ssure device. That is, it mea-
sures pressure relative to a vacuum. (An-
other pressure-t ransducer type is the gage
type, which measures pressure relative to
ambient pressure.)
The tran sducer' s sensing circui try is
depo sited on a silicon chip that has a cav-
ity etch ed out to form a diaphragm. On the
top of the di aph ragm (the "expose d"
side) is the pressure-sen sing ci rcuitry. The
other side of the diaphragm is a vacuum.
Figure 3 shows the structure of the device
along with the transducer's pinou t and its
schematic.
Change s in ambie nt pressure affect the
deflection of the sensing diaphragm. The
41
R7
4.7K
14
C4
10125V
TANTALUM
1-=--+-- -0 - 5V
R6
10K
C3
.1
R9
l OO K
o
good idea. However, that's not necessarily
so. The pascal is the standard unit for
pressure or stress in the International Sys-
tem of Units (SI). ANSI (the American
National Standards Institute) has adopted
the pascal as its standard pressure unit. It
is equal to one newton per square meter
(N/m
2
). Weather reports often give baro-
metric readings in millibars as well as in
inches of mercury j ust as they give tem-
perature readings in both Fahrenheit and
Celsius. Conversion from kilopascals to
millibars is simply a matter of multiplying
by a factor of 10.
Construction
The project is built in two parts; the
transducer/power-supply board, and the
display board. A suggested layout for a
printed-circuit transducer board is shown
in Fig. 6. A parts-placement diagram is
shown in Fig. 7. However, it's not really
necessary to use a PC board. It is j ust as
well to use perforated construction board
and point -t o-point wiri ng . We do,
however, recommend that you use IC
sockets for all IC's .
As we mentioned before, the display
R5
220K
R4
220K
C2
11lF/25V
TANTALUM
-5V
+5V
C1
.1
IC2
LM329
- 5V
+5V
+5V
8- 11VOC
-5V
FIG. 4- A ZENER DIODE is used to regulate t he tr ansducer 's Input voltage t o 6.9 volts.
FIG. 5-THE POSITIVE 5-volt sup ply is easily converted t o a bipolar supply by using t he ICL7660
voltage converter.
fied by ICI-c to about I volt. That gives us
a scaling factor of 10 millivolts per kilo-
pascal.
Scaling the display
Barometric pressure is expressed in a
variety of units, including pounds-per-
square-inch (psi), bars, millibars, pas-
cals, inches of mercury, atmospheres,
torr, etc. Table I is a conversion chart to
help you convert fromone unit to another.
To use that chart, look across the top for
the unit you want to convert from then
look downthe side for the unit you want to
convert to. Multiply the units you have by
the conversion factor indicated by the ta-
ble, and your answer will be in the units
you want.
Because we are using a 3Y2-digit dis-
play, the maximum resolution is obtained
when the pressure is displayed in kilo-
pascals (millibarIlO) or millibars. A baro-
metric scale of95 kilopascal (28 inches of
mercury) to 105 kilopascal (31 inches of
mercury) more than covers the useful
barometric pressure range. You may think
that using the unit of pascal (a unit that
you've probably never heard of) is not a
f rom the transducer (about 40 millivolts)
is amplifi ed to about I volt. That cOITe-
s pendsto a display of 100 kilopascals (ab-
breviated kPa). We' II discuss that unit,
a nd others. shortly.
We want the power-supply section to
provide +S volts DC for the signal-con-
diti oning and measurement section as
well as 6.9 volts DC for transducer excita-
tion. Therefore we can use an AC adapter
tha t provides 8 - II volts DC. Such adapt-
er s are read ily avai lable from man y
so urces. including Radio Shack . The
ada pter's output is filtered and regulated
by IC3. a7805 5-volt regulator. A mono-
lithic voltage converter, IC4 (an ICL7660
fro m lntersil) provides - 5 volts DC. Fi-
nall y. a Zener diode is used to provide 6.9
volts DCto the transducer.
The measurement-and-display section
is based on a sinale-K' A/D converter
from lntersil: their IcL7106. The author's
pro totype used Inter sils ICL7 106 EV
panel-meter evaluation kit for a display. It
is capable of displaying 199.9 millivolts
or 1.999 volts full-scale. In our applica-
tion, the full-scale reading is set to 1.999
volts .
Circuit description
Conventionally. the pressure tran s-
ducer is powered by a 10 - IS-volt DC
power supply, and a 6.9-volt Zener diode
is shunted across the supply terminals
(pins 3 and 8). That provides an excitation
voltage of 6.9 volts DC. Unfort unately,
when that is done. there is a common-
mode voltage of about 1.8 volt DC at the
signal-output terminals (pins 5 and 6). We
do not want the small transducer output
signal of 30- 40 millivolts to ride on such
a large common-mode signal.
To get around that problem, we can
either use an expensive instrumentation
amplifier with large common-mode rejec-
tion ratio (CMRR), or we can play a trick.
That is. wecan use a bipolar supply of 5
volts DC instead of a 10 - 15 volt DC
supply. As shown in Fig. 4, we can con-
nect pin 3 directly to +5 volts DC and we
can connect pin 8 through a dropping re-
sistor to - 5 volts DC. (Wecan obtain the
- 5 volts from the ICL7660 that we dis-
cussed earlier; the power-supply sche-
matic is shown in Fig. 5. The ICL7660,
incident ally. is listed in this year's Radio
Shack catalog.) A precision Zener refer-
ence across pins 3 and 8 regulates the
voltage to 6.9 volts DC. That technique
reduces the common-mode voltage to a
mere 100 millivolts. Now it is feasible to
use a conventional op-arnp (l ike the
LM324) as a differential amplifier.
One quarter of that quad op-amp (lCI-
a) is used as a differential amplifier. It
amplifies the input signal by a factor of
about 22. We use [Cl-b. another section
of the LM324 quad op-amp to introduce
the offset that will be required to calibrate
the barometer. The signal is further arnpli-
....------- - - - - - 4-1/ 2 1NCHES- ---------- - -
o '1_...

App ly 8 - 11 volts DC to the tran s-

ducer/power-supply board and check for
5 volts DC at the output indica ted in the
parts-placement diagram of Fig. 7. Also
check for 6.9 volts DC at the transducer
socket. Bend the transducer pins, recheck
the orientation, turn off the power, and
install it in the socke t. If you wish, you
may install the transducer remotely and
connect it to the transducer board through
a four-wire shielded cab le. -
You can moun t the unit in j ust abo ut
any ca binet, but you should keep the
transduc er outside the cabinet, or make

should, however, have no problem power-

ing the displ ay.
As we ment ioned before, the use of IC
sockets is strongly recommend ed. The
pressure transducer can be installed in an
eight-pin socket. But don 't install it-or
any Ie's-yet. First inst all all resistors,
capacitors, potentiometer s, and IC sock-
ets. Check for solder bridges and clean all
of the flux off the board. If you used point-
to-point wi ring, be especially careful of
cold- solder joi nts. When you have dou-
ble-checked your work, you can inst all all
the Ie's exce pt the transducer.
FiG. 6-FOIL PATTERNfor the barometer is shown full-size above. The layout is not cr itical , and point-
to-point wiring can be used-but be sure to use a socket for the transducer.
All resitors 1/4 watt, 5% unless other-
wise noted
R1-1000 ohms
R2,R3,R6-10,OOO ohms
R4,R5-220,000 ohms
R7-4700 ohms
R8,R9-100,OOOohms, multiturn trimmer
potentiometer
Capacitors
C1 ,C3-Q.1 fi F, ceramic disc.
C2- 1 fi F, 25 volts, tantalum
C4,C5-10 fiF, 25 volts, tantalum
Semiconductors
IC1- LM324 quad op-amp.
IC2-LM329 6.9-volt precision voltage
reference
IC3- fi A78M05 5-volt regulator (Fair-
child) or similar
IC4-ICL7660 voltage converter (Intersil)
IC5-LX0503A pr essure t ran sdu cer
(SenSym)
Miscellaneous: IC sockets PC or perfo-
rated construction board, Intersil evalua-
tion board ICL 7106 EV kit or any meter
with a 2-volt range, AC adapter, 8 - 11
volts DC
PARTS LIST
section of the author 's prot otype is based
upon an evaluation board from Intersil-
their ICL 7106 EV kit. That was used as a
dedicated display. If you want to avoid the
expense of that kit (about $35), you can
use an ordinary di gital voltmeter or even
an anal og meter with a full -scale range of
2 volts DC.
If you do use the Inter sil evaluation
board , follow the instructions that are sup-
plied with it to set the full-scale displ ay to
2. 000 volts. Keep in mind that there is no
need to use a battery to power the ICL7106
EV-the transducer/power-suppl y board
gener ates 5 volts that can be used for
powerin g the displ ay board . Connect +5
volts to the v + input on the evaluation
board and - 5 volts to the v - input. We
should note here that the current drain
from the +5- volt supply should be lim-
ited to a few milli amp s . Otherwi se, degra-
dati on of - 5-volt supply will result. You
TABLE 1-CONVERSION FACTORS
PSI PASCAL kPa MILLIBAR in.Hg mm Hg ATM TORR
PSI 1 1.4504 x 10-4 0.1450 1.4504 x 10-
2
0.49118 1.9337 x 10-
2
14.696 1.9337 x 10-
2
PASCAL 6.8946 x 10
3
1 1000 .100 3.3865 x 10
3
133.32 1.0132 x 10
5
133.32
kPa 6.8946 1x 10
3
1 10 3.3865 0.13332 1.0132 x10
2
0.13332
MILLIBAR 68.946 1x 10-
2
10 1 33.865 1.3332 1.0132 x 10
3
1.3332
in.Hg 2.0359 2.9529 x 10-4 0.2953 2.9529 x 10-
2
1 3.9368 x 10-
2
29.920 3.9368 x 10-
2
mm Hg 51.714 7.5006 x 10-
3
7.5006 0.75006 25.401 1 760.00 1
ATM 6.8045 x 10-
2
9.8692 X 10-6 9.8692 x 10-
3
9.8692 x 10-
4
3.3422 x 10-
2
1.3158 X 10-
3
1 1.3158 x10-
3
TORR 51.714 7.5006 x 10-
3
7.5006 0.75006 24.401 1 760 1
'--
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m
43
V
OUT
1
IC2
I
8
$
R6
ETI
R7
1 I

I L I I
R2 R3
R5 R4
I I I I
B-l l VDC
FIG. 7- THE PARTS-PL ACEMENT di agram f or the f oil pattern shown in Fig. 6.
How to use your barometer to
predict the weather.
Although some ofyou will build this ba-
rometer simply because you enjoy build-
ing electronic projects, many more will
actually want to use it to predict the
weather. So that you can dothat. here's a
crash course on what barometric-pres-
sure changes usually mean.
High-pressure cellsgenerally bri ng fair
weather. In the northern hemisphere, the
air circulation is clockwise and winds are
usually light. The temperature can be
warm or cold, but will remain constant for
relatively long periods of time.
Low-pressure cel ls generally bring
cloudy weather, with rain or snow. In the
northern hemisphere, the aircirculationis
counterclockwise, and winds are usuall y
strong. Tropical lows are warm, but other
lows are cold. or change to cold.
A steady barometer usually indicates
unchanging weather fo r one or two days.
Any rapid fall usually indicates that rain
or unsettled weatherisonirsway. (A rapid
riseorfall inbarometric pressureisgener-
ally considered to be 0.05 to 0.09 inches
(0. 16-0.30 kPa) over3 hours.) The lower
the pressurebefore the rapid change, the
sooner the rain will approach. Forexam-
ple, if the pressure is 29.8 inches (100.9
kPa) andfalling rapidly, a severestorm wll
pass within a few hours. Arapid rise sig-
nals that the storm is ending, and clear
and colder weatheris on its way.
A suggestion to make the barometer
more useful istointeface itwitha comput-
er (suchas the control computer thatcon-
cludes with Part 3 in this month's issue).
Then you could automatically chart the
changes in pressureand record the highs
and lows that occur. We'd like to hear
about your successes (andfail ures).
GND +5V -5V
+
IC5
+
1
(J)
o
Z
o
a:
f-
()
UJ
-l
UJ
o
o

a:
sure that your cabinet is not-tight fitting.
The best place to mount the unit is in an
old aneroid barometer. Then you not only
have an interesting conversation piece ,
but you can also use the old barometer' s
pressure scale as a conversion scale!
Transducer calibration
A typical transducer requires a two-
point calibration to correct for offset and
gain over the entire operating range. In the
case of this barometer, the actual operat-
ing range is limited to 5% of the top of
the scale (95 -105 kPa). Therefore, a sin-
gle-point calibration performed at the
middle of the range (100 kPa) may be
acceptable. So that we can please every-
one, we'll discuss both methods.
Before doing any calibration, switch
the unit on and let it warm up for about an
hour. Set potentiometer R8 to its middle
position. Obtain the barometric pressure
(using the local weather forcast or a ba-
rometer that you know to be accurate).
Using Table I. convert the barometer's
reading to kilopascals or millibars. (The
closer the reading is to 100 kilopascals,
the better.) All that is to be done for sin-
gle-point calibration is to adjust potenti-
ometer R9 until the meter displays the
barometric pressure.
If you can, it is best to use two-point
calibration. That' s because a typical trans-
ducer requires an offset correction as well
as slope correction ,
As a first step, perform the single-point
calibration that we j ust discussed and
leave the unit operating over a period of a
fewdays. Try to obtain two readings: one
at the lowend of the scale (around 98 kPa)
and the other at the high end of the scale
(around 102 - 104 kPa). On both those
days, note the actual barometric pressure
as well as the corresponding meter read-
ings. We'll use a little mathematics to
arrive at the calibration values. Following
are some sample calibrations.
Let the old barometric pressure, PI =
98 kPa and the corresponding meter read-
ing, M
I
= 972 mY.
Let the present barometric pressure, P
2
= 102.5 kPa and the present meter read-
ing. M, = 1030 mY.
vThe change in barometric pressure is P,
- PI = 102.5 - 98 kPa = 4.5 kPa -
The change in the meter reading is, of
course, M
2
- M, = 1030 - 972 mV =
58 mY.
The generated slope is ilMI ilP or
(M2- MI)/(P2- Pll = 58/4.5mV/kPaor
12.88 mV/kPa.
The slope that we require is 10mv/kPa.
Therefore, the change in the gain required
is 10/12 .88 = 0.776.
What we are going to do is to reduce the
gain generated by the op-amp by a factor
of 0.776. An example of how to do that
follows.
Measure the voltage at the output of
ICI-a . We'll call it Vi' Presume that Vi =
755 millivolts. Then the gain of ICl-c =
M
2
/V
i
= 10301755. The required gain,
however, is 10301755 x 0.776 = 1.059.
So the required output at ICI-c is 1.059 x
Vi = 1.059 x 755 = 799 mY.
Adj ust the gain potentiometer, R9, un-
til the meter reads 799. Now adjust the
offset potentiometer, R8 until the meter
reads 1025 millivolts, corresponding to
the prese nt barome tric pressure. That
completes the calibration. Now you can
substitute your own values in the calcula-
tions and perform the calibration on your
digital barometer. R-E
44
All About
Satellite TV
In this article we'I/ Iook at how satellite TV
works, and answer many of the most popular
questions concerning it.
THE BASIC PROBLEM OF TELEVISION IS NOT ITS PRODUCTION BUT
its delivery. For instance, terrestrial broadcast TV has a lot going
against it. It is most suitable when the transmitting and home
TV-antennas can "see" each other, with no interveni ng objec ts
between them. Unfortunately, there are a wide variety of inter-
vening objects around to cause problems, including hills or
mount ains, and man-made structures such as buildings or
bridges. Another source of problems is the curvature of the earth.
The way to avoid the problems caused by intervening objects
and the earth's curvature is to place the transmitt ing and/or
receivi ng antennas high enough. In the early days of TV, there
were sugge stions about putting the transmitting antenna aboard a
plane. Later on, receivi ng antennas were placed on a mountain
top or other high location, with the received signals delivered to
paying subscribe rs via cable. Known as CATV (Community
Antenna Television) such a set up became the ancestor of cable
TV.
There is a more practical way of getting a TV transmitting-
antenna high enough and that' s by putting it on a satellite. Doing
that offers a lot of advantages . For one thing, the curvature of the
MARTIN CLIFFORD
earth, a limiting factor in terrestrial transmissions, doesn't affect
satellite signals as much. Also, large buildings, bridges, moun-
tains and hills can not come between satellite signals and their
destination, so those causes of signal ghosts are eliminated.
Another factor to consider is that satellite television-signals are
transmitted at microwave frequencies ranging from 3.5-6 GHz
(C-band) to 12-14 GHz (Ku-band) . At those frequencies, signals
are relatively immune to atmospherics, and are not bothered by
sunspot activity. Thus, if good quality receiving equipment is
used, you can expect television pictures produced by satellite
transmissions to be of nearly studio-monitor quality.
In the rest of this article, we are going to attempt to answer
some of the questions you may have had concerning satellite TV.
We are going to look at some of the things you should consider
when buying or setti ng up a receiving system, and also learn
what some of the terminology often used when describing satel-
lite-TV means.
Earth stations and TVRO's
Television programs are produced on earth, radiated to a
satellite and are then retransmitted back to earth. Any two-way
communications between the ground and the satellite must be
handled by an earth station, a facilityequipped for both transmis-
sion and reception. A receive-only arrangement, such as an in-
home installation, is a TVRO, or TeleVision Receive Only setup.
Geosynchronous orbits
For satellite TV to be practical , some way must be found to
keep the satellite at the same position relative to the ground at all
times . That is done by placing the satellite at a distance from the
earth such that its orbital speed is zero in relation to the rotational
speed of the earth. The distance for such an orbit is 22,2,79statute
miles (a statute mile is 5,280 feet). That distance is from the
satellite to a spot on the equator directly below it. Satellites in
such an orbit are geosynchronous (or geostationary), having an
orbital speed synchronized with the daily rotational period of the
earth (23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds). See Fig. I.
A geosynchronous orbit is a parking place for satellites, and,
like parking places anywhere, are in limited supply. North Amer-
ican satellites are put in orbit above the eart h's equator, in what is
1 REVOLUTlONIDAY
1ORBIT/DAY
FIG. 1-AGEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE has an orbital speed equal to
t he rotat ional period of the eart h. To an observer on the ground It appears
to always be in the same pl ace.
FIG. 2-NORTH-AMERICAN SATELLITES, and their positions in the equa-
torial plane, are shown here.
FIG. 3-A TYPICAL TV SATELLITE. Note the wing-like structures which
contain the sola r cell s used to charge the batteries used for power.
SOLARARRAY
OEPI.OYMENT&
DRIVEMECHANISM
SOLARCELlARRAY
HORi ZONTAL
POLiiRIZATION
REFLECTORS
ORBiT
OMNI ANTENNA
FEEOHORN ..EARTH
VERTICAL
POLARIZATION
REFLECTORS
A SATCOMF5 143W I ANI K B 109W
B SATCOM l R139W J ANIK 01 104W
C SATCOMFl 135W K WESTAR4 99W
0 SATCOM F3 131W L COMSTAR01102 95W
E CO MSTAR04 127W M WESTAR 39 1W
F WESTAR5 123W N COMSTAR0387W
G SATCOM FI I F2 119W 0 SATCOMF4 83W
H ANI K A213 1W W P WESTAR112 79W
' FLYWHEEL
SUN Ii'
HYORAZINE
TANKS
APOGEE
MOTOR
NOZZLE
by AT&T for the transmission of telephone communications and
if higher power levels were used, interference with those com-
munications could occur.
When signals are transmitted to a satellite, that is called the
uplink . Uplink transmissions use the frequenc y band from 5.925
to 6.425 GHz. In the satellite, the signals are downconverted to a
frequency range between 3.7 and 4. 2 GHz and retransmitted to
earth; that retransmission is called the downlink . See Fig. 4.
The number of transponders on a satellite is related to band-
width requirements. For video use, the bandwidth requirement
of a transponder is 40 MHz (36 MHz plus a 4-MHz guard band).
With a total bandwidth availability of 500 MHz (that total is
calcul ated by subtracting the lower frequency limit from the
upper one), that would permit 500/40 = 12 transponders only.
Yet, a typical satellite will have 24, not 12transponder s. As we'll
see shortly, signal polarization is taken advantage of to squeeze
in the extra transponders.
Note that not all satellites have the same number of transpon-
ders. Typically, North American satellites will have either 12or
24. But some satellites have 6 or 10transponders. And in the 12-
GHz-, or Ku-band (also known as the K Band), there are satel-
lites with as many as 32 transponders.
Signal polarization
As indicated above, the total available bandwidth would seem
INCLINATION
CONTROL
THRUSTERS
Satellite separation
Presently, satellites are spaced about 4 apart, with the excep-
tion of two Canadian satellites that are spaced 4.5 apart . That
translates to a distance of approximately 1838 miles. Of course,
satellites are subject to the gravitational pull of solar system
planets so they do not follow a smooth path. Instead, they may
have a wobble of as much as 60 miles , an insignificant percen-
tage of the 164,884 miles traveled each day. In order to place
more satellites in orbit in the equatorial plane , efforts are now
being made to reduce spacing distance . We'll see the import ance
of spacing a little later on in this article.
Tilt angle
The tilt angle, or orbital inclination, is the tilt the satellite
assumes with respect to the equatorial plane, with the equatorial
plane being an imaginary, two-dimensional flat surface bisecting
the earth at the equator and extending into space. Tilt can be
controlled from the earth by radio, with the signals being used to
cause a hydrogen-peroxide-ignited/hydrazine-fueled thruster to
fire in a computer-programmed sequence.
Satellites aren't put into space and then left to chance. Station
keeping , using a satellite's telemetry tracking command sub-
system, is needed to maintain the satellite's position with respect
to the earth . There are three axes of motion along which a
satellite can move, but each of those can be independentl y earth-
controlled. Flywheels on the satellite supply a counter torque to
any thrust or attempted movement from the desired position,
supplemented by the firing of small rockets.
Operat ing power
The power for operating the electronic s gear aboard a satellite
is obtained from batteries . Satellites are equipped with wing-like
structures , which are deployed when the satellite reaches orbit ,
on which are mounted solar cells that are used to convert solar
energy to electricity that is used to charge the batteries (see Fig.
3). Since the position of the sun with reference to the satellites
keeps changing, the panels are adj usted so as to keep them at
right angles to the sun.
Transponders
A satellite is not a passive relay station. It does not simply
reflect television signals, but receives them, processes them,
downconvert s them , and retransmit s them. Aboard each satellite
are a number of transponders, a type of transcei ver that is capable
receiving signal s from earth and retransmitt ing them. Transpon-
ders not only transmit video. but also both mono and stereo
audio, telephone messages, news report s, and data.
The average operating power of a transponder is 5 watts. That
is the DC power delivered to the RF power-amplifier output
stage. One exception is the Canadian satellite, Anik D, posi-
tioned at 104.5 west , which uses an average operating power of
II .5 watts. Note that larger amount s of power are available and
could be used. The reason it is not is that transmissions from C-
band satellites fall in the same microwave-frequenc y range used
known as the equatorial plane, between 79 west longitude and
143 west longitude. Right now there are 16 U.S and Canadian
satellites in orbit, the FCC has authori zed 20 more U.S. satellites
by 1986. See Fig. 2.
Identifying satellites
Satellites can be identified in many ways: by designation, by
name , by position, or by any combination of those. Satellite
names and designations are usually followed by a number or
letter to indicate which member of the satellite family it is.
Sometimes a higher number is used to identify a satellite, but
there is no lower number, meaning that a new satellite has been
sent up as a replacement. For example , Westar 2 is a substitute
for the formerly existing Westar I. The working lifetime expec-
tancy of a satellite is from 7 to 10 years.
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TABLE 1-CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS
- ELECTRICLINES
---- ...... MAGN ETICLINES
Translation frequency
The frequency difference between an uplink signal and its
corresponding downlink signal is always 2.2 GHz. Thus an
uplink signal with a frequency of 5.92 GHz will be downli nked
by its transponder at 3.72 GHz. That 2.2 GHz relationship holds
true for every uplink and downli nk pair and is called the transla-
tion frequency.
Space loss and power
With a distance of 22,300 miles to travel , the downlink signal
is heavily attenuated by the time it reaches earth, with a loss of
about 196 dB and an approximate signal strength of 0. 5 x 10-
20
watts . That is less than the thermal noise level that is present at
the ground.
Space loss also strongly effects the uplink signal. The RF
signal power at the uplink antenna ranges from about 400 watts to
I kilowatt . However, that is multiplied by the gain of the uplink
dish, which is commonly on the order of 50 dB, to give us the
effective radiated power, sometimes referred to as Effect ive Iso-
tropic Radiated Power (EIRP). A gain of 50 dB translates into a
power ratio of 100,000. Thus, if the RF signal power is 400 watts,
and the power ratio is 100,000, then the EIRP is 400 x 100,000
= 40, 000,000 watts. However, due to the effect of space loss,
the received signal at the satellite is on the order of microwatts.
to limit the number of transpo nders per satellite to a maximum of
12. Additional transponders are accommodated by alternating
the polarization of the the signals they transmit.
A radio wave, and that , of course, includes television signals
as well, consists of a pair of fields-an electric field and a
magnetic field-at right angles to each other (see Fig. 5). The
polarizat ion of a wave is descr ibed by the direct ion of the electric
field. North American satellites use horizont al and vertical polar-
ization. In addition, other types of polarization are used. Those
are right -hand circular and left-hand circular. Most international
satellites use circular polarization.
With alternating polarization , 24 rather than 12 transponders
can be used. That' s because the signals from the adjacent tran-
sponders are 90 out-of-phase and thus they do not interfere with
each other even though their frequencies overlap. Because of that
overlap in frequency, the technique of using alternati ng polariza-
tion is termed freque ncy reuse .
Polarization is one method of allowing the same frequencies to
be reused . Another is by separati ng the satellites by a sufficient
distance in the sky. That' s the reason for the 4 spacing between
satellites we discussed earlier. Table I is a listing of channel
allocations for a 24-tr ansponder satellite. The frequencies listed
are those of the unmodul ated carr ier. Each transponder is identi-
fied by a channel number, and every satellite having the same
channel numbers uses the same frequencies . That is possi ble, of
course, only if the satelli te spaci ng is adequate to prevent inter-
ference .
Generally, if a pair of satellites are adjace nt, one satellite will
have all its odd-numbered channels vertically polarized while the
other satellite will have all its odd-numbered channels horizon-
tally polarized. Alternating polarization is used only if a satellite
is equipped with 24 transponders. If a satellite has only 12
transponders, all transmi ssions will be horizont ally polarized;
that is true regardless of whether the channel in question is odd or
even numbered.
TVSTUDIO
OPERATING FREQUENCY
(MHz)
3720
3740
3760
3780
3800
3820
3840
3860
3880
3900
3920
3940
3960
3980
4000
4020
4040
4060
4080
410el
4120
4140
4160
4180
UPLINK SIGNAL FROM EARTH
TRANSMITTINGSTATION
5.92TO6.42
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CHANNEL
DOWNLINK SIGNAL
FROM SATELLITE
3.700 TO4.200 MHz
WAVEFRONT

-- - EARTH

UPLINK DISH
SATELLITEDISH

II ANTENNA . WAVECRONT

--ELECTRIC LINES
- -- - MAGNETIC LINES
b
FIG. 5-WAVE POLARIZATION. A horizontally polar ized wave is shown in
a; a vertically polarized wave is shown in b.
FIG. 4- TELEVISIONPROGRAMMINGis uplin ked from earth to an orbiting
satellite. The satell ite then downconverts them and downlinks them for
recepti on on earth.
FIG. 7- BLOCK DIAGRAM of a typical TVRO set up.
Licensi ng
No FCC license is required for a TVRO setup, although one
was once mandatory. On October 10, 1979, the FCC rescinded its
licensing mandate for TVRO systems . As a result, it is legal to
install and operate TVRO equipment. R-E
DDWNCD NVERTER
satellite receiver. In the receiver, the signal is amplified and then
demodu lated into the original baseband audio and video.
The baseband audio and video signals are then remodulated,
either by a separate remodulator unit or one that is integrated into
the receiver. Demodu lation is required since both video and
audio are frequency modulated and cannot be used "as is" by the
input of the television receiver. The RF carrier used in the
remodulator is the carrier frequency of either VHF channel 3 or
channel 4. The output of the remodulator is exactly like that of a
terrestria l TV-broadcast. That is, it follows the NTSC standard
(at least in North America) and uses AM for video and FM for
audio. The audio and video signals are then supplied to the
antenna input terminals of a television receiver, which can treat
them exactly like a terrestrial broadcast.
The final link in the TVRO setup is the television receiver. The
finest TVRO system cannot produce' a quality picture if the'
receiver is inadequate.
DISH
timately delivers them to a video monitor or the VHF input of a
television recei ver. The signals are then displayed on either
Channel 3 or 4.
The most conspicuous part of the TVRO is the dish, most often
a parabolic reflector comparable to the reflector used in an auto
headlight. Although commonly referred to as an antenna, the
dish is simply a signal reflector, although it is an important part of
the antenna system. The dish has j ust one function and that is to
focus the signals of a single satellite to some point forward of the
dish, generally a distance of just a fewfeet. That focal point is the
entrance to a short rectangular or tubular waveguide (which is
just another type of transmi ssion line, like coaxial cable' or
twinlead).. The concentrated signal is gathered by the feedhom
(the entrance of the waveguide) and passed a short distance to a
small length of metal, often no more than 1-inch long-that piece
of metal is the antenna probe.
The signal voltage developed across the antenna probe is
immediately delivered to a low-noise amplifier, often referred to
as an LNA. The amplifier is a broadband type that uses
GaAsFET and bipolar transistors. The output of the LNA is fed
to a downconverter.
The downconverter, as its name implies, reduces or downcon-
verts the frequency of the C-band signals. Signals of lower
frequency can be connected by a cable to following components
with lower losses than if microwave signals were used. The
frequency conversion process is akin to that used in all super-
heterodyne receivers in which a local osci llator produces a signal
whose frequency is made to beat with that of the incomi ng
signal. The output of the downconversion process usually has a
frequency of 70 MHz and can be regarded as an intermediate
frequency (IF).
The LNA and downconverter, whether separate units or inte-
grated, are genera lly mounted on or near the frame supporting
thy dish and must be shielded against the weather.
From the output of the downconverter, the 70 MHz IF is
brought via coaxial cable into the home and delivered to a
Signal processi ng
Uplinking a video signal to a satellite and then re-transmitting
that signal by a transponder isn' t a simple matter of signal
transmission. Since the signal will need to make a round trip of
about 44 ,600 miles, some signal processing is needed .
Signal processing isn' t a new concept. For example, standard
FM broadcast signals are processed by pre-emphasis (a method
of boosting the high-frequenc y component of the signal) prior to
being broadcast. Similarly, the audio waveformof a satellite-TV
signal undergoes pre-emphasis prior to uplinking. The purpose
is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, since the FM demodulator
in the satellite receiver is noisier at the high-frequency end.
Compensation for pre-emphasis is supplied in the in-home satel-
lite receiver subsequent to demodulation by a de-emphasis net-
work. Following pre-emphasis the audio signal is frequency
modulated onto a subcarrier whose center or resting frequency is
somewhere between 5 MHz and 8 MHz . Representative audio
subcarrier frequencies are 5.6-,5.8-,6.0-,6.12-, and 6.4-MHz .
Another signal processing method used prior to transmitting
the uplink signal is dithering of the video . That is done by adding
an energy-dispersal waveform to the video signal; that added
signal is a triangular wavehaving a frequency of30 Hz, which is
the television-recei ver frame rate. Its effect is to produce a more
uniform dispersal of the video-signal energy, thus eliminating,
or at least minimizing, video-signal energy concentration. (That
helps to reduce interference to terrestrial microwavelinks.) In the
satellite recei ver in the TVRO home station, the effect of that
dither ing action is countered by a video-clamping network.
Subsequent to processing, both the audio and video are used
to modulate a selected carrier frequenc y in the uplink C-bank.
Prior to delivery to the microwave transmitting antenna , the
modulated signal is strengthened by an RF power amplifier.
The signal from the antenna is reflected by a parabolic dish to a
selected satellite. Usually, the dish delivers its signals to a single
satellite, and so once the dish is properly aligned on a line-of-
sight basis with its selected satellite , it is fastened into a perma-
nent position . Dishes used for transmission are much larger than
those use in TVRO setups and a dish diameter, or aperture, of 30
feet is not uncommon. Large-aperture dishes are desirab le since
the gain of a dish is directl y dependent on its diameter.
The TVROsystem-an overview
At the transponder, the uplink signals are downconverted and
re-transmitted to earth. On the ground , a TVRO system, such as
the one shown in Fig. 7, picks up the video and sound signals,
possibly selecting them from one or more satellites, and ul-
FIG. 6-THE FOOTPRINT of aTVsatelli te. The boresight poin t Is the areaof
maximum signal strengt h.
Footprint and boresight point
The EIRP of the downlink signal is its terrestrial strength and
ca n be plotted on a map in terms of dBW (decibels referred to I
watt). Such a diagram, called a footprint , is shown in Fig. 6. The
actual shape of the footprint will vary with each transponder. The
ce nter of the pattern is the area of maximum signal strength and is
called the boresight point.
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50
The Dish
One of the most important, and most
conspicuous parts of a TVRO system is the
dish. In this article we'll look at satellite- TV
dishes, including what they do and some
things to consider when selecting one for
your system.
TH E DISH, EASILY THE MOST CONSPICUOUS COMPONE NT IN A
TYRO system, has a double function: to gather in as much signal
energy as possible, usually from a single satell ite, and to focus
that energy on the entrance to the feedhorn . A dish, then, such as
the one shown in Fig. I, is just a large-sized, passive, signal
reflector.
The downlink signal to be picked up by a dish is very weak, far
weaker than the uplink transmission. The DC input power to an
uplink final stage ranges from about 400 watts to a kilowatt; the
input power to a satellite's transponder is often 5 watts. Another
reason that the downlink signal is far weaker than the uplink is
that the dish of an earth station supplying an uplink signal is
much larger than the dish of a TYRO. Gain, of course, depends
on the size of the dish. Thus, while the gain of an eart h-station
dish used for transmitting is more than 50 dB, the gain of a
TYRO dish is about half of that.
Both the uplink and downli nk signal suffer from space loss,
which is also called spreading loss. That loss is approximately
200 dB and is proportional to the distance squared between the
MARTIN CLIFFORD
Earth and the satellite; that distance is 22,300 miles. Because of
a satellite's low EIRP and because of the tremendous distance
involved, by the time the signal reaches the TYRO dish it is down
by a factor of about 10
20
. As a conse quence the received signal is
pract ically non-existent, as it is literally buried in thermal noise
at the earth's surface.
Shape of the dish
Most TYRO dishes are parabo lic, although some are spher-
ical. A spherical dish is merely a section of the surface of a
sphere, but things get a little more comp licated when you are
dealing with a parabola. In a parabolic dish, a curve drawn across
the surface from any point on the perimeter of the dish to a point
directly opposite it will yield a parabola. In geometry, such a
curve can be obtai ned by sending a plane through a cone such
that the plane is parallel to an element of the cone. Thus, a
parabola is a conic sect ion. A parabo la can also be derived
mathematically from the formula v z = 4f x D, where Y is the
distance of the curve from its center, f is the focal length, and D is
the desired diame ter.
Dish construction
All dishes are made of stainless steel or aluminum, but since
. they are exposed to the elements, they must be treated with a rust
preventive, usually by using a bonding process, or coated with a
substance such as fiberglass . That is important since the oxida-
tion of a dish surface results in pits that deform the shape of the
dish and can produce inaccurate reflections causing signal loss at
the feedhorn. The coating that covers the metallic surface of the
dish is a type that is heat absorptive rather than reflective. The
objective is to direct as little heat as possible toward the feedhorn.
A dish can be stamped from a single sheet of metal or can be
petallized (made up of sect ions), and can be solid or made of wire
mesh. The petallized form, whet her solid or mesh, makes ship-
ping easier, but requires assembly at the site. A petallized dish is
ENDCAP
STRUTS
RAINCOVER
NOSECONE - --- - -F-=
ALUMINUM
MESH
POLAR
MOUNT
FIG. 1- A TYPICAL WIRE MESH satellite dish Is shown here on a polar
mount.
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56
also easier to handle if the unit is to be moved to a new site.
Another consideration is wind loading . The shape of a dish is
suc h that it offers maximum obstruction to wind gusts , and it
must be able to withstand those without being nudged out of
position . Wire-mesh screens have a higher wind-loading toler-
ance than those that have solid surfaces. Size for size, the mesh
types are lighter, since they do not have the added weight of a
fiberglass coati ng. Solid structures can also accumulate water,
and in freezing weather the water can form ice. Anot her disad-
vantage of the fiberglass coated dish is that, if improperly cured,
the covering material can warp.
Focal length and focal point
The focal length of a dish is the distance from the center of the
dish to the focal point , a small area where the reflected signal
energy is concentrated. The entrance to the waveguide feedhom
is at the focal point. See Fig. 2.
Positioning the dish
Since the parabolic dish is made to face a selected satellite,
some provision must be made for turning the dish if reception
from more than one satellite is wanted.
To be able to "see" a selected satellite, a parabolic dish must
be able to move horizo ntally and vertically. The horizontal move-
ment is variously known as the angle of rotation, bearing, the
angle of azimuth, or simply azimuth. The reference point for the
azimuth is the true North Pole, not the magnetic one . The
azimuth of the true North Pole is 0 (or 360).
The vertical motion of a dish is its elevation, with the earth as a
reference at zero degrees, as shown in Fig. 3. The maximum
elevation of a dish is 90 and is along a line that is perpendicular
to the earth . At 90, the signal-collecting surface ofthe dish faces
straight upward into the sky.
Since all the satellites are in the equatorial plane, the elevation
of a dish depends on its location. Along the equator the elevation
would be such that the dish points straight upward. Farther north
or south the angle of elevation decreases. Typically it ranges
from about 5 to 70.
The orbital path of the satellites around the earth is a circl e
surrounding the earth, parallel to the equator, 23,000-miles
high. North American satellites occupy a small part of that
circle, and are located in an arc from 72 west to 143 west
longitude . Just as the hub of a wheel has a small motion com-
pared to its rim, the movement in azimuth of a dish is measured
in inches even though the satellite are separated by thousands of
miles. If a parabolic dish is to pick up more than one satellite, it
must tum in an arc that follows the path of the satellites . Closerto
the equator that tracking path is more circular; farther north it is
more elliptical.
Dish VSWR
Although a dish simply transfers the signals it receives from a
satellite, focusing them on the feedhom , it can be regarded as the
first stage of the TVRO; that is, as the signal source . But not all
of the picked up energy is focused on the feedhom, and as a
consequence there is an energy loss, with some of the signal
energy being returned to the dish. Ultimately, the unused signal
energy is dissipated in heat.
The relationship between the signal energy delivered to the
feedhom and that which is not used is the VoltageStanding Wave
Ratio (VSWR). A typica l value for the VSWR is 1:2, but the
closer the VSWR is to unity (1:1), the better. With a VSWR of 1:1,
the optimum amo unt of signal energy is accepted by the
feedhom.
Illumination
The relationship between the dish and the feedhom is a critical
one. For one thing, the dish inust "see" the feedhom, which is
another way of saying that the feedhom must be"at the focal
point. Similarly, the feedhom must see the full surface area of the
FOCAL
POINT
= = ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l
%.--::.-r
FEEDHORN _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ L
- -.".... ::r
- - -- - , ....
- - - - -- ~
-- -- - --I
FOCAL
LENGTH
FIG. 2-THE FOCAL LENGTHof a dish Is the distance from the surface of
the dish to the focal point of the reflected signal s.
FIG. 3-THE ANGLE OF ELEVATION Is taken with reference to the earth.
dish, not too little nor too much. The ideal set up is one in which
the dish is fully " illuminated" and the feedhom receives signals
from every section of the dish. A partially illuminated dish is one
in which the full reflective surface of the dish isn't used so that
the feedhorn doesn' t receive an adequate amount of signal.
Another possibility is the "viewing" of the area beyond the
peri meter of the dish; that condition is known as spillover. With
spillover the feedhom receives all of the reflected signal, but the
signal-to-noise ratio is worsened since the region beyond the
perimeter of the dish contributes noise, but no signal. See Fig. 4.
Dish gain
Dish gain is directly related to dish aperture and generally
ranges between 35 and 45 dB for a TVROdish. Gain is a variable
and is usually higher at the high-frequency end of the C-band.
Specification sheets do not emphasize that point and often supply
only the highest gain-value . The gain of a 6-foot dish is at best
about 35 dB, with an increase in gain of approximately 1dB for
each additional foot in dish aperture . That applies to dishes in the
6-foot to l l-foot range . Once the apert ure gets beyond 11 feet,
gain continues to increase, but at a rate of about V2-dB-per-fooh
increase in aperture .
The gain of a dish also depends on how well the surface of the
dish adheres to its intended curvature, and whether that curve is
parabolic or spherical. Warpage, corrosion, and deformati on
caused by stress put on the dish surface, as well as debri s
collected on it, all contribute to loss of gain.
Noise
There are two important electrical-noi se sources that affect
TVRO systems . One of those is thermal energy, the energy
supplied by the sun. Noise caused by thermal energy is some-
times called space noise . The earth is also a secondary noise-
generator, acting as a heat-energy reservoir during daylight hours
and releasi ng that stored energy after sunset. That energy can
affect signals in the C-band, particularly when the elevation of
the dish is low.
FIG. 4-DISH ILLUMINATION. A fUlly illuminated dish is shown in a, one
with insufficient illumination is shown in b,-and one with spillover Is
shown in c.
c,
C
z
m
__DOWNLINK
SIGNALS

SATELLITE
RECEPTION
WINDOW
The shroud
A few dishes are equipped with a metallic ring mounted
around the perimeter. That ring is called the shroud. Meas uring
from a minimum of 6 inche s to as much as 18 inches, and
mount ed at a right angle wit h the surface area of the dish, its
purpose is to block interfering signals from arriving at the sides .
Reception window
A small movement of the dish in any direction , either in
elevation or in azimuth, or both , is equivalent to a large mot ion in
outer space. As a result , even a small change in the position of the
dish can produce a weake ning of the recei ved signal or its
complete loss. There is, however, a small area, called the recep-
tion window, through which the dish can be moved without
seriously affecting reception. The reception window can be
visualized as being parallel to the dish and located a few feet
away from it. See Fig. 5.
The spherical dish
Although a parabolic dish is the more widely used in TYRO
installat ions, a spherical dish does have some significant advan-
tages. One of those is that its signal reflection accuracy can be
excellent, with a sharper area of focus than that of a par aboli c
reflector.
Also, unlike the parabolic dish which must be preci sely point-
ed at a selected satellite, the spherical dish (sometimes also
called a circular dish) does not need to face a satellite directl y. In
fact, it can be as much as 20
0
off of a direct line and still produce a
usable signal. The result is the spherical dish can focus on several
satellites simultaneously; the focal point for each satellite will, of
cour se, be at a diffe rent location as shown in Fig. 6.
The spherical dish is generally a fixed-in-position type , con-

Radia-
SteclnJlllDfl BECfI/lIIIIC.
Btellt'.'
That is an important characteristic since all satellites use the
same downlink frequencies . In order for a TYRO system to
process signals from several satellites , it is necessary to re-aim
the dish.
Beamwidth is a measure of a dish's ability to select the signals
from one satellite while rejecting those from others. The nar-
rower the beamwidth, the more selective the dish . One of the
advantages of dishes having larger apertures is that they are more
selective.
FIG. 5-BEST SATELLITE-TV RECEPTION occurs when signals are re-
ceived through a small reception window.
b
FEEDHORN

DISH
SURFACE
a
c
,
,
,
,
,
,
DISH ",! EEDHORN
SURFACE ", U
'"
'"
'" ,/
.>
"
"
Beamwidth
A di sh has the capacity to accept some signals and reject
others, although it can not select certain transponders of one
satellite while rejecting the signals of other transponders of the
same satellite . Inste ad, a dish has the ability to respond to one
selected satellite while rejecting the signals of other satellites .
Carrier-to-noise ratio
Abbreviated as C/N, the carrier-to-noise rat io is a comparison
of the power contained in the downlink signal to the amount of
noise , with the result supplied in decibels. Obviously, the higher
the carrier and the lower the noise, the better the picture.
Noise can also be generate d by solid-state components such as
diodes and transistors. The noise generated by those device s is
known as shot-effect noise and is caused by random movement of
elect rons, which increases with temper ature. Transistors for the
first active component following the dish, the low-noise ampli-
fier (LNA) , are GaAs FET's, which are noted for their low noise-
level compared to other transistors.
Noise figure
The noise figure , abbreviat ed as NF, is a comparison of the
signal-to-noise ratio at the output of a component with referenc e
to the signal-to-noise ratio at its input. Wide-band amplifi ers are
more subject to high noise-levels since they are capabl e of
including a greater range of noi se frequencies. Such amplifiers
also have fairly low gain, and so the amount of noi se compared to
signal level tends to be higher.
Noise and the picture
Noi se, carried through and amplifi ed by a TYRO, can affect .
the picture in several ways. Noise in the chroma portion of a
picture can consist of col ored dots or small rectangul ar streaks
that can vary in intensity. That type of noise is sometimes referred
to as "confetti " or "sparklies ." The luminance portion of a
picture can also show the effects of noise. Noi se there appears as
the black and white particles known as snow. Noise in the picture
can be caused by inadequate signal-levels or by elec trical inter-
ference that' s overri ding the signal level. Noise can also affect
the sound porti on of the video signal, showing up as mainly as
hiss.
57
FIG. 6-A SPHERICAL DISH can receive signals from more than one
satellite, with each satellite having its own independent focal point.
sequently its support can be made quite substantial and may be
desirable in areas where wind loading is a significant factor. It is
also a suitable type where signal pickup from two adjacent
sate llites is all that is wanted.
The chief disadvant age of the spherical dish, and one that has
dimi nished its popularity for TYRO systems , is its very long
foca l length, often 12 to 20 feet.
i
N
looked are the connections between the dish and the house. Your
sketch should indicate the length of coaxial cable that needs to be
run from the site to the satellite receiver in the home. Make
allowance for the fact that the receiver may be on an upper floor
or in a room not immediately adjacent to where the cable enters .
A good installation technique is to route all connections between
the di sh and the house through PYC pipe that's buried under-
ground. Special sealants are available for clos ing the entrance
and exit of the pipe to prevent water entry.
Another factor to be considered while doing your site survey is
the fact that the dish will need to be supported not only in terms of
weight but also wind stress . Thus, a concrete pad, which in-
volves the mixing and pouring of one or more cubic yards of
cement, is needed.
If a preliminary site survey is sat isfactory, the next step is to
use a site tester. The site tester shown in Fig. 8 is one of various
types that can be used . The device looks like a miniature tele-
scope, but it does not have a lens. Instead, it has an elevation
plate calibrated in degrees, a bubble glass to help you keep it
level, and a built-in compass . The device is used to give a prior
indication of what satellites can be viewed and what obstruction
(i .e. tree) removals may be necessary.
Here are some factors to consider when selecting a site. Not
onl y must the dish have a clear line of sight to the satellites, but
there should be no overhead power-lines since the electrical noi se
produced by those can override the signals. The selected site
should be clear of existing underground installations: phone
lines, power lines, storm drains, etc. It is also advisa ble to check
with municipal or township authorities to learn if there are any
restrictions on satellite-dish installation . In some instances , it
may be necessary to obtain the cooperation of neighbors for tree
removal or site clearance.
Foll owing pickup by the dish the signa ls will be processed by
equipment mount ed on or near the dish, but ultimately the
signals will need to be brought into the home. The maximum
distance between thedis h and the home should be about 300 feet,
but remember that. the shorter the cable, the less the signal loss.
FIG. 7-A SITE SURVEY SKETCH. Note the variety of factors that the
survey should account for.
A . .
'"
-- -- . " ,
--
-- ""
SATElLITE B ",
DISH
SURFACE
-- ---
--=..- __ FOCAL POINT
SATELLITE B
----
--.... ----- ..... FOCAL POINT
SATELLITE A
Mounts for parabolic dishes
The mount used for a dish has two functions: the first and more
obvious is that it must support the dish, an import ant considera-
tion but part icul arl y so in areas having occasionally strong
winds. The other requirement is that the dish must face a selected
satellite .
The simplest support is the fixed mount. Its chief advantage is
that it is permanentl y fixed in position, requiring no further
adjustment once good signal reception is established. Further,
such a mount can be reinforced so as to tolerate substantial wind .
The most serious disadvantage is that the dish is restricted to
pickup from one satellite onl y. In some instances that may be
desirabl e, as in the case of a newspaper using the services of just
one satellite, or a cable-TY earth station that communicates with
and receives signals from a designated satellite. In some areas
signal blockage by trees or buildings permits the use of one
satellite onl y.
For the average TYRO owner, though, a preferable mount is
the AzlEI type . The AzlEI (AZimuth/ELevation) has two axis of
movement: azimuth and elevation. Adjustments in positioning
can be made along either axis and those adjustments can be
handl ed either manually or by motori zed control, at the dish or
remotely. The di fficul ty with such mount s is that making a
change in azimuth can affect a change mad e in elevation.
However, wit h an Az/EI mount , the dish can be made to point at a
number of satellites and if a record is made of the positioning
point s, moving the dish from one satellite to another is poss ible,
but tedious.
The most popul ar mount for TYRO installations is the polar
mount. With the pol ar mount , j ust the angle of azimuth needs to
be changed, with adj ustments in elevation being made automat-
icall y. A support of that kind can be cont rolled at the dish site or
remotely froin the home .
TVRO site selection
A prime requirement for a TYRO syste m is a clear line of sight
to a minimum of one , and preferably more, satellites in geo-
synchronous orbit. The dish must have a clear view of a certain
portio n of the southern horizon with no buildings, hills, or trees
blocking the downlink microwave-signals.
A preliminary exa mination of a proposed site for dish will
sometimes quick ly determine if a TYRO system is feasible. A
good way to make that examin ation is to make a prelimi nary site
overview sketch as shown in Fig. 7. Note the variety of factors
taken into account in that sketch. Among the things often over-
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FIG. 8-IFTHE RESULTSof the site survey aresatisfactory, the next step is
to use a site tester such as the one shown here.
There is always the possibility of microwave telephone-inter-
ference since phone companies operate over the same frequency
range as satellite-TV signals. That is not a problem, unless the
dish site is in the path of such transmissions.
In addition to the informat ion given by the site tester, it is
necessary to know the azimuth and elevation heading of the
various satellites for any particular dish site. That informat ion is
often available in the form of a computer printout from dish
manufacturers. There are also commercial services that supply
such data. The azimuth and elevation readings , plus the informa-
tion from the site tester, will give you a prelimin ary indication of
which satellites will be available at the selected site.
ASSURETHAT BOTTOM
OFPOST ISALLOWED
TODRAIN
01
~ \ \
~ _ ~ i ~
FIG. 1(}-PIER MOUNTScan be used where a low frost line makes using a
slab foundation impractical.
FIG. 9-ASINGLESLAB concrete foundation for a polar mounted satellite
dish .
contractors who are experienced in working with house founda-
tions can be consulted and in some instances they will take on the
job-. In addition, manufacturers of dishes often supply sugges-
tions about dish supports, complete with plans and dimensions.
The dish and it s environment
A dish is not an object that can be readily concealed. For that
reason there may be some apprehension on the part of family
members or neighbors about its appearance. The usual location
NOTE: All DIMENSIONS
IN INCHES
ASSURE THAT POST
ISVERTICAL
GRAVEL
CEMENT
necessary, especially since it can be poured directly over rock.
If you need help in installing the foundati on, some small
ALL DIMENSIONS
IN INCHES
for a dish is somewhere nearthe rear of the house, generally in an
area that isn' t otherwise used. A dish can be situated in a tree or
shrub area provided that none of those obstruct the front of the
dish as it sweeps through its arc.
From a low-noise viewpoi nt, the higher the dish is in the air,
the better. There are instances of roof mount s, but generally
those are in commercial appl ications. The roof must be strong
enough not only to support the dish but the wind force to which
the dish is subjected. Such installations require the approval of
town or city authorities . In some instances it may be necessary to
obtain a variance to avoid violating local building codes. R-E
BUBBLE LEVEL
BASE CHANNEL
ELEVATION PLATE
BASE PLATE
EYEPIECE
COMPASS --l":i
Foundat ion t ypes
We mentioned earlier that a concrete pad or foundation is
required in a TVRO install ation . There are several types of
foundation s. One type consists of a single slab of reinforced
concrete (see Fig. 9). Its advantage is that it distributes the weight
of the dish and the forces pushing against it over a large area. The
slab mount may be necessary in area where the soil is loose or
where there is a drainage problem. When installing that type of
foundation, it will be necessary to construct forms to hold the
cement and it is also advisable to use a gravel base before pouring
the cement. The single pole support of the polar mount must be
imbedded in the center of the cement slab and must be absolutely.
vertical. The depth of the pole in the cement should be at least
two feet. As the pole is pushed into the gravel base and as the
cement is poured, make repeated checks of the pole using a large
bubble glass to make sure the pole is vertical. The concrete base
itself has no kind of orient ation. Its only functions are to supply
support and rigidity for the mount.
After the cement has been poured, it should be allowed to
cure. The ceme nt should be watered lightly about once ortwice a
day, but the dish should not be mounted, preferably for a week.
How fast the cement will cure will depend on the ambient
temperature and moisture content of the air. Cement should not
be poured if there are predict ions of rain.
Another type of foundation is the pier mount , shown in Fig.
10. A pier mount is used where a low frost line prevents the use of
a slab. An X-frame consisting of a series of wooden beams can
be used as a dish support, supplemented by a concrete pad. The
footing supplied by the pier resists movement in any direction.
The choice of the type of foundat ion is often dictated by
conditions at the sight. If the site is very rocky it may not be
possible to drill pier holes and so a slab foundation may be
VIEWI NGTUBE
no bells
no whistles
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darn good
picture!
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l&J TO ORDER CALL 800-428-3500 . . .
Information Call 3172917262
Inside the ERI-7000
With thi s superior design and engineering.
you can expect years of trouble free perfor -
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In a few minutes your ERI 7000 is back in
business. All other receivers are subject to
sending the receiver to a service center or
back to the factory. Thi s ta kes weeks of
turn around time and you have a very upset
customer.
Ease of operation and simplicity of design
the ERI 7000 Sat ellite Receiver features:
L. E. D. Bar Signal St rength Indic ato r
Fully Tunable Audio
Po larity Selector
Full Band Vari abl e Frequency Tuning
Every dealer ca n do most of the repair s
themselves. The receiver is made -up of 4
plug in modul es.
I. Po wer Supply Module
2. 70 MHz Amp. Module
3. Video Mod ule
4. Audio Module
We know maintenance is often a pr obl em.
OUf modular con struction is the most ad-
vanced system on the mark et tod ay. When
something goes wrong, unplug the section
wit h the problem and insert a new modul e.
1. Picture Quality
2. Serviceability
3. Value for the Mon ey Spent
are the most import ant features.
The ERI 7000 is a satellite receiver with few
frills, just a darn good picture at a price you
can af ford .
Many satellite receiver manufacturers
camouflage their receivers oper atin g abilit y
with lots of light s, meter s, dancing
numbers, whistles, and bells. We at Elec-
tronic Rainb ow think the ...
Now- a-da ys everybody' s talking price . The
ERI 7000 Sat ellite Receiver is just what the
low-budget system install er needs, without
sacrificing picture qualit y.
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Satellite
Receivers
Along with the satellite dish, antenna, and
downconverter, the satellite receiver is an
important part of any TVRO system.
THE SATELLITE RECEIVER IS ONE OF THE FEW PARTS OF A TVRO
system that is located indoors. It's mai n function is to convert
signals from the LNA so that they're compatible with your TY or
video monitor.
One of the first spec ifications that you'll notice about the
receiver is the number of channels it can receive. A receiver wit h
24-channel capability is best, even though not all satellites have
24 transponders (some are equipped with 12 or even fewer).
There are some satellite receivers designed for single-channel
input. Those are called dedicated satellite receivers and are not
for gene ral home use. (They are usually used commercially to
pick up, for example, news from one satellite or programs from a
cable company's single satellite.) The use of a dedicated satellite
receiver does have its advantages, though. Because you only
want to receive one channel , the receiver is a fixed-tuned type.
So the tuning contro l, once set, seldom requires readjustment. A
fixed mount for the dish is generally used with such receivers, so
once the dis h's azimuth and elevation are set to focus on a
particul ar satellite, adjustments are no longer required.
The secon d type of receiver (and the one commo nly used wit h
in-home TYRO systems) is known as efrequency-agile satellite
receiver because it has the capability of tuning from one channel
to the next. Such a receiver is shown-in Fig. I.
Tuning frequency-agil e receivers
The first step in tuning the in-home satellite receiver is to make
sure that the dish is facing the selected satelli te. Then you must
select (usi ng a rotary dial or a pushbutton selector) one channel
from among the 12 or 24 offered by the satellite.
MARTIN CLIFFORD
The receiver wi ll also be equipped with a control (usua lly
labeled V/H or VERT/HORIZ) that lets you select between signa ls
that are vertica lly or horizont ally polarized. Although the polar-
ity of many channels are published, using the V/H control is so
quick and easy that you may not want to bother using the
published information. No matter what, you' ll be right half the
time !
The double-conversion receiver
The output of a C-band LNA consists of audio and video
signals that are frequency modulated onto a microwave carrier in
the downlink frequency band (3.7 to 4.2 GHz). From there they
are fed either to an external downconverter or directly to a
.receiver.
In the doubl e-conversion (or dual-conversion) receiver, there
is no external downconverter- the signals are brought direc tly
from the LNA into the receiver as shown in Fig. 2. In that
arrangement, all of the downconversion is handled directly in the
receiver itself. That' s a bit of a disadvantage-bringi ng the
microwave signal from the antenna to the receiver requires spe-
cial, expensive coaxial cable. Signal losses become very critical.
The first downconversion is accomplished by a mixerllocal
osci llator arrangement. The first mixer is used to heterodyne the .
down link signal and the first-local -osc illator signal, produc ing
an IF of 1100 MHz. (Heterody ne means to mix two frequencies
toget her to produce sum and difference frequencies .) The selec-
tion of the IF or Int ermediate Frequency is arbi trary and is a
manufact urer's choice, but 1100 MHz is typical.
Like all IF stages, the first IF is an active filter, and supplies not
only selectivity but gain as well. Although the diagram shows a
single block, the IF sect ion consists of a number of stages .
FIG. 1-SATELLITE TV RECEIVER. Features of thi s unit (KLM Sky Eye
V11 X) include variable speed scann ing for fast scanning of the satellites or
frame-by frame viewing of each of the 24 transponders of a satellite. Note
that t hi s receiver uses an external downconverter, shown beside It.
70 MHz
IF TO
SATELLITE
RECEI VER
FIXED
TUNED
LOCAL
OSCILLATOR
SATELLITERECEIVER
TUNING
TUNABLE
LOCAL
OSCILLATOR
DOWNCONVERTER
3.7-4.2
GHz FROM ...--_---,
LNA
Tuning
In an ordi nary (superheterodyne) AM or FM recei ver, tuni ng
is done by varying the frequency of the local oscillator and the
RF amplifier (if present ). For satellite-signal recept ion , the LNA
can be cons idered to be the RF amplifier, but it's not tunable. As
shown in Fig. 4, tuning is done by changing the local-oscillator
frequency by varyi ng its DC voltage . The local osci llator, then , is
also known as a voltage -controlled osci llator (YCO). For double-
conversion units, only the voltage of the first local oscillator is
changed , as shown in Fig. 5. Whi le the IF of 70 MHz is close to
the frequency of one of the low-band YHF channels, it is not
suitab le as is for input to the antenna terminals of the TY receiver
because the video is frequency modulated-it is incompatible
with NTSC standards.
To meet the processing requiremen ts of the television receiver,
it is first necessary to recover the origi nal baseband signals, and
then to remodulate them, using frequency modul ation for the
sound and amplitude modulation for the video . The carrier
frequency selected is usuall y that ofYHF channel 3 or channel 4.
During the uplink transmissio n process, a dithering technique _
was used, a method of pre-emphasizing the higher-frequency
components of the video signal. Its function is to compensate for
a characteristic of video de mod ulators, whose noise output is
greater at the upper end of the video band. Because the dithering
technique shifts the 6-MHz satellite signal up and down the 36-
MHz satelli te-transponder spectrum (thus spreading out the
transmission energy over a wide frequency band), it also can
reduce the interference to/from terrestrial microwave links. To
counter the effects of di thering, a video de-emphasis filter cir-
cuit, called a clamp, is used . Cla mping is esse ntial to prevent the
picture from flickering at the rate of 30 Hz .
The audio signals
Just as a terrestrial TY signal uses a subcarrier to carry the
process. To minimize that possibility, single-conversion satellite
receivers may be equipped with an image-reject mixer.
Single downconversion
Another popular receiver used today is the single-downcon-
version type, as shown in Fig. 4. In that type of system, all of the
downconversion takes place in an externally located compone nt.
A disadvantage of single-conversion receivers is that of image
signals that can be produced by the single downconversion
FIG. 4-IN SINGLE-CONVERSION SYSTEM using an external downcon-
verter, t he local oscillator is tuned by DC voltage from a power supply in
the satellite receiver.
AUOIO
OUT FIG. 3-BASIC ARRANGEMENT of dual-downconversion component,
mounted outdoors.
VIDEO
OUT
SECOND
MIXER
4-GHzINPUT
(FROM LNA)
+V
FIG. 2-A DUAL-CONVERSION SATELLITE RECEIVER takes the 4-GHz
input from the LNA and uses two local-oscillator /mixer combinations to
convert It to a 70-MHz signal that is then demodulated.
The bandwi dth of the modul ati ng waveform for both the up-
link and down link signals is 36 MHz. Technic all y, that should be
the bandwidt h of the IF stages . But in many receivers, the
bandwidth is restri cted to 28-30 MHz. There's a good reason for
doing that-it results in an improved signal -to-noise ratio (S/N).
By narrowingthe bandpass of the IF, noise on the outer limits of
the bandpass is rejec ted. At the same time the gai n of the IF
amplifiers is increased because of the narrower band. However,
in narrowi ng the bandpass of the IF, some picture quality is
sacrificed. But because of the increased S/N, that's a tradeoffthat
seems worthwh ile.
Following the 1I00-MHz IF section, the signal is sent to
another mixer/local-oscill ator circuit, known appropriately as
the second mixer/second local oscillator. The local osci llator
here is at a frequency that is 70 MHz higher than that of the first
IF, name ly 1170 MHz. The output of thi s circ uit is a second IF of
70 MHz. As we' ll see short ly, that is the same frequency as the
output of an external downconverter.
In a double-conversion arra ngement, the change in carrier
freque ncy is accomplished in two steps , with both of these steps
taking place in the in-home receiver. Whi le the double-con-
version setup does make use of two local osci llators (a first and a
second), only the first local osci llator is tunable. Since the IF
remains the same for any of the 24 channels tuned in, the second
local oscillator is a fixed-tuned type.
Whi le this type of double-conversion receiver eliminates the
need for an external downconverter, we have a problem of bring-
ing the microwave signals in from the outdoor LNA- because of
the very high frequencies of those signals, cab le losses become a
serious problem unless special, expensive coaxial cab le is used.
Therefore, dua l-conversion receivers that use external downcon-
verters are much more popular.
External dual downconversion
Even though the downconverting circui try is located in a
separate, externally mounted component, we can (and will) sti ll
think of the satellite-receiver/external-downconverter system as
an integrated unit. The first part consists of dual mixers/ local-
oscillator circuitry and the second part consis ts of demodulators
and amplifiers .
The only major difference between this type of system and the
system that we looked at previously is that it's housed in two
separate cab inets, one of them outdoors. In a typical setup, the
dish-mounted downconverter first changes the down link band
from 3.7--4.2 GHz to 850 MHz and then, usi ng a seco nd local
osci llator/mixer arrangement, has another downconversion step
resulting in a 70 MHz carrier. That setup is shown in Fig. 3. That
70-MHz IF output is then brought to the in-home rece iver using
standard RG-59/U coaxial cable. That's the real advantage of this
system. (Remember the problems we had wit h the coaxial cable
whe n all downconversion was handled indoors.)
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DC TUNING
VOLTAGE
TODOWNCONVERTER
SELECTS AUDIO-SUBCARRIER
FREQUENCY WHEN AUDIO-SELECT
ISIN ITSVARIABLEPOSITION
120VAC
60 Hz
FIG. 5-THE BASEBAND SIGNALS ARE RECOVERED signals prior to
remodulation .
ladla-
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channel 4 (66 MHz-72 MHz). The output of the remodulator is
connected to the antenna input terminals of a television receiver .
In some instances, the satellite receiver and the remodu lator
are integrated, forming a single unit. However, there are some
satellite receivers not equipped with a remodulator. The inte-
grated type is obviously more convenient.
Features
You cannot say that satellite receivers are all alike any more
than you can say that all hi-fi receivers are alike. Let's look at
some of the differences in the features of satellite receivers,
starting with tuning.
Var ious tuning methods are used in satellite receivers. Con-
tinuously tuned dials are available as are detent or cl ick-stop
types. The dial can simply be a rotary type with channel numbers
around the knob. It could also be a linear, illuminated slide-rule
type marked with channel numbers. (To avoid crowdi ng, only
even or odd-numbered channels from I to 24 may be indicated ,
but that does not mean all the channels cannot be received.)
Some receivers will offer a digital readout of the channel
number. And some offer a tuning meter that indicates signal
strength. The tuning meter is helpful in several ways. If the
satellite receiver uses continuous tuni ng (as opposed to detent
tuning), it can aid in tuning accuracy indicating when maximum
signals are being received . It can also be used to help peak the
signal when making azimuth and elevation adjustments of the
dish. If the receiver isn' t equipped with a tuning meter, the
picture, as seen on the television screen, can be used instead, but
the tuning meter is a much better approach . The tuning meter
also supplies an indication of the comparative signal strengths of
the various transponders.
A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter is used in modu-
lators, receivers, demodulators, converters, decoders, and sig-
nal processors. The advantage of a SAWfilter is that it is capable
of del ivering an almost ideall y shaped IF bandpass waveform
(see Fig. 7) to the input of the video demodulator, without the
need for special alignment. At all operating frequencies and
bandwidths, SAW filters can have a very flat response over the
passban d region, with a variation of less than .5 dB. The
problem in using a SAW filter is that it has a high insertion loss,
usually around 30 dB, but that can be overcome through the use
of additional IF amplifier stages . The use of a SAWfilter, plus the
need for extra stages of IF amplification, adds to the cost of the
receiver, but the result is pictures that are less noisy and have
greater freedom from interference. Unlike other filter types,
SAW filters do not require fine tuning or adjustments. ,
SAW filters are made on various piezoelectric substrates, the
two most common being lithium niobate (LiNb03) and ST-
quartz. A maj or advantage SAW filters over IrC filters with
comparable shape factors is that SAW filters fit easi ly on a
printed-circui t board because they are small and are packaged in
sealed containers.
There are two major types of SAW filters. The first is a SAW
transversal filter. Those filters can be designed over a wide range
of center frequency, bandwidth and temperature requirements,
have excellent passba nd behavior and stopband reject ion. They
can be used in a wide range of signal-process ing appl ications.
The second type is a SAW resonator filter. They are used for
narrow-band circuitry in the 30-MHz to I-GHz (or higher) range.
Video-output terminals are often included in the satellite
FINETUNING
FOR VIDEO
VIDEO
OUT
AUOIO
OUT

TOREMODULATOR
70-MHzIF
FROM DOWNCONVERTER

lO-MHzIF:
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NARROWIWIDE POLARITY
AUDIO FILTERS SELECTOR
SELECTS6.2 0 R6.8MHz
AUDlOSUBCARRIER
OR VARIABLE
FIG. 6-FRONT PANEL CONTROLSof satellite receiver.
colorburst signa l at 3.58 MHz, the subcarrier technique is also
used by the downl ink transmi ssion. The sound subcarriers can be
at 5.6, 5.8, 6.2 or 6.8 MHz . The satellite receiver will be
equipped with a control to permit subcarrier tuning by means of a
tunable audio demodul ator. The sound output will be mono, but
stereo can be had through the use of a pair of audio demod-
ulators, one for left channel sound, the other for right channel
sound. Some receivers , such as the one shown in Fig. 6, are
equipped with a pair. Others require an add-on component.
The audio demodul ators are equipped with filters so as to
select the correct audio subcarrier. The frequency range of the
audio is from 15 Hz to 15 kHz, comparable to that of terrestrial
FM broadcasts. Some satellite transponders supply audio infor-
mation only and that is always stereo .
Remodulation
The demodul ators recover the original video and audio base-
band signals, and these are then remodulated in the proper NTSC
format onto either VHF channel 3 (60 MHz-66 MHz) or VHF
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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
FREQUENCY-MHz
FIG. 7-SHARPNESS OF RESPONSE of SAW fi lter used in an IF stage.
Note the center frequency of 70 MHz.
recei ver. That' s important if you plan to use the baseband audio
and video signals for your VCR, for example. The output imped-
ance is usually 75 ohms and can be handl ed by coaxia l cable such
as RG-59U. From that terminal , the signals can be led into an
external modul ator, or, as an alternative, supplied to a vid-
eocasse tte recorder. Since these units are equipped with a modu-
lator section, the use of a separate modul ator will not be
required.
The receiver may be equipped with a baseband-signal-level
control. The signal level should be 1.25 volts, peak-to-peak. A
simple way of adjusting that control is to display a picture on the
TV set and then set the control for the best results. If the picture
tears or skews, the signal level is too high. If the picture seems to
be weak, the video signal level is inadequate. In either case,
variation of the cont rol should improve the picture.
The channel-calibration control is often mount ed on the rear
apron of the receiver. It is used to make sure tuning is correct ,
regardless of the quality of the picture. When making adjust -
ment s, the channel-cali bration control takes precedence. It is the
first one adjusted. Once tuning accuracy is established, make
signal level adjustments if required.
Remote control is a feature that some satellite recei vers come
equipped with. Being able to select any one of 24 transponders
from your chair is certainly a convenienc e. It isn't necessary, of
course, but. ..
The fine tuning control is used for producin g a peak picture.
However, it is difficult to adjust the tuning control and get
observable result s unless you have a test pattern to look at.
Motion in the picture makes peaking very difficult.
A video-invers ion switch can be useful. Some satellites use
signal scrambling in an effort to make sure that only paying
subscribers of cable T vcan watch their programs. One way of
doing that is to invert the video signal. Some satellite receivers
are equipped with a decoder which is, in effect , a video inverter.
The video inverter is useful only if signal inversion is the type of
scrambling used.
Speed scanning is a method in which satellite channels are
tuned in automatically. Scanning can be single-speed or two-
speed. With single-speed scanning all the channel s are dis-
played, succes sively at a constant rate. The problem with this
type of scanning is that there may not be enough time to view a
picture and make a decision to watch or to manually override the
scanning action. As a solution to this problem some satellite
receivers have two speed scan, a technique in which the scanning
action becomes much slower when tuning across an active chan-
nel, supplying the opportunity for a longer look at the picture.
Scanning is much more rapid bet ween channels.
Audio selecti on is desirable because there are four basic
formats used by satellite transponders for the transmission of
audio signals. Those include mono (single channel) sound, ma-
trix stereo, discrete stereo, and multiplex stereo. However, the
sound, whether mono or stereo is ultimately delivered to a
television receiver, but that receiver most likely has only single-
channel capabi lity. Further, television sound is not only mono
but, with most TV's, it has exceptionally poor quality. However,
there are several ways of overcoming the sound limitations of the
TV set. The decision to transmit mono or stereo audio is not
determined by the transponder, but is decided upon at the time of
transmission of the uplink signal.
Stereo synthesizer
Even if a satellite's transponder transmits only mono, It IS
possible to change it into a synthetic form of stereo by using an
add-on stereo synt hesize r. However, stereo sound isn' t automat-
ically hi-fi sound, but is a step on the way to achieving more
realistic sound. Used along with a hi-fi system, the synthesize r
can yield good results.
Stereo processor
A stereo processor is another TVRO add-on component. Un-
like the stereo synthesizer, it is capable of supplying true ster-
eophonic sound (as long as the satellite is transmitting stereo
information). A stereo processor may also be equipped with one
or more headphone jacks, permitt ing listening privacy.
The tuning range of the processor is from 5.5 MHz to 8.0
MHz, permitting the selection of any of the audio subcarriers of
the downlink signal. In some stereo processors, the IF band-
width is selectable and can be either 150 kHz or 500 kHz. With a
narrow bandwidth, gain is increased-that 's desirable under
conditions of low-signal strength. At the same time, the narrow
bandpass reduces the noise level , some musical information can
TWO-CHANNELSOUND. Some receivers can have stereo capability added
to them through the addition of an external stereo demodulator.
be lost. Conversely, a wider bandpas s means gain is lowered, the
noise level may be higher, but all of the music will be heard.
Tunable audio
Since, with terrestrial TV, sound is an automatic accompani-
ment of the picture, the concept of tunable audio may initially
appear to be somewhat strange. With a satellite receiver
equipped with a tunable audio feature it is possible to listen to a
musical progra m without watching a picture. The audio-tune
control on the front panel of the satellite receiver can be used to
optimize sound pickup or for the selection of a sound-only
program available on some transponders.
Remote control
If you have a fixed-mount dish, you don't have to worry about
adjustment-once you have the azimuth and elevation set and the
.dish is focused correctl y on a desired satellite. With the polar
mount, the dish can be aimed either at the dish site or from the
home. Dish position cont rol from the home is the more desirable
TABLE 1-VIDEO SATELLITES
Posit ion Existing Mid-84 Late-84
l43W F5 F5 F5
l39W F1R F1R F1R
134W G1 G1 G1
131W F3 F3 F3
127W 04 D4 D4
1230W W5 W5 W5
l19W F1/F2 Sl Sl
l17SW AC3 AC3 AC3
114W A3 A3 A3
l12SW AC2 AC2 AC2
109W AS AS AS
106W GSA1
104W AD1 AD1 ADl
1030W GSA2
99W W4 W4 W4
95W T302
95W 0 1102 D1/D2 D1/D2
910W W3 W3 W3
B7W D3 D3 D3
83W F4 F4 F4
790W Wl /2 W1I2 W1/2
760W T301 T301 T301
74W G2 G2
72W F2R F2R
70
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S2
Note: Satellites are identified as follows:
A = ANIK (Telesat Canada). D = COMSTAR(Comsat).
F = SATCOM (RCA American), G = GALAXY
(Hughes). GS = GSTAR (GTE), S = SPACENET (GTE
Spacenet), T = TELSTAR (AT&T), W = WESTAR
(Western Union)
not only for convenience , but also for quick and accurate adjust-
ment from one satellite to another.
The remote control unit is a memory device. Once the position
of the dish has been entered into the memory, the dish can always
be made to return to a specified position.
Since more satellites are being lofted (See Table I for a list),
the remote control memory should have a capacity exceeding that
of the present satellite popul ation. It is possible to get a remote
dish-cont rol console that can program and recall up to 50 satellite
positions. The component may also have a digital selection and
readout panel to keep the viewer advised of the dishes position
during programmin g, recall, or manual control. Other features
could include single-knob polarity control and full east-west
manual control with travel readout.
Switching
TV receivers are now being used as display devices for a
variety of video products including terrestrial TV broadcasting,
satellite TV, videocassette recorders, videodisc players, and
videogames. Switching from one of these program sources to the
other can be bothersome because of the tangle of wires that is
sure to result when you start switching cables from one unit to
another. An alternative method, and an easier one, is to use a
video switcher. The simplest is an AlB switcher, but that has only
a two program source capability (for switching between cable
TV and your satellite receiver, for example). A better add-on
component would be a switcher that can handle four, five, or
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SOME RECEIVERS, such as the one shown here, are intended for dedi-
cated operation. They are set at the factory for only one transponder.
Radia-
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even more different signals.
Video switchers are passive devices and all of them have a
certai n amount of insertion loss, that is, they will produce some
small decrease in signal strength. For the average signal source
that has adequate level that 's not a problem. But for margina l
signals it may mean the difference between a viewable and a non-
viewable picture . There may also be the possibility of signal
leakage from one program channel to another, so good channel
isolation is essential.
The television receiver
For a TVROsystem, the television receiver is the final step in a
long link of components, starting with the dish, the feed, the
LNA, the downconverter, the satellite receiver, plus the possible
inclusion of some add-on devices. The total cost of a TVRO
setup depends on a number of variables, begi nning with the type
and size of the dish, but can easily be several thousand dollars or
more.
Although it isn' t generally regarded as such, the television
receiver is an integral part of every TVRO arrangement. Possibly
because of the cost of a TVRO installation, the usual tendency is
to " make do" with the existing TV set. Whether such a decision
is a wise one or not depends directly on the TV receiver. A
satellite system can deliver superb pictures with a quality com-
parable to that of a studio monitor. The TV set should have good
field interface and good horizontal and vertical resolution. Con-
necting a TVRO system to a television receiver having poor or
j ust average picture qualityjust doesn't make economic sense. A
SPLITTE R {ie,s
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FIG. 8-IFA NUMBEROFTV SETSare to be connected to the remodulator,
or remodulator-equipped satellite receiver, a line amplifier may be re-
quired . The line amplifier connects to a signal splitter whose output feeds
the antenna input terminals of the TV sets.
TVRO can also be used with a projection unit or a monitor.
Multiple-set operation
The output of the remodulator in the satellite receiver is the
equivalent of a VHF channe l 3 or 4 signal. That signal can be fed
into one or more television receivers with the help of a signal
splitter, a type of balun, a balanced-to-unbalanced transforme r.
If the output of the satellite is to drive a number of TV sets, it
may be necessary to use a line amplifier inserted between the
satellite receiver and the input to the television sets. The output
of the line amplifier is brought into the splitter and from the
splitter to each of the TV receivers. (See Fig. 8)
One of the problems in connecting the satellite receiver to one
or more television sets is that while the output of the receiver is
75 ohms , the input to the VHF terminals of a television receiver
can be either 75 ohms or 300 ohms. For 75-ohm input s coaxial
cable is used; for 300 ohm inputs twinlead is required .
Unfortunately, there is no standardization and so the input at
the VHF antenna termina ls can be either 75 or 300 ohms.
Therefore, the input to the signal splitter will be 75 ohms but its
output may present a problem. You will need an output for every
television set to be used. But not all the outputs will be the same,
it depends on the input impedance requirements of each televi-
sion set. RE
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From
Feedhorn
To Receiver
Getting the satellite-TV signals from the dish
to the receiver is not a simple matter. In this
article, we'll look at the components between
the dish and the receiver, including the
feedhorn, waveguide, LNA, and
downconverter, and the important roles they
play in a TVRO system.
WE'VE ALREADY LOOKED AT THE DIS H, AND SAW THAT ITS JOB IS
to gather the signal from a satellite and focus it on a feedhorn .
The feedhorn is the first of a series of important stages in the
processing of a satellite signal for use by a sate llite receive r. In
this arti cle we'll be looking at those stages-the feedhorn, wave-
guide, LNA, and downconverter-and see how they work and
why they are so important.
Feedhorns
The relations hip between the dis h and the feedhorn is very
straightforward. The dish must collect as much signal energy as
poss ible and focus as much of it as possi ble onto the feedhorn . In
turn , the feedhorn must "see" the maximum surface area of the
dish- not too much or too little.
MARTIN CLIFFORD
There are several different feedhorn arrangements. The most
popul ar and widely used is the prime-focus feedhorn, so-called
since the feedhorn is placed directly at the focal poi nt of the
signals. That is an easy, economical arra ngement, but it does
mean that the positioning of the feedhorn with respec t to the dish
is cri tical. Misa lignment degrades the signal-to-noise ratio.
The entra nce to the feedhorn may be equipped with a series of
concentric rings . Such a prime-focus feedhorn is known as a
scalar feedhorn (see Fig. 1) and the rings are used to help direct
microwave signals that are in the general area of the feedhorn into
the opening of the waveguide. Most of the energy reflected by the
dish comes from the inner three-fourth's of the surface area, thus
the area of the dish nearest its perimeter is the least effective in
terms of signal reflecting. That doesn't mean that that area of the
dish is wasted, for it does work as a shield against the pickup of
thermal noise. The advantage of the scalar feedhorn is that it
gathers more signals from near the perimeter of the dish.
Another type of feedhorn arrangement is known as a Cas-
segrain syste m see Fig. 2). It uses two reflectors. One of those is
the dish itself, wit h another, secondary reflector posi tioned at the
focal point. That second reflector has a surface in the shape of a
hyperbola and because of its shape it is called a hyperboloidal
subreflec tor, The subreflector, positioned at the focal point of the
dish, reflects the signals it receives from the dish through an
opening in the center of the dish, to the LNA, which is mounted
at the rear of the dish.
A Cassegrain system has a higher ratio of dish gain to tem-
perature and in that respect is superior to the prime-focus
feedhorn, but the system costs more and is more difficult to
adj ust. However, a prime-focus feedhorn does supply better side
lobe performance. Since the secondary reflector is in the pat h of
incident signals from a satellite there is a certain amou nt of signal
loss , which is known as apert ure blockage.
LNA
SCALARFEED
CIRCULAR
WAVEGUIDE
FIG. 1-ASCALAR FEEDHORNis a prime f ocus feedhorn whose entrance
features conce ntric rings to help gather the ref lected signal.
SIGNAL
FROM
/' SATELLITE
/'
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FIG. 2-IN THE CASSEGRAIN SYSTEM, the signal Is reflected through an
opening in the center of the antenna to the LNA, which is mounted in the
rear.
There are various ways of overcoming the design faults of the
Cassegrain system. One technique is to use a larger dish to
compensate for aperture -blockage losses. The Cassegrain sys-
tem is used in commercial applications, but rarel y in home
TVRO's .

Just as the signals picked up by a TV antenna need to be
delivered to the input of the TV receiver, so must the signals
concentrated at the feed be delivered to an antenna (remember,
the dish itself is j ust a reflector, not an antenna), That is the
opposi te of TV broadcasting in which the signal is picked up by
the antenna and then delivered to a receiver. In satellite TV, the
signal is first delivered to the transmission line, here a wave-
guide, and it is the waveguide that supplies the signal to the
antenna.
A waveguide is used instead of coaxial cable or twin lead since
it performs more efficiently at microwave frequencies. Thus, it
has a lower dielectric loss than coaxial cable. In coax, the
dielectr ic is a plastic material; in waveguide it is air and air has a
very low amount of signal loss in the OHz region.
As the frequency of a current is increased, it tends to flow
closer to the surface of its conductor. That is known as skin
effect, and because of it the current behaves as though the volume
of the conductor had been reduced. A waveguide is quite like a
solid conductor, except that the unused inner portion of the
conductor has been removed. In appeara nce it resembles a rec-
tangular or circular pipe as shown in Fig. 3. The waveguide not
only confines the signal but protects it from external electrical
disturbances.
Technically, the entire length of waveguide used to conduct the
signals to the antenna probe is the feedhorn, but through com-
mon usage the word feedhorn is often used to indicate the
entrance area of the waveguide, or the signal focal point.
a b
FIG. 3-AWAVEGUIDE may be cylindrical , as shown in a, or rectangular, as
shown in b.
Impedance
Just as it is for coaxial cable, twin lead, and all other types of
transmission line, the impedance of a waveguide is a function of
its construction. The impedance at the entrance to the wave-
guide, the feedhorn , is referred to as the open air impedance of
the waveguide. For maximum transfer of signal energy, the open
air impedance of the waveguide should match the impedance of
free space. That can be done by flaring the waveguide at its end,
an arrangement that is sometimes called a horn antenna, or more
simply (and more correctly) a horn. Actually, the horn is a
transformer or impedance-matching device. Horns are available
in various shapes, but most often they are cones or pyramids .'
The antenna
The antenna (see Fig. 4) is inside the waveguide at the end
farthest from the focal point. Because of the extremely short
wavelengt hs involved, the antenna, sometimes called an antenna
probe or simply a probe, is quite small, measuring about l- inch.
The antenna is connected to a small section of coaxial cable for
input to the LNA. The coaxial cable used is an unbalanced type
whose center or " hot" lead is connected to one end of the
antenna, while its "cold" or ground lead is attached to the metal
frame of the waveguide.
The antenna probe is cut so that it is broadly resonant at the
downlink C-band frequencies. Its length and shape are critical
since it must favor satellite signals over the wide-band noise
that's at a much higher level.
Signal polarization
The process of signal selection begins with the antenna probe.
If a particul ar satellite is equipped with 24 transponders and each
of those is functioning simultaneously, 24 different channels of
programming will be delivered to the antenna.
If 24 channels are delivered to the antenna, 12 of those chan-
nels will be horizontally polarized; 12 will be vertically polar-
ized. There are various techniques that can be used for separat ing
vertically or horizontally polarized signals.
One simple method is to rotate the antenna probe so it is
positioned either vertically or horizontally, which can be easily
done using a servo motor that' s controllable from indoors . A
dual-polarization antenna feed can also be used. That type of
feed uses the principle of Faraday rotation in which an axial
magnetic field is applied to a waveguide contain ing ferrite mate-
rial. The ferrites, made of zinc oxide, manganese oxide, ferric
oxide , and nickel are used in a circul ar waveguide, with a
current-carryi ng coil wound around the ferrite. The magnet ic
field around the coil can change the polarization of the signal.
Of course a pair of antenna probes can be used-c-one for
horizont ally polarized signals, the other for vertically polarized
ones-with the probes mounted at right angles. Switchi ng from
one probe to the other is a simple matter.
Another method for the selection of polarized signals is to use
a dual-section LNA, with one section for vertically polarized
signals; the other for horizontally polarized.
The LNA
The signal from the antenna probe is delivered via coaxial
cable to the low-noise amplifier (LNA), a solid-state amplifier.
The LNA is mounted in some sort of waterproof housing since it
is located outdoors , usually as part of the feed system. A broad-
band, non-t unable amplifier, an LNA has an overall amplifica-
tion factor of about 100,000 .
The LNA not only amplifies the signal but any noise delivered
to its input. In addition, the LNA generates some noise of its
own. LNA's are rated in Kelvins (formerly called degrees Kel-
vin), and the lower the rating, the lower the noise supplied by it.
Another important LNA specification is the ratio of signal
level to noise level, OfT, and is known as its figure of merit. The
noise developed by an LNA can be expressed either in Kelvins or
decibels.
LNA noise figure
If an LNA has a noise figure of 1.5 dB, that means that it will
add that amount of electrical noise to what's present at the input.
However, noise level and LNA gain are independent; the noise
level does not affect the gain, which is more dependent on
frequency. Thus, an LNA having a noise figure of 1.5 dB could
have a gain variation of as much as 5 to 6 dB at different
frequencies. Specification sheets that indicate a single gain fig-
ure usually supply the optimum one. In some, the gain is indi-
cated as a range; possibly from 47 to 53 dB. When the gain is
indicated as a number, such as 100,000, that is a power ratio and
is 100,000 to 1, which is equivalent to 50 dB.
Noise factor
TIle noise factor of an LNA, f, is the ratio of the signal-to-
noise at the input compared to the signal-to-noise at the output.
INSIDE CONDUCTOR ACTS
AS1/4XANTENNA
OUTSIDE OFCOAXIALLINEATTACHED
TOBOTTOM OFGUIDE
FIG. 4-THE ANTENNA, or antenna probe, is located at the end of the
waveguide and is cut to be resonant at the C-band downlink frequencies.
Other LNA's
LNA's ordinarily use two different types of transistors-GaAs
FET's and bipolar transistors. There are two other types of
LNA's, but those are not used in home TVRO's. One is the
uncooled parametric amplifier. It is more expensive, but capable
of producing less noise than an ordinary LNA. That amplifier,
also known as an electronically cooled preamp or a non-
cryogenically cooled preamp, is essentia l in areas where the
signal level is too lowto satisfactorily drive a GaAs FET preamp.
The most expensive of the LNA's is the cryogenically cooled
parametric amplifier, ordinarily used in military or industrial
installations. The name of the amplifier is derived from the fact
that it is cooled almost to absolute zero. A complex amplifier, it
requires constant maintenance.
The need for down conversion
The only change made by an LNA is in signal amplitude. The
frequencies presented to the input of the LNA are the same
frequencies that are delivered at the output. Those signals could
be delivered via coaxial cable to a satellite receiver in the home,
for subsequent input to a television set.
At one time that was indeed the procedure that was followed.
However, because of the fact that the frequencies involved were
so high, ordinary coaxial cable could not be used because of
excessive signal loss. Instead, an expensive cable, called heliaz,
was used.
These days, to reduce costs, the downlink signals are supplied
to a downconverter that, like the LNA, is mounted on the dish
structure . Thus, like the LNA, the downconverter must be water-
proofed or housed in some waterproof enclosure to protect it
against the elements .
Note that some receivers include an integral downconverter.
That approach, however, is oflimited usefulness as ordinary coax
cable cannot be used to link the dish-mounted LNA with the
downconverter/receiver combination.
The downconverter
Basically, the downconverter is the equivalent to the front end
of a superheterodyne receiver, consisting of a mixer and a local
oscillator. The output of that mixer-local oscillator arrangement
is an intermediate frequency (IF) and, for TVRO systems, is
generally 70 MHz (see Fig. 5).
In a superheterodyne receiver, the mixer and local oscillator
circuits are tuned simultaneously so that the IF is always con-
stant. The downconverter is also tuned, but since it is located
outdoors, close to the LNA, tuning is done remotely. The down-
converter oscillator/mixer circuits are tuned by a VCG-a Volt-
age Controlled Oscillator. The voltage required for tuning is
furnished by the satellite receiver and is about 8 volts DC. The
satellite receiver may have a tuning dial permitting selection of a
transponder of a satellite. .
Note that the tuning dial of the in-home satellite receiver does
not select the satellite . Satellite selection is usually done by
moving the dish, either manually or by a remotely controlled
motor, so that the dish "sees" the selected satellite. If a pair of
satellites, possibly adjacent, have 24 transponders, all of those
transponders use the same C-band frequencies . Signal selection,
then, is a two-step process: first, by narrowing the number of
channels from 24 to 12 by choosing either horizontally or ver-
tically polarized signals, and then narrowing the choice to a
single transponder's signals by using a mixer/local oscillator
circuit in the downconverter
FIG. 5-IN A DOWNCONVERTER, the downlink signal is mixed with the
output of a local oscillator to produce a 7G-MHz IF.
70MHz
CBAND DOWNLINK
INPUT ~
FROM LNA
lowered. The use of an LNC also reduces mounting time since
just one component requires installation instead of two. Of
The LNC
The low-noise amplifier and the downconverter are separate
components, but they can be integrated into a single unit that
performs both functions and is known as a low-noise converter
(LNC). There are several advantages to using an LNC. The need
for a cable link between the LNA and the downconverter is
eliminated. The two components are mounted on a common
chassis and are put into a single waterproof enclosure . As a
result, installation is simplified and manufacturing costs are
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a: with an overali gain of about 100,000.
68
course, there are some disadvantages as well. With a separate
LNA and downconverter, it is possible to replace either one of
these units if it fails or the system is upgraded. Also, trou-
bleshooting is often simplified with separate components.
Line amplifier
The output frequency of the downconvert er is commonly 70
MHz, a frequency that can be readily handled by standard
coaxial cable. But coax, just like any other type of cable, does
cause a certain amount of signal attenuation per unit length.
The output of the downconverter supplies the signal that is to
be fed into the input of the satellite receiver. But the downcon-
verter is outdoors; the satellite receiver indoors . The distance
between the two can be as much as 100 feet or more. Whether
such lengths of connect ing cable are tolerabl e or not depends on
the initial signal strength. If signal losses are too great and result
in a weak picture , a line amplifier (see Fig. 6) can be used. A line
ampl ifier is a broadband, fixed tuned , solid-state amplifier. It can
be positioned in the home, contains its own power suppl y,
receives its input signal from the downconverter, and supplies its
output to the satellite receiver.
Technically, it would be desirable to connect the line amplifier
as close to the output of the downconverter as possible, but that
A DOWNCONVERTER IS USED to convert the high-frequency downlink
signals to ones with a lower frequency. Doing that aliows standard coax
cable to be used.
present s practical difficulties. The amplifier would need to be
waterproofed and it would need to be supplied with DC operating
voltages from the satellite receiver, or else contain its own AC
power-suppl y.
Even if the signal strength is adequate for one TV, a line
amplifi er may be required if more than one receiver is to be
operated.
Block downconversion
The downconverter, as indicated earlier, is used to supply the
signals of a single transponder-that is, a single video channel-
to the in-home satellite receiver. However, there is an alternative
approach called block downconversion in which all the channels
presented at the input of the downconverter are handled simul-
taneously. That techniqu e is favored by hotels, motels, and high-
rise apartment houses as a way of permitting individual channe l
selection. The advantage is that such an arrangement requires
j ust a single dish and a single LNA.
With block downconversion, the entire downlink band from
3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz is converted to an intermediate frequency.
There is no standardiza tion or even a consens us as to what that IF
should be; it could be 500 MHz, 1,000 M'Hz, etc.
In block downconversion , as in single-channel downconver-
sion, the input is 12 channels only, assuming that all 12 channels
are opera ting simultaneously. The difference is that the block
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FIG6--IF SIGNAL STRENGTHis inadequate, or if more than one sateliite
receiver is to be used, a line amplifier can be placed between the downcon-
verter and the receiver.
downconverter works on all of the channel s input; the single
downconverter on just one channel at a time. .
With block downconversion, the signal can be deli vered to a
group of satellite receivers, with each having its own mixer!
osci llator circuit for the selection of a wanted channel.
The downconverter output signal
The output of the single-channel downconverter consists of
the composite-video signal modulated onto a 70-MHz carrier.
The only effect of downconversion is to change the very-high-
frequency C-band carrier to one having a lower frequency.
Not only do those two signals, video and audio, remain
unchanged, but the method of modul ation originally used, fre-
quency modulation for both video and audio, remains the same .
Essentially what we have then going into the receiver is a 70-
MHz RF carrie r that is frequency modul ated for both video and
audio. The receiver must demodulate the signal and remodulate
it so that compatible with your TV (AM video, FM audio).
Cables
Generally, the coaxial cable used to carry the IF signals from
the output of the outdoor downconverter to the in-home satellite
receiver will be RG-59!U, which has a charac teristic impedance
of75 ohms . That impedance is based on the physical struct ure of
the cable and is independent of its length. For distances greater
than 300 feet, RG- II!U cable should be used.
The wires used to deliver DC power to the LNA and the
downconverter should be 20-gauge for distances up to 300 feet,
IS-gauge for distances of 300 to 500 feet, and 16-gauge for
distances between 500 and 1,000 feet.
Instead of running separate DC lines and coaxial cable be-
tween the satellite receiver and dish-mounted components, all of
the conductors can be housed within one covering, an arrange-
ment known as a siamese cable.
The connecting coax cable should be long enough to joi n the
components but without sharp bends. Any excess length of cable
should be cut away. Use a drip loop at the point where the cable
enters the home. A drip loop is formed by bending the cable into
a "U" shape and then having the cable enter the home at a slight
upward angle. Using a drip loop will prevent rain water, etc. from
entering the house by following the cable.
There are some types of coaxial cable designed to be run
underground, but standard coax needs to be encased in PVC pipe
for that type of installation. A pipe having an inside diameter of
about %-inch should be satisfactory. Such pipe is available in 10-
foot lengths, and the lengths can be joi ned by threaded sleeves.
Put the coaxial cable and the DC power lines through the pipe
sections before joining them, and then make sure each of the
sleeves is tight. As an added precaution against water infiltration,
coat the ends of each sleeve with a sealant. And, after connectin g
the coaxial cable at both ends, cover the entry areas of the cable
into the pipe with sealant. R-E
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for it today.
AGROWTH INDUSTRY '
High-Technology is a growth industry. The
evidence is clear, and most observers predict a
steady expansion due to a relatively strong flow
of investment capital into computers, electronics
and precision instruments. Sales of computers
alone will reach an est imated ten million units
this year. This means challenges and new
employment opportunities, especially in
servicing and maintenance. Computer servicing '
skills can best be learned by working directly on
field-type equipment. NTS electronic hardware is
selected and developed especially for the
training program with which it is associated. You
learn by doing, by assembling, by performing
tests and experiments, covering principles of
computer electronics, microprocessor trouble-
shooting, and circuitry.
MICROCOMPUTERS
NTS offers three programs in computer
electronics. You will receive training covering
solid-state devices, digital logic circuitry, and the
fundamentals of the computer itself. Instruction
includes micro-control technology and detai led
operation of microcomputers. These courses will
prepare you for entry-level in many facets of the
computer industry such as field service and
customer engineering as well as programming.
In addition to written texts your course includes
the NTS/HEATH disc-drive computer which you
assemble as part of the training process. The
assembly and use of the computer wi ll serve to
reinforce practical application of principles.
MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY
The field of industrial and microprocessor
technology encompasses the application of
electro nic microprocessor cont rol pr inc iples .
Your cou rse takes you from fun damentals of
digital elect ronics and associated ci rcui tr y
through the application of the microprocessor as
a con trol device. You will learn how to move and
manipulate instructions and information. The
microprocessor trainer included in your course is
a microcomputer system designed as a practical
tool for learning the use of software and
hardware techniques utilized in the linking of
microprocessors to various systems.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
City SI8Ie _
Age __
Apt. _
Name
Address _
NATIONAL TECHNICAL SCHOOLS Dept 206-064
4000 South Figueroa Street , Los Ang el es, CA 90037
Pl ease send FREE col or cat alog on course checked bel ow:
o Robotics 0 Computer Electronics
o Digital Electronics 0 Video Technology
o Auto Mechanics 0 Home Appliances
o Air Conditioning/Solar Heating
Use Ihe mall-In card or fill out and mall Ihe coupon. IndicaIe Ihe fi eld of your choice.
(One, only please.) FREE full color calalog will be senl 10you by return mall.
Zip Phone (
, 0 Check If i n t r s t ~ ONLY In classroom training In Los Angeles
o Check if interested In G.1.Bill Information.
America's industrial giants are turning more and
more frequently to home study as an effective way
to upgrade employee skills. You benefit from the
experience NTS has gained in its 79 years as a
leader in technical training. The skills and
experience gained in the building of kits and test
equipment provide you with training that cannot
be duplicated. And ,
depending on the
program you select,
you can earn up to
30 CEU credits for
successful
completion .
Complete details
included in the
catalog .
manufacturing processes. In Video technology, a
new course features the advanced NTS/Heath Z
Chassis "Smart Set" color TV with computer
space command remote control and space
phone. This is an excellent program for those
interested in a career in video servicing with
microcomputer basics.
EARN CEU CREDITS
L J
,----------------------------------------,
I
I
I
I
I
The NTS Compu-Trainer is a fascinating solid-
state device which you will build in order to
perform over ninety logic circuit experiments.
These experiments serve to emphasize an area of
electronics which is essential to the under-
standing of state-of-the-art control equipment;
they are also extremely important to those
wanting to pursue a career in computer
servicing. Separate courses involving the
Compu-Trainer are also available in
Microcomputer Servicing and Digital /Analog
Electronics.
r CHNICAL TRADE TRAININ G SINCE 1905
I le nt and Home-Study School s
I ~ SO. Figueroa sr.. Los Angeles, CA.90037
I ~
I ~
I
o OBLIGATION NO SALESMAN WILL CALL
"NATIONAL
IIliltTECHNICAL
. SCHOOLS
ROBOTICS & VIDEO TECHNOLOGY
Other NTS courses cover a wide range of
specialization. In Robotics, the NTS/Heath Hero I
is included to train you in robotic applications in
Direct
Broadcast
Satellites
If you've ever wanted to watch satellite-
broadcast television-but were put off by the
high price of receiver systems and the large
antenna dish required-then OBS is for you!
MANY PEOPLE WATCH TELEVISI ON SIGNALS TH AT ARE BROAD-
cast from satellites---either thro ugh a cab le TV system or by
using their own TVRO. But there are many more people who
don't watch any TV received from a satellite, even though they
want to. For those people, the new DBS (Direct Broadcast
Satellite) service might be the answer. But before we talk about
DBS , let' s take a look at some of the problems associ ated with C-
band satellite reception now-the problems that DBS may solve.
Cable TV is the most popul ar method for watching satellite
tran smi ssions. But ca ble-TV servi ces aren't uni forml y di s-
tributed throughout the nati on. That's because, in order to be
profitable, a cable system must be located in an area of sufficient
population density. So for man y peop le, a TVRO installation is
the only altern ative .
With almost 20 North American satellites now in geo -
synchronous orbit and more planned , and with each of those
having 12 to 24 transponders, the number of possi ble viewing
choices with a TVRO is larger than VHF and UHF terrestrial
MARTIN CLIFFORD
televisio n programs combined . But while a TVRO installation
presents an interes ting and exciting possibility, and while the
number of TVRO users is growing, there are a few probl ems that
are keep ing many peop le away. The first of those is the cost-
which can easi ly reach several thousand dollars or more. The
second is the size of the dish. While there are some dishes that
have an aperture of j ust 6 feet , there is no questio n that a larger
dish supplies more gai n. (A six-foot dish will not work well
eno ugh in most areas-it depends on the strength of the signal
available at the proposed site. ) But even a six-foot di sh is too
large to install in many cases .
The DBS system
So if you are not service d by cable TV and if the number of
broadcast TV stations that you can receive is limited to one or
two (that includes several million homes in the U.S.), then you
shou ld look into the new DBS (Direct-Broadcast Satellite) ser-
vices-they will increase your viewing variety. Let's see how
DBS works and what it has to offer.
The DBS service will not use the C band. Instead , direct-
broadcasting satellites will use the higher-frequency Ku band
(11.7-12.7 GHz) . Like the satellites that supply video serv ices in
the C band, satellites for the Ku band (sometimes also called the
K band) wi ll be geos tationary with one, or possi bly two, orbital
slots per time zone . Each direct-broadcasting satellite wi ll have
transponders with a three- or four-program capability.
While the DC input power for C band transponders is 5 watts,
power for K band satellites will be higher, possi bly ranging as
much as 160 watt s, with a minimu m a suggested 40 watts . (But as
we' ll di scuss shortly, the only existing direct-broadcas ting ser-
vice uses less than that. ) Because of the higher power, there will
be fewer transponders per satellite. The energ y for the transpo n-
der s is obtained from large photovoltaic panels (sunlight-to-
electricity transducers) spread out from the satellite.
Size of the dish
The size of the dish requi red for DBS rece ption is smaller than
that used for C-band signals . The dish size ranges from about 2
feet to 4 feet. The smaller size is not due to the higher frequency
of the K band-it is solely because of the increased transpo nder
power. (The antenna probe , which measures about V4 inch, is
slightly smaller than one for the C band. ) Because of the smaller
dish size, the gain of K-band dishes will be much less than that of
the larger sized C-band dishes. But , again, the higher transpon-
der power will compensate for that.
There are many argume nts that can be put forth in favor of
small di shes . They are certainly less noticeable and are eas ier to
install , so they're not as likel y to upset your neighbors. They are
easier to pack and ship, so instead of being transported in pe-
tallized form (sect ions), as many C-band dishes are, K-band
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THE MAIN ADVANTAGEOF DBS is that smaller dishes can be used be-
cause of the high power of the satellite transponders. That means that you
can receive DBS programming even in a city.
dishes are single-unit types . Also because the dish is smaller, it is
easier to manufacture to a true paraboli c shape and it can hold
that shape better since there wi ll be less stress on it. K-band
dishes don ' t need to tolerate the high wi nd-load factor that is so
significant wit h C-band types. And, because of their reduced
size and weight , they will lend themselves more readily to roof
mounting or possi bly even wi ndow mounting.
Because there will be fewer satellites on the K band (at least at
the start), it is possible that fixed-mount dishes will be popul ar.
But whether a fixed or polar mount is used , the probl em of
"seeing" a sate llite will remain. Although some projecti ons
have been made about using a window-type installation, there are
several possible problems with that. The first is that even a dish
with j ust an two foot aperture will still require a substantial
amount of support . And, of course, if the window doesn't face in
the in the right directio n, you won' t receive a thing.
If the DBS dish is to be roof-mounted, and is not a fixed-
position type, it wi ll need to be remotely controlled . Even though
the dish is much sma ller than one used for C-band reception, the
roof itself may still need to be reinforce d. That's not only because
it wi ll have to withstand not only the weight of the dish but 'the
wind force as well. It is possi ble that many municipalities will
require an installation permit and the setup may need approval by
a building inspec tor.
The DBS market
What is the marke t for DBS TV-who wi ll watch the new
service? To answer that quest ion, we' ll have to look at the
television services that are now available. Those services include
broadcast TV, cable TV, and SMATV (Satellite Master Antenna
Television). Let' s see how each of those compare to DBS.
Broadcast television is the most popular system available-
and it will continue to be so. That doesn' t mean that it does n' t
have its problems. For example, the number of channels is
limited . But in most areas . the probl em isn't the lack of available
channels-it 's the number of stations that is limited. Another
import ant shortcoming of broadcast terrestrial TV is that the
quality of reception in both sparsely popul ated rural areas and
congested city areas can be rather poor. Those problems are, of
course. what brought about the growth of cable TV and other
alternatives such as MDS (Multipoint Di stribution Service) and
broadcast subscri ption TV.
Cable TV will be more of a compet itor against DBS services
than will broadcast TV. Presentl y, about 60-million homes are
wired for cable . Would DBS give those homes enough of an
incentive to swi tch? Most people would base their decision on
two main factors: Which is a better bargain? Which service gives
THE DBS ANTENNA DISH is hardly noticeable in the photo above. Note
that even the standard TV antenna is larger! . .
bett er progr ammi ng or a greater variety of programming?
The answers to those questions are not easy--especially since
there is now only one DBS service (which we' ll get to shortly) in
operation . (Of course, many peopl e with C-band TVRO systems
will insist that they are watching DBS right now- but we mean
Ku-band signals that are meant specifically for direct-to-home
broadcasts .) Most cable systems offer more than 30 channels,
and those that don' t are being upgraded. It is unlikely that DBS
wi ll offer that many. Also, the backbone of most cable systems is
standard broadcast TV and local progra mming-something that
DBS is also unli kel y to offer. Of course, the price of the systems
has to be considered. Cable subscri bers usuall y have only a
nomin al installation fee to pay to start up. DBS wi ll have a much
higher cost , approaching that of a C-band setup. And in most
cases there will also be a monthly fee to pay.
From what we have said so far, it seems that DBS will have a
The following companies have expressed an interest in direct
broadcasting by satellite and have applied to the FCC.
Advance Incorporated
1835 K Street, NW
Suite 404 Washington, DC 20006
CBS
51 West 52 Street
New York, NY 10019
Direct Broadcast Satellite
Corporation (DBSC)
Suite 520E
7315 Wisconsin Ave.
Washington, DC 20014
Focus Broadcast Satellite Company
Suite 825
One Commerce Plaza
Nashville, TN 37239
Graphic Scanning
99 West Sheffield Ave.
Englewood, NJ 07631
RCA
David Sarnoff Research Center
Princeton, NJ 08540
Satellite Television Corporation (STC)
1301 Pennsylvania Ave, NW
Washington, DC? 20004
United Satellite Communications, Inc.
(USCI)
1345 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10105
United States Satellite Broadcasting
Company (USSB)
3415 University Ave.
St. Paul, Minnesota 55114
Video Satellite Systems
29201 Telegraph Road, Suite L-8
Southfield, MI 48034
Western Union
1828 L Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
hard time competing against cable TV. But we can' t forget that
there are millions of homes that don ' t have cable available and
that many cable servi ces offer only a minimum of programming.
And because there is only one DBS service in operation, we're
not sure just how much new or different programming will be
transmitted.
SMATV is the another service that will compete with DBS for
viewers . (SMATV is used by apartme nt buildings, etc. to dis-
tribute programming to tenants. It's sort of an " in-house" cable
system.) One advantage that DBS will offer over C-ba nd
SMATV is a smaller sized dish and a presumably less expensive
TVRO setup. But until we know for sure what programming will
be available. it's hard to determine which will find more favor
with SMATV operators .
FCC approval
K-band usage for sate llite signal transmiss ions has been ap-
proved by the FCC. And, just as no licensing is required by the
FCC for C-band TVRO's , there will be no licensing needed for
the K band.
It was less than four years ago that the first company (STC)
filed with the FCC for a DBS system and the FCC proposed
interim DBS rules. Those interim rules were approved about a
year later, after the Regional Administrative Radio Conference in
Geneva (RARC-83) in June, 1983. One advantage of the late
happeni ngs is that DBS will be able to apply advanced tech-
nology and learn from experience acquired with C-band TVRO
systems . We should note that existing dishes for the C band will
be usable for the K band , but all other components will need to
be modified or replaced. For joint C-band and K-band operation
it is possibl e that integrated LNA's, downconverters and satellite
receivers may be made available.
Recent developments
The first direct-to-home satellite service is now broadcasting
to homes in the eastern half of the U.S. (not including the 'area of
Georgia, Alabama, and Florida). The system, owned by United
Satellite Communications Inc . or USCI (1345 Avenue of the
ARTIST'S REPRESENTATION OF THE HIGH-POWERED direct-broadcast-
ing satellite that STCplans to use in 1986tobeam programming to both the
Eastern and Central time zones . Each of the two satellites will carry three
channels and will transmit 200-watt signals.
Americas , New York, NY 10105) expects to expand by the end of
this year to cover the ent ire west coast (in addition to the 26 states
east of the Rocky Mountains from Maine to Tennessee that it now
serves). That will happen when USCI switches its service (from
the ANIK C2 satellite that it is now using, which has a transpon-
der power of 15 watts) to the GSTAR A2 satellite, which has a
transponder power of 20 watts. After the switch, 82% of all
homes with television would have the service available. The dish
that 's required ranges in size from 2V1to 4 feet , depending on the
location.
In January of this year, an agree ment was reached that made
Radio Shack the exclusive retail sales agent for USCr. RCA
Service Company will install and service the receiving equip-
ment. The cos t for the service incl udes a installation fee of $300
and a monthly fee of $39.95 that covers programming. rental,
and maintenance. However, you can buy the receiving equip-
ment for $995 . (That includes installati on and one year of service
and programming.)
Satellite Television Corpora tion (STC), who filed the first
applicatio n to buil d a DBS system, expects to be broadcasting
later this year (in the fall). They plan to offer a five-channel pay-'
TV system to the northeastern U.S. (from Norfolk, VA to Bur-
lington, VT and from the coast west to Pittsbur gh, PA.
STe plans to expand thei r serv ice in 1986 with a 6-channel
pay-TV system to the eastern half of the U.S. They plan to use
200-watt travelling-wave tubes (a special vacuum tube for ampli-
fying microwave signals). R-E
HOME CONTROL
In this concluding part of our look at a control
computer you can build, we'll finish our
discussion of the I/O systems and show you
a sample application for the unit.
COMPUTER
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Part 3
AS WE PROMISED LAST
time, we'll start this
month with a look at the byte-wide VO
port .
The 8-bit parallel 110port is the easiest
to design . All that is required for inputs is
to enable 8 buffers onto the data bus for
each port. That job is done by IC2 and
IC3, which are 74LS541 buffers. For out-
puts, all we have to do is to latch the status
of the data bus, for which we use IC6 and
IC7, 74LS377 D-type flip-flops.
While the byte-wide port is best suited
to data transfer, it is possible to use it for
bit-wise control as well-but it's not al-
ways easy to isolate the single bit that's of
interest. In the case of input testing , it
involves a mathematical process called bit
masking. If the output port is used for
single-bit control, a record of the state of
the port must be maintained in the pro-
gram so that the proper output word can
be formed, that will toggle the desired bit
but leave all of the other bits unchanged.
The same simple software commands
used for the bit addressable ports are used
to control the 8-bit parallel ports . For ex-
ample, "OUT(l6,0): OUT(l6,255) " will
STEVEN E. SARNS
set all 8 outputs first to zero then to 1. The
command "LET A=INP(l6) " will as-
sign a value to A in the range of 0 to 255
depending on the status of the 8 inputs.
Analog inputs
Most natural processes appear to us as
analog or continuous-time functions . The
temperature, pressure, humidity, sound
levels, and light levels surrounding you
are analog quantities . But the measuring
process can convert the analog function
into a discrete digital function. For exam-
ple, we know that the temperature does
not change in steps. But if your ther-
mometer is only accurate to one-half de-
gree, then the temperature will appear to
change in 1I2-degree steps. If you used a
thermometer with higher resolution , you
could extend the number of digits used to
express the temperature. But no matter
how accurate the thermometer, you can-
not express the temperature exactly.
In order for the computer to be able to
"understand " analog quantit ies , they
have to be converted into digital quan-
tities . That's the purpose of the analog-to-
digital (AID) converter.
The first parameter used to describe our
AID converter is the number of bits the
result will be-the resolution of the mea-
surement. The smallest increment or
change of the result is always one least-
significant-bit (LSB). An 8-hit conversion
resolves to one part in 256. The next pa-
rameter is the span of the conversion.
That is the physical range that is repre-
sented by the zero and full-scale values of
the AID output. Thus, if our 8-bit convert-
er had a span from 0 to 255. each bit of
output would represent one degree . If the
span were reduced to 125. each bit would
represent 112. The number of bits of the
conversion determines the resolution of
the converter. The span of the conversion
determines the resolution of the physical
quantity. Increasing the number of bits or
decreasing the span will increase the reso-
lution of the result.
The accuracy of the AID conversion
takes into account not only repeatability,
but the absolute accuracy of the output
compared to the input. That is really a
measure of the accuracy of the standard
used during the conversion process. If a
reference diode defines full-scale as 2.55
volts, and if that reference should drift to
2.56 volts, then 2.56 volts will be required
at the AID input to produce a result at the
output of 255. That potential source of
inaccuracy can be eliminated by using a
technique called ratiometric measure-
ment. Ratiometric measurements are
made using the same source for both the
reference and the transducer. Thus any
variations will be present in both and will
cancel out.
The last parameter we should consider
is the number of channels-the number of
inputs that can be connected to the AID
converter. Obviously with 2 AID convert-
ers, we can measure 2 different points .
COMPUTERBOARD. Note how the 24-pin devices are plugged into the 28-pin sockets leaving pins 1
and 2 empty.
write to the AID to start the conversion.
Third , read the result. In BASIC, we
could write:
10 OUT(l6,0)
20 OUT(32 ,0)
30 PRINT INP(32)
Line 10selects channel 0, line 20 writes a
zero to the AID to start conversion, line 30
prints the result.
Digital-ta-analog conversion
Most of the same parameters that we
noted for AID conversion also apply in
DI A conversion. Although the control
computer doesn' t have DIA capabilities,
they can be added with very little effort.
As shown in Fig. 3 ~ a a simple resistor-
capacitor network is the only hardware
required. Remember the description of
the SAR AI D converter? We can imple-
ment a DIA converter in a similar manner
with the components we have on the board
a
TODIGITAL R ANALOG
OUTPUT 1 a:OUTPUT
TOOIGITAL R
OUTPUT 2
TOANALOG L
INPUT , J..
b
FIG. 13-TWO SIMPLE D/A circuits. The circuit
shown in b is also shown in Fig. 1, the schematic
of the computer. The values of the components
depend on your particular application.
PORT 2 PORT1
AID
INPUTS'
CABLE FROM
POWER.SUPPLY----l I
BOARD I
However, by equippi ng a single AID con-
verter with an analog input multiplexer we
can also measure several points (but not
simultaneously).
There are two common methods of per-
forming the conversion. The first is called
integration. The input voltage causes a
proportional input current to charge a ca-
pacitor to a specific voltage level. The
time required to charge the capacitor is
inversely proportional to the input volt-
age. The second method is called suc-
cessive approximation (SAR). In that
method, the analog input is compared to
the output of a digital to analog (D/A)
converter. The DIA converter is adjusted
until its output matches the unknown ana-
log input. The input to the DI A converter
that produces the match becomes the out-
put of the AID converter.
The number of tries before a match is
made is never more than the number of
bits of resolution. Thus an 8-bit AID will
find a match in no more than 8 tries.
Integrating AID's are very accurate but
slow. Twelve- and l4-bit conversions take
tens of milliseconds . Successive approx-
imat ion (SAR) AID's are fast, but are not
as accurate. Eight-bi t conversio ns may
take only a few microseconds.
The AID converter selected for our
computer is ICI, the ADC0805 from Na-
tional Semiconductor. That 8-bit SAR
converter can span input voltages as low
as .25 volts. Provision has been made for
ratiometric or absolute conversion. The
converter has true differential inputs and
zero-offset adjustment. An analog multi-
plexer is included in the circuit that ac-
commodates up to 8 input channels.
The ADC0805 is designed to be used
with microprocessors , so all we have to do
is to connect it to the data and control
buses.
A conversio n is initiated by writing
(anything) to the AID converter. The re-
sult will be available by the time BASIC
interprets the next program statement.
The channel-select controls of the input
multiplexer (lC5 pins 9, 10, and 11) are
connected to three output s of the 8-bit port
at S02. That doesn't mean that you have
to use the port, only the AID converter-it
can be used for data transfer. The only
requirement is that the multiplexer's con-
trol inputs be stable when the AI D con-
verter is making a measurement.
Using the AID converter is a simple
1-2-3 procedure . First, select the channel
(using the 8-bit output port). Seco nd,
and some software.
One of the bit-addressable outputs and
one input of the AID converter must be
dedicated to each DIA channel. The digi-
tal output is used to charge a capacitor
through a resistor, and the AID input mea-
sures the voltage on the capacitor. That
measured voltage is compared to the de-
sired value (which is stored in the pro-
gram). If the voltage is too low, the output
is turned on. If the voltage is too high, the
output is turned off. The selection of the
R-C time constant, and the frequency that
the output is corrected by the program,
determine the accuracy of that simple ap-
proach.
The major limitation of that approach is
that the ripple and response time of the
circuit are directly related. If minimum
ripple is required, a long response time is
the result. That can be avoided with a
slightly more sophisticated circuit, such
as the one shown in Fig. l3-b .
That circuit uses one bit-addressable
output to charge the capacitor and another
to discharge it. When the voltage is cor-
rect , the capaci tor is neith er bei ng
charged nor discharged . Thus, the only
contribution to ripple is the discharge cur-
rent imposed by the load. The response
c...
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79
ORDERING INFORMATION
NEW
LET
FOR/NEXT
GOSUB/RTN
INPUT
REM
PEEK
INP
THE FINISHED PRODUCT. The hinged spacers at the rear of t he board let you tilt the computer board
up, giv ing you easy access to both boards, while keeping the size of the system down .
resistor for the thermistor are all that is
required . The software to drive that circuit
is just as simple:
700 OUT(l6,1): REM AID CHAN-
NEL I
710 OUT(32,0): REM START CON-
VERSION
720 LET B =INP(32): REM D/A
OUTPUT VO LTAGE I S
STORED IN B
740 REM VARIABLE C CONTAINS
DESIRED OUTPUT
750 REM RC IS CONNECTED TO
BIT ADDRESSABLE OUTPUT
o
770 IF B<C OUT(O,l) : REM
CHARGE UP CAPACITOR
780 IF B>C OUT(O,O): REM DIS-
CHARGE CAPACITOR
If you wanted to compute the average tem-
perature since the unit was turned on:
800 LET D =D+ I : REM THE
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
810 LET E =E+A : REM THE AC-
CUMULATED TEM-
PERATURES
820 LET F = EID: REM THE AVER-
AGE TEMPERATURE
That illustrates the advantages of smart
control over a traditional thermistor/lin-
earizer/meter approach. Although more
complex initially, the control computer is
unlimited in its adaptabi lity.
Of course, now that you have the tem-
perature information inside the computer,
you can use this data to control any of the
outputs . Those can control your home
heating system etc. R-E
455 IF A=255 PRINT "5.8"
500 PRINT " DEGREES"
510 GOTO 100
Although that program will make any pro-
fessional programmer shudder, it works,
it's simple, and it doesn't require hours of
debugging. One ofthe features that makes
this computer so powerful is that it can be
up-and-running in a minimum of develop-
ment time.
Now, suppose we wanted the output of
cur digital thermometer to go to a DVM
instead. The simple D/A plus the pull-up
possible choice is Analog Devices'
AD590, which has a current output that is
also a linear functio n of temperature.
Both of those devices can be connected
directly to one of the AID converter's in-
put channels and the result can be scaled
to read degrees. But suppose you just
reach into the junk box and come out with
an unmarked, unknown thermistor. You
can connect it to the input of the AID
converter with a pull up resistor to
+ 5VDC. Using IF statements, your pro-
gram can find the correct temperature:
100 OUT(l6,0):REM CHANNEL 0
CONNECTED TO THER-
MISTOR
110 OUT(32 ,0):REM START CON-
VERSION
120 LET A = INP(32) :REM ASSIGN
RESULT TO A
200 IF A=O PRINT "45"
201 IF A= I PRINT " 44"
202 IF A=2 PRINT "42"
A BASIC interpreter for the control
computer is available (see Ordering
Information). BASIC I can operate on
26 variables, and includes commands
such as:
LIST
RUN
IF
GOTO
PRINT
STOP
XMIT
POKE
OUT
The BASIC II operat ing system in-
cludes all that is contained in BASIC I.
In addition, it can operate on 52 varia-
bles and 1 array, and contains about
twice as many commands. Those ex-
tra commands incl ude FILL, STAT,
DUMP, EPROM (which programs an
EPROM wi th the current program)
MOD, ONERROR, and many others.
The following are available from Vesta
Technology, Inc ., 2849 W. 35th Ave.,
Denver, CO80211: KIT1: Kit of all parts
needed to control 7 LS-TTL outputs,
monitor 7 inputs, program EPROM's,
RS-232 serial port, and 2K RAM (does
not include operating system-see be-
low), $99.95; Operat ing systems con-
tained in ROM: BASIC I operat ing
system, $12.95; BASIC II operating
system, $29.95; Forth operating sys-
tem, $79.95; Assembled, tested, and
burned-in control computer with
BASIC II operating system, $279;
RS-232 cable, $24.95; 2716 EPROM,
$6.95; Power-supply/BSR-link kit, in-
cluding all components, $59.95; As-
sembled, tested, and burned in power
supply, $109.Add $6 for shipping, han-
dling and insurance.
time can be made as fast as it takes the
software to decide if the capacitor requires
charging or discharging. Note that the
circuit shown in Fig. 13-b is also shown in
the computer's schematic (Fig. 1). The
open circles shown at diodes D1 and D2
(or R2) are for connection to the bit-ad-
dressable port. The analog signal is output
at SOl pin 15. (That output also gets con-
nected to one of the AID inputs.)
Digital thermometer
As an example of the simplicity and
flexibility that smart control can provide,
we'll look at how we could use the control
computer to measure the temperature.
The first step is to select the transducer.
There are several options . We could use
National Semiconductor's LM335, which
has a linear output of 10 mV/oC. Another
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Build this useful automotive test instrument and stop
guessing about your car's emissions.
ANALYZER
AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST
IC's the mse lves, with the exception of
ICI . are not to be installed now. As ICI is
a voltage reg ulator, it is not socketed . In-
stead, solder that device directly to the
board at this time . Then mount the diodes
maki ng sure that they are oriented prop-
erly. Nex t, install the capacitors begin-
ning wi th the physicall y sma ller types.
Next. mount the trimmer potentiometers:
R24, R26, and R32 . Then mo unt transis-
tor s Ql-Q5 .
The function switch (S2) shaft must be
trimmed to a YR-inch length. When that
has bee n done , mou nt it on the PC boa rd,
but only after the cabinet top has been
drilled and can be used to check switch
alig nme nt. That is important since the
switch cannot be moved once it is sol-
dered in place. If it is crooked when in-
stalled , it will not allow the top to be
attac hed properly. Set the switch int o the
boa rd (noting the rotat iona l alignme nt
shown by the tab position in fig. 6-b). It
may be necessary to straighten some of
the contacts before it can be smoothly
inserted . The switch should be inserted in
the board to a de pth such that abou t Yi6-
inch of the solder contacts prot rude out
beyond the bott om of the board. Then
light ly solder one or two contacts and
-mporari ly install the PC board in the
cabi net bott om . Check to see that the
top cover wi ll fit without binding
at the swi tc h shaft clearance
hole. When satisfied , remove
the PC board and complete
the contact soldering.
The four-conductor ca-
ble interface between the
displ ay unit and the con-
version box is made
using a modular tele-
phone-extension cable
wi th plug and recep-
tacle asse mbly. Cut a
9-inch section of
the cable at th e
plug end, and
use th at to
con nect
t h e
ma kes the proj ect look a
lot neater.) After soldering
the resistors in pl ace , trim the
leads flush with the solder mounds .
Next, install the IC sockets, maki ng sure
that the notch , or dot, on one end of the
socket is aligned with pin 1. Note that the
ing when the board is inve rted for solder-
ing . (To help in troubleshoot ing, should it
become necessary, orient the resistors so
that all the first bands point in the same
dir ect ion . Th at
al so
PHILIP M. VAN PRAAG
Part 2
LAST TIME WE INTRO-
duce d you to a device
for ana lyzing your car 's ex haust emis-
sions . Thi s month , we' ll show you how to
build and use the unit.
Figure 11 is the part s-pl acement dia-
gram for the displ ay boa rd; Fig . 12 is the
parts- placement diagram for the TCC
board . Note that the four-c onduc-
tor cable on the TCC board (Fig .
12) is installed on the foil side . Be
careful to or ient all IC's , diodes,
and polar ized capaci tors as shown.
Use a 25-wat t iron wit h a fine point-
ed tip, and .030-inch solder.
One point should be made here
abo ut the resi stors . Note that the ma-
j ority are preci sion 1% units . Such re-
sis tors are now availa ble fro m a
number of sour ces, incl udi ng Di gi-
Key (High way 32 South, PO Box 677,
Thief River Falls, MN 56701). A less ex-
pen si ve alte rna tive for those who have
well stocked j unkboxes is to tes t more
commo n 5% res istors with a DMM until
ones wi th the preci se value ca lled for are
found.
Study Figs. 11 and 12 before starti ng
construc tion of the boards, and decide
upon a meth od of attack for inse rting the
component s. Althoug h ind ividual styles
di ffer, the fo llowi ng sequence sho uld
work well. The idea here is that by se-
quencing the parts ins tallation according
to the height of the componen ts, several
simi lar components ca n be inserted on the
board before the board is invert ed and the
part s soldered in place. That should speed
things up a bit.
Firs t , ins tall the horizon tal-mount fixed
Y4-watl res is tors, slight ly bending the
leads afte r inserti on to avoid mi sposition-
TO
CLOCK
MOOULE
Battery operation
Two self-contained batteries are used
by the unit. One is a hearing-aid type 1.5-
volt cell. The other is a common 9-volt
transistor-radio-type battery. The 1.5-volt
cell is used in the timer module and its life
expectancy is over one year.
The 9-volt battery powers all of the re-
maining circuitry. Current drain is rather
high due to the required thermi stor heat-
ing. Therefore, the unit should only be
turned on when exhaust measurement s
are needed. Also, when repl acing the bat-
ates a controlled inlet aperture . That aper-
ture limits the exhaust-gas flow rate into
the con' ers ion box, ensuring adequate
gas cooling before exposure to the TCe.
Velcro strips can be used to allow at-
tachmen t of the conversion box to the
automobile. First, glue the " fabric" por-
tion of the strip to the back of the con-
version box. Then, doubl e-sided carpet
tape can be applied to the mating Velcro
stri p for attachment to the bumper. (Never
stick the tape onto a painted porti on of the
car, as the paint is likely to come off when
removing the strip later on.)
Figure 14 shows the component and
board placement within the conversion
box. As shown, the sensors should be
mounted Y4-inch above the PC board.
Plastic spray-bottle caps (with approxi-
mate dimen sions as shown) should then
be glued to the board over the sensor as-
semblies . Try to center the caps around
the sensor fixtures. Silicone glue may be
used, although 3M windshield adhesive
(available at automotive-parts stores) is
even more effective. Apply the glue to the
mating surfaces only, When the caps are
in place, coat the outer cap and the board
surfaces with addit ional glue to be certain
of a good seal. Once the glue is firm, melt
a hole into the test- sensor cap where
shown in Figure 14. (The hole should face
the side of the conversion box that con-
tain s the strain-re lief/cable assembl y.)
Holdin g a 1I4-inch diameter screw with a
pair of pliers, heat the screw with a candle
flame and use it to melt a hole through the
plastic. The cap/board assembly should
then be silicone glued to the side and
bottom of the conversion box. Be sure to
use ample amo unts of si lic one glue
around thecontrol sensor, as it is vital that
no exhaust gas be allowed to reach it.
Assembl e the tube stub as shown in
Fig. 14 using four 6-32 nut s to space the
stub from the side edge. Don 't forget to
place a No.6 washer inside the flattened
tube end before tight ening the out side
6-32 nut. When the four "spacer" nuts are
snug, tighten the outside nut with a small
wrench or pliers unt il the tube end is com-
pressed aga inst the washer inside the
tube. Thus, gas will be allowed into the
box only at the top and bottom of the
washer, and to a small degree through the
outer sides .
S3
RESET
When construction of the displ ay board
is complete, clean off all solder-flux resi-
due with isopropyl alcohol or commer cial
spray flux-remover. lfusing a commercial
flux remover be sure to read the directi ons
as some of those are harmful to plastics.
Conversion box preparation
Figure l3-a shows the conversion-box
preparat ion det ails for the box available
from the supplier mentioned in the parts
list. Also shown is the probe and tubing
assembly (Fig. l3-b). The probe is built
using 3fs-inch outside diameter (0.0 .)
copper tubing, with an alligator cl ip add-
ed to make sure that the probe remains in
the auto-exhaust pipe when it is placed
there. A 48-inch length of 3/s-inch J.D.
(Inside Diameter), Y2-inch 0 .0., vinyl
tubing connects the probe to the con -
version box . (Note that if you purchase
the complete kit from the source men-
tioned in the parts list, all cutting and
drill ing will already have been done.)
A 2-inch copper tube stub (see Fig. 13-
c) is needed to attach the vinyl tubing to
the conversion box. Crimp a 7/i6-inch
length of one end in a vise to obtain the
flattened dimensions indicated. Then drill
a 5/32-inch hole where shown. Insert a No.
6 fl at washer (3Js- inch 0 .0., Y32- inch
thick) into the flattened port ion when as-
sembling as discussed below. Flattening
of the stub and insertin g the washer ere-
FIG. 12-THE FOUR-CONDUCTOR CABLE is in-
stalled on the foil side of the TCC board. Note
that Fig. 10 shows an " X-ray" view of the board,
not the foil-side as was stated last month .

TO GNO(REO) I
OISPLAY l :
BOARD .-----;;-] II
TEST(GRN) I I
----.., III
7::I ..-------
ISRl
.....--.
PC boards. Figures 11 and 12 show how
the boards are interconnected. The color
scheme indicated is not mandatory, but
following it will minimize any chance of
confusion. Note that the recept acle is
mounted on the conversion box and wired
to the TCC board. Doing that allows the
conversion box to be disconnected from
the display unit when not in use.
Turning to the off-board components,
use small-gauge, color-coded wires for
the connections to S1 and S3. Twist them
rather tightl y to prevent spurious ignit ion-
noise pick-up that otherwise could occur
with some automobiles. (The noi se pick-
up would cause err atic timer tri ggering
and occasional faulty display readings .)
R32
= __...,;;=....... ;IlRIOGE
FIG. 11-PARTS PLACEMENT DIAGRAM for the display board. Study the board carefully before
beginning construction.
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Checkout and calibration
The fo l lowi ng cnl i br at i on/test pr o-
cedures are performed wit h the probe ex-
posed to ambi ent air-condi ti ons only. Do
not allow exposure to exhaust gas at thi s
time. Doubl e-check all connecti ons and
component or i entati on . Do not install the
IC' s into the sockets yet. (Only I CI.
which i s sol dered in pl ace. shoul d be in-
stal led to thi s point .)
If you haven't re-i nstalled the timer bat-
tery yet. do so now. and verify that all that
all of the timer 's functi ons operate as de-
scri hed in it s owners bookl et. With no
external power appl i ed to the unit. all
timer functions shoul d be just as they
would be normall y. If that i s not the case.
do not proceed until you have isolated and
cor rected the probl em. Try di sconnecting
the four wi res from the di splay PC board.
I f operation returns to normal . then some-
thing i s probabl y mi swired in the QI. Q2.
or Q3 ci rcui try. I f timer operati on i s sti ll
fault y. then ei ther the wire connections on
the timer board are bad (for example. sol-
der bridgin g across two circuit paths) or
the timer modul e i s bad.
Befor e connect i ng the conversion-box
cabl e to the di splay unit. apply power via
54. Check the voltage at ICI 2. It should
be +5 volts. Leave the power applied for
a few minutes. then touch ICI . It shoul d
be j ust sl i ghtl y warm. not hot. I f all i s
tery. be sure that the uni t i s of f (to prevent
damage).
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS
IN INCHES
3/8DIA

-1 .1-1/8 f--\911:
116
DIA . 1 J

b

5/32DI A
INSERTWASHER I ' ' I
WHEN ASSEM8L1NG I
(SEE TEXT) .
- - - -
1/8
4 1- .I
FIG. 13.-DETAILS for preparing the conversion box (a), the probe and tublnq assembly (b), and a tube
stub (e).
All resistors 1%, V4-watt unless other-
wise noted
R1-100,000 ohms. 5%
R2, R1 2---4700 ohms, 5%
R3, R4, R13-R16-10,000 ohms, 5%
R5, R6, R8, R22---4870 ohms
R7-8450 ohms
R9-47,500 ohms
R10---4640 ohms
R11. R23-30,900 ohms
R17, R18-20,500 ohms
R19. R2Q-100,000 ohms
R21---46,400 ohms
R24-50,000 ohms. miniature potentiom-
eter, linea r taper, vertical PC-board
mount
R25---4530 ohms
R26-1O,000 ohms, miniature potentiom-
eter, linear taper , vertical PC-board
mount
R27-14,300 ohms
R28-6810 ohms
R29-11,800 ohms
R31-1000 ohms, miniature potentiome-
ter. linear taper, panel mount , with
SPST switch (S4)
R32-300 ohms, miniature potentiome-
ter, li near taper. vert ical PC-board
mount
R33-221 ohms
R34. R35-105 ohms
R36, R37-22,100 ohms
R38, R4Q-226,000 ohms
R39-152,000 ohms
R41-143,000 ohms
PARTS LIST
R42, R43-210,000 ohms
Capacitors
C1-C5, C7-C9, C13-0.1J.lF, cerami c
disc
C6, C11 . C12-100 pF, ceramic disc
C1Q-.001 J.lF, mylar .
C14-.05 J.l F. ceramic disc
Semiconductors
IC1-LM340T-5 or 78M05 +5 volt regula-
tor
IC2, IC6-74COO CMOS quad NAND
gate
IC3-LM324 quad operational amplifier
IC4- TL507C Ai D converter
IC5-ICL7621OCPAdual operational am-
plifier
Q1-Q5-2N3904 NPN silicon transistors
01-1N914 or 1N4148 general purpose
diode
SR1, SR2-G126 precision matched ther-
mi stor pair (Fenwal Elect ronics, 63
Fountain St., Framingham, MA 01701)
TM1-ti mer module, model U01 sport
stopwatch (Armitron Corporation, 29-1 0
Thompson Ave. Long Island City, NY
11101)
S1,S3-SPST momentary normally open
pushbutton (C & K 8631 or equivalent)
S2---4POT rotary, panel mount
S4-SPST potentiometer switch, part of
R31
81-9-volt battery
Miscellaneous: PC boards, display and
conversion-box cabinets. IC sockets, 9-
volt battery terminal clip, modular tele-
phone extension cord, 25 feet, with plug
and receptacle (MCM TA625 or equiv-
alent), vinyl thin-wall tublnq 1.0.,
Y2-inch 0.0., 48-inch length), copper tub-
ing (a-inch 0 .0. , 1fJ2-inch wall thickness,
14-inch length), spray bottle caps (see
text), alligator clip, cable strain-relief (0/16-
inch mounting hole), silicone glue, Velcro
strip (1Y2 inches wide by 3 inches long),
double-sided carpet tape, 30 gauge wire,
8-conductor ribbon cable, knobs. hard-
ware, etc.
The following are available from PVP
Industries, P.O. Box 35667, Tucson, AZ
85740: Etched and drilled epoxy-glass
PCboards for display cabinet and con-
version box for $14.95; SR1, SR2 sen-
sor pair for $22.95; PCboard set, both
cabinets (not drilled), timer module,
front panel decal for display cabinet,
and modular extension cord for
$49.95; complete kit of all parts (except
glue and battery), including pre-drilled
cabinets for $98.95; completely as-
semb led, calibrated, and tested unit for
$129.95. The above prices are postpaid
in the continental U.S. Arizona resi-
dents add 5% sales tax. Readers of Ra-
dio-Electronics are invited to send a
SASE to the above address to receive
free updates on this project, along with
user tips as they become available.
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TO DISPLAY
UNIT
surance of safety. While the system itself
is designed so that gas is sampled and
converted to an electrical signal outside
the car. exhaust'gas canseep into the car in
many other ways . Do NOT take chances!
FIG. 14-THE Tee BOARD is mounted ins ide the conversion box. Note that all exhaust tests are made
with the conversion box oriented as indicated by the arrow.
well. remove power. connect the con-
version-box cable, and install the remain-
ing Ie's. Then set the BAl.ANCE control
(R31 ) and trimmer potentiometers R24,
R26. and R32 to their midpoint positions,
and set the ['UNCT ION to the co position.
If the timer had been in the normal
clock mode. you must change it to timer
mode by holding S3 depressed for a few
seconds until the display changes to all
zeros . Now re-apply power. After several
seconds. the display should begin to re-
spond to the initiation of tests about every
two seconds .
If the word l. AP appears on the display
(belowthe two smaller digits on the right),
that means the count/reset sequence is out
of step. That may occasionally happen
after power up. Simply depress the T IMER
switch one time. That should clear the
counting abnormality within two or three
test cycles .
Now proceed with the cali bration pro-
cess, as follows. Again. be certain that
there is no exhaust gas near the conversion
box. and that its temperature is stable.
Also. orient the conversion box as shown
in Fig. 14. (That is the orientation that will
be used during actual exhaust testing.)
1. Connect a DVM between the dis-
play-board pads for the green and yellow
leads to the TCe board . Adj ust R32 for a
reading of exactly 0 volts. There will be
some settling time required, so leave the
DVM connected for about 30 seconds.
2. Adjust R26 for a display of 4.0%
Take your time in doing that step as it is
rather critical . Make the adjustment in
sma ll incremen t s until the rea di ng
changes with each test cycle. If movement
in one direction doesn' t produce a display
change. go back to midrange and try the
other direction. When you do start seeing
a change, continue to adj ust, but in even
sma ller increment s , until the di spl ay
reads 4.0 consistently on several subse-
quent tests.
3. Swit ch to the A/F mod e, and adjust
R24 for a 13.1 display. Follow the pro-
cedure outlined in the previous step.
That completes the checkout and cal-
ibration process. The sett ings of R24,
R26. and R32 should not require readjust-
ment under normal circumstances. The
BAl. A NC E control should give you enough
of an adjustment range to compensate for
any subtle variations due to component
aging or imbalances at parti cul ar ambient
temperatures.
WARN I NG : Ex ha us t gas i s poi -
sonous! Do NOT ever perform any ex-
haust-gas tests in an enclosed or poorly
ventilated area! Even being inside a car
with the windows rolled up is no as-
Setup
The first step is to attach the conversion
box to the rear-bumper area. Choose a
position that allows the tubing and probe
\0 reac h the exhaust tailpipe without
stretching or sharply bending the tubing.
Also. observe the mounting direction as
outlined earlier. Velcro strips may be used
to attach the box. but they may not be
suitable for all applications. Other alter
natives may be necessary, such as mask-
ing tape. An especially sturdy mounting
is not needed unless the unit is to be used
while dri ving. in which case adequate
means must be provided to prevent a
change of position or the device even fall-
ing off the car. Do not attach the probe
until after the balance operation described
below has been performed.
Before the unit can be used, two things
must be allowed to happen: One is that the
engine must be allowed to reach its nor-
mal operating temperature (about 10 min-
utes in mild weather), and the other is that
the test unit must be allowed to stabilize
(about I minute). If you warm up the car
while allowing the unit to stabilize, be
sure that no exhaust gas is allowed to
reach the conversion box until after the
balance operation is performed. Also,
never start the engine while the probe is
inserted in the tailpipe, as the initial surge
of exhaust is extremely "dirty," and could
coat the TCe, altering the unit 's accuracy.
A small piece of tape may be placed over
the conversion-box gas-inlet stub and
drain hole during warmup to ensure that
exhaust gas will not enter at that time.
In use, all functions are displayed when
the timer is in the stopwatch mode. If the
timer is in the clock mode, depress the
MODE switch for a few seconds until the
display reads all zeros . That can be done
whether or not power has been applied. In
fact, if power is not applied, the unit can
be used as an ordinary stopwatch. Once
power is applied and the unit is placed in
the STOPWATC H mode, the display should
begin to change in response to each test
cycle.
The unit uses the three rightmost dis-
play digits for readout. with an assumed
decimal point between the rightmost two
digits. Thus. a 134 display in the A/F mode
indicates a 13.4 air/fuel ratio while a 036
display in the co mode indicates a CO
content of 3.6%.
To activate the unit. rotate the BALANCE
control from its off position to about mid-
range. As explained above. allow a brief
warmup period. That allows time for pre-
heating the TCC sensors, and generally
allows the system to become acclimated
to ambient conditions in the test environ-
TEST CHAMBER
GASINLET HOLE
(SEE TEXT)
CAPDIAMETERS,
13/16 (NARROW END)
15/16 (WIDE END)
BOARD DIMENSIONS,
1 X 21/2
ALL DIMENSIONS
IN I NCHES

SRI
(CONTRO L)
TUBE
STUB
1/2

# 6WASHER INSIDE
TUBE
(4) 6-32 NUTS

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ment. Once the di spl ay stabilizes, adj ust
the BALANCE control for a readin g of 4.0
in the co mode or 13.1 in the A/F mode.
When the engine is running at normal
operating temperatur e, insert the probe
into the tailp ipe, and attach the tubing to
the conversion box. There will be a very
bri ef response lag-time encountered as
the display changes to reflect the thermal
conductivity of the gas sample. (Note that
a new sample test is performed about
every two seconds.) It is normal for some
fluctuation " drift" in adj acent readings,
particul arl y if the engi ne is idling rough,
or if the engine system routinely changes
idle speed, timing, or carburetor mixture
in respon se to engi ne temper ature.
If your automobile has a catal ytic con-
verter, accurate readings can best be ob-
tained by sensing the exhau st gas before
the converter . Whil e some autos have a
port available for thi s test ing, it will prob-
ably be necessary to remove the exhaust-
gas recircul at ion (EGR) valve and insert
the probe at that point in the system. (It
wi ll then be necessary to close off the
EGR line to the int ake manifold to ensure
accurate readin gs.) The catal ytic convert-
er changes much of the hydrocarbons and
CO into water and carbon dioxide. That
" new" gas/vapor mixture present s a dif-
ferent composite thermal conductivity to
the Tee, thus affecting accur acy.
Adjustments.
When making adj ustments , be sure to
allow time for the displ ay to respond . It
takes time for the engine system to stabil-
ize on the new settingis), and then it takes
a short time for unit to respond to the
different exhaust-gas content. If the unit is
to be used on more than one vehicle dur-
ing a session , allow several minut es for
remaining exhaust to clear the conversion
box before connecting it to the next vehi-
cle . When makin g adj ustments that wr-:
icall y have a broad range, it is best to
make small incre mental changes, pausing
after each and then noting the display.
That method makes it easy to " zero-in"
on the optimum setting without losing
control; that is, getting things so far out of
adj ustment that the engine dies, or that it
is difficult to return to the or iginal set-
tings:
The following emission-rel ated com-
ponent topi cs are intended for general in-
formation only. Spe cific adj ustments for
your auto should be made in accor dance
wit h the auto maker s' prescr ibed meth-
ods . Occasionall y, emissions tuneup pro-
cedures and data wi ll be incl uded on
decals in the engine compartment. Other-
wise, consult an appropriate service man-
ual for details." It is a good idea to take a
CO reading before making any repairs or
adj ustments so that you can later measure
your progress by "before/after " compari-
son.
lt is wise to begin by checking the igni -
tion components: replace , clea n, or re-
gap spark plugs as needed; set point dwell
and ignition timi ng to manufact urer speci-
fications; check spark plug wires ; and
clean/inspect distributor cap.
Equipment adde d to modern auto -
mobil es to reduce emissions include (in
part) the following items. They should be
inspected, cleaned, repl aced , or adj usted
as recommended by the auto maker.
1. Air-inlet temperature da mper
(routes preheated air to carburetor
during engine warmup).
2. Air pump (pumps air into exhaust
manifold area to improve combus-
tion efficiency).
3. Charcoal vapor-evaporator (routes
stored fuel vapor to carburetor).
4. EGR (routes portion of exhaust
back to carburetor).
5. pev (Positive Crankcase Ventila-
tion system-routes "blow-by"
gases back to carburetor, and al-
lows fresh air to enter crankcas e).
6. Spar k-timing advance (three com-
mon types: deceleration-vacuum
control, trans miss ion-ge ar-s hift
control, and engi ne temperatu re
thermostat-vacuum control).
7. Thermostat-engine coolant (higher
temperature thermostats being
used).
Proper carburetor operation is vital to
minimi zing exhaust pollutants. All pas-
sages and internal /extern al components
must be clean, and gaskets must be secure
to prevent air or fuel leaks. Once that has
been acco mplished, the various adjust -
ment s must be set to the manufacturer 's
instructi ons. Those adj ustments typically
include float , choke, throttl e, and air/fuel
mixture, but may incl ude other things,
such as multi -carbu retor synchronization.
Whil e "in the old days" simple cookbook
adj ustment procedures could be given (for
example: " tighten down mixture screw,
then back off 3 turns. . . "), today that is
ju st not possibl e . The import ance of using
a CO meter and strictly following the auto
maker s' adjustment instructions is no bet-
ter exemplified than with the car buretion
setup.
Readings
As menti oned ear lier, auto make rs typ-
icall y provide emissions-adj ustment in-
formati on in the engi ne compart ment.
That information often includ es CO and
A/ F readings that should be attainable if
all sys tems are functioning properl y.
Tune-up manuals will also provide that
information. Of course, it is also impor-
tant to know your state 's prescribed max-
imum CO limits for your make, engine ,
and year auto . Those limits vary consider-
ably.
In Ar izona, for example, a 1972 Ford
Pint o with a 4-cylinder engi ne is allowed
6% CO maximum. A 1981 Dodge Aries,
also with a 4-cylinder engine , is only al-
lowed 1.5% CO maximum. A 1973 12-
cylinder Jaguar XKE is allowed 5.5% CO.
Some auto types seem to be rather amena-
ble to achieving even very stringent re-
quireme nts , while ot hers (like the Jaguar
mentioned above) j ust barely squeak by
relaxed requi rements, and then only after
considerable effort . In general, however.
10- or cars should be able to
deli ver about 3%--4% CO, while the very
latest cars should be down to about 1%.
Air/f uel ratio measur ement s are es-
peci all y mea ningful when maki ng car-
bure tor adj ustme nts. Once aga in. it is
import ant to consult the manufact urer 's
data for recommend ed procedures and
readings It can be injurious to the engine
valve system. for example. to set the mix-
ture too lean. The few pennies saved in
fuel will be more than offset by subse-
quentl y having to repair burned valves,
due to excess ive combustion tempera-
tures. Air/fuel readings above about 14.0
indicate a lean mixture (i.e. , more air. less
fuel) while readi ngs below about 12.0 in-
dicate a rich mi xture.
The advantage of using the unit while
dri ving is to verity A/F carburetor settings
and genera l car buretor/acce lerator pump
response under actual operating condi-
tions. At cruis ing speeds, with a light
engine load, the A/F reading will nor-
mall y be a little leaner (by' about .3 or .4)
then when the auto is stationary. After
sudde n. bri ef acce leration the reading
should dimin ish considerably, then grad-
uall y rise back to nominal. Service data
for your auto should provide specific load
readi ngs. ,
Suspicious readings
Sooner or later, you will probably en-
counter readings that j ust don't seem to
make sense . There can be many sources
of inaccur acy, but first it is important to
determine the general cause . There are
three general causes to consider: the auto-
mobil e, the setup, or the unit itself. Once
the general cause is found, the specific
problem is much easier to track down.
One common auto symptom is the car-
buretor-mixture control not having any
effec t on CO readi ngs. That is a " nor mal"
occ urrence if the carb uretor needs' over-
hauling. What has happened is that block-
ages or leaks in the carburet or have
disrupted normal operation enough to
make the relati vel y minor mixture-screw
changes ineffecti ve. It is also possible that
the air filter is clogged . To verity. note the
A/F reading, then remove the air-cleaner
element. re-attach the air-cleaner cover.
and retest. If A/F ratio is now more than .2
or .3 higher than before, the filter proba -
bly needs replaci ng.
Anot her source of potenti al troubl e
from the automobile. as mentioned ear-
lier. is " swamping out" of the Tee due to
an unusually di rty exhaust blast , such as
that which would occ ur if the engi ne is
starte d with the probe attached. Swamp-
continued Oil pag e 96
c....
C
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-I:>
85
HOBBYCORNER
Finding replacement parts
EARL "DOC" SAVAGE, HOBBY EDITOR
TWENTY OR SO YEARS AGO. WHEN COM -
mercially available amateur-radio setups
began to appear in large quantit ies, the
number of ham operators who simply
bought transm itt er /recei ver unit s and
turned them on began to increase at an
exponential rate. Prior to that time, most
hams built their own installations, or at
least knew enough about them to repair
and modify the m whe never the need
arose. So they, the old timers. made dis-
paraging references to the new breed of
hams-they were called "appliance oper-
ators. " Not so long ago , the computer
hobby went through a simil ar change. Not
only is it no longer necessary to build a
computer to have one. but most comput-
erists have no interest in knowing how
their machines work . In fact , the vast ma-
jorityof computer owners today are essen-
tially "appliance operators . "
The purpo se of reviewing that bit of
history is not to start an argument- nei-
ther side is any better than the other.
However, those and other similar changes
have created a problem that many elec -
tronics enthusiasts encounter frequently.
That is, we start to build or modi fy some
device and discover that the parts we need
are hard. if not impossibl e. to find. That's
partiall y because many parts distributors
AN INVITATION
To better meet your needs, "Hobby
Corner" has undergone a change in
direction. It has been changed to a
question-and-answer form. Youare in-
vited to send us questions about gen-
eral electronics and its applications.
We'll do what we can to come up with
an answer or, at least, suggest where
you might find one.
If you need a basic circuit for some
purpose, or want to knowhowor why
one works , let us know. We'll print
those of greatest interest here in
""Hobby Corner." Please keep inmind
that we cannot become a circuit-de-
sign service for esoteric applications ;
. circuits must be as general and as
s imple as possible. Please address
your correspondence to:
Hobby Corner
Radio-Electronics
200 Park Ave. South
New York, NY 10003
carry more sub-assemblies than discrete
components. The reason behind that is
that these days the repairman usually re-
pl aces a complete sub-assembly (or
board) rather than the part s themselves.
It' s quicker and cheaper to do things that
way- at least they say it' s cheaper!
You really can' t blame the stores and
mail-order houses for the change; simple
eco nomics was the deciding fact or in
making that adj ustment. There is more
profit in selling manufactured sub-assem-
blies than there is in selling part s unless
the volume purchased is quite large. And
therein lies the root of the probl em, but
knowing the cause doesn't affect a cure-
it's still hard to find the part s. That 's true
whether you do business with the very
large part s dealers or the " mom-and-
pop" -type operations, which have low
overhead. We know it's difficult, not only
from personal experience but because a
week doesn't go by without receiving a
letter from someone saying that he can't
find a source for a certain coil , trans-
former, or whatever. So, for David Barger
(N Y) , Je rome Roach (C A) , D. C.
Hoffman (PA), Chri s Miller (Ontario),
Chauncey Albright (NY) , and the rest of
you out there who have had difficulty in
locating the needed part s, here are some
old methods and a new one that has proven
quite valuabl e.
Helpful hints
If you' re building a device from a con-
struction article, first check to see if the
author has made arrangements to offer a
parts kit. Often a source of parti al or com-
plete kits is listed with the article. That
may be the best way to go when you need
all or almost all of the parts. The second
approach to the part s probl em is to check
the local Radio Shack store or their cata-
log. If they can)' the necessary part s, then
you've saved yourself a lot of time . But if
that turns out to be dead end, the next step
is to check the back-page ads and the
classified section of current and past issu-
es of Radio Electronics for suppliers.
Most suppliers wi ll send along a current
catalog when you order something, and
continue to do so once you are on their
mailing lists. Still others will send their
catalogs to you just for the asking. (I don't
know about you, but I never throw out a
catalog until a replacement come s along.)
Assuming the worst case, it' s then time to
start writing letters of inquiry to supply
houses (a task that 's all too familiar to
me). In the past that has been like shooting
in the dark , but now some light has been
shed on the subject.
A fellow by the name of Edward A.
Hall has written a l25-page book-The
Buyers' Guide to Radio and Electronic
Parts. That guide goes a long way in let-
ting you know which distributors carry
what items. The book contains listings for
hundred s of parts, ranging from actuator-
to-yoke and it also lists over 85 companies
that carry each item. A special section in
the back of the book gives supplier mail -
ing addresses, telephone numbers, cata-
log costs , and minimum order amounts.
(I've found it to be quite helpful.) If you
feel that the guide would be of benefit to
you: it' s available tor $6. 95 postage paid
from Hayward Products, 39 Sunset Court,
St. Loui s. MO 63121. (And I don't own a
bit of stock in the company!) How times
have changed!
FIG.1
Speaking of changing times, you may
be interested in a little conversation piece
in my workroom. It is nothing more than a
small wooden base holding a tube, a tran-
sistor, and an Ie. The sketch in Fig. I
gives you an idea of what it looks like . My
non-techni cal friends are amazed when I
answer their questions about it, and I'm
sometimes tempted to cheat a bit by re-
placing the puny 68L7 with an old trans-
mitting tube! Of course, you could have a
series of such eye-openers: How about a
5R4 and a solid state rectifier, or an OA3
and a Zener diode? There are all kinds of
interesting possibiliti es .
Inquiries
Whenever I have the occasion to thumb
through my Radio Electronics magazine
SEE YOUR DEALER TODAY
FROM
87

ANTENNAS
ACCESSORIES
Dealer & Distributor Inquiries Invited
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plicated, the usual DC and AC test instru-
ments are oflittle value in making antenna
measurements . Typically, AC instru-
ments function adequatel y only up to a
few hundred Hertz, at best. They are all
but worthless when dealing with devices
in the kHz and MHz ranges.
Andrew Mazzella has asked howhe can
test his antenna without lowering it or
climbing up a long ladder. Well, the first
thing we have to tell you is that there are
many things you need to' know about a
given antenna that can't be learned by
bringing it down or going up to it, unless
you have special instruments .
The primary question about an antenna
is: What is its resonant frequency ? For-
tunately, that can be determined from the
ground, as it were, with any of three in-
struments. Two are quite reliable but the
third will mislead you, given half a
chance . .
The one which you must use with great
care is the grid dip meter. The method and
degree of coupling to the antenna is quite
critical to getting useful and accurate
readings. In spite of that, the grid dip
meter is used often because it does not
require an external source of RF energy.
The other two instruments that will give
you the needed information on your an-
tenna are an SWR bridge and an RF im-
pedance bridge. R-E
(mE SLIDE RUlE
( MUSEUM oFTECH1\OLCGY)
file, I am impressed anew with the variety
and scope of the subjects that have been
covered (or uncovered) over the years. A
back-issue file is a valuable resource of
circuits, ideas, and construction data .
When you are looking for information,
check through your back-issue file. You'll
almost always find that the time was well
spent. .,
For instance, one reader-James Lewis
(NJ)-is looking for a voltage/spike sup-
pressor for his equipment. Well, James,
take a peek at page 57 of the September
1983 issue. There you'll find a great con-
struction article entitled " Powerline Tran-
sient Suppressor" by Herb Friedman.
That suppressor takes care of four line
problems: RF interference , line tran-
sients, surges, and interruptions of ser-
vice. (Well, it doesn't prevent interrup-
tions but it does keep down troubles when
service is resumed .) Another reader, S.
M. Harmon (PA), will have to look back a
bit farther to find an answer to his ques-
tion. That reader is a teacher who wishes
to add some tunes to his math games . He
says the mini-player piano of a fewmonths
ago is overkill for his needs. You're in
luck, Mr. Harmon. Youcan findjust such
a monophonic "tune maker " circuit in the
"Hobby Corner" columns of the January
and February 1979 issues of Radio Elec-
tronics.
Those of you who have written about
sequential turn-signals for your cars and
other uses of " chase" circuits, may wish
to check the March, 1978 installment of
"Hobby Corner." To operate that circuit
with high-current devices (taillights, 110-
volt lights, etc.) just hang one or two TTL
relays, or transistor' switches on the out-
puts in place of the LED's.
Antenna measurements
Antennas can make or break any kind
of radio installation. That is especially
true of transmitting antennas . What is es-
pecially exasperating about them is that
they can look great but perform like a
willow twig, or worse.
It is axiomatic that the more you know
about antennas, the more you realize you
don't know! To make matters more com-
THE DRAWING BOARD
Smoothing out the sinewave-generator output
ROBERT GROSSBLATT
Q 4 Q5
&3
J----
I
I
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I
I
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I
I
-
/
I
QZ \ \
V
I
I I
I I I
I
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-
-:
I I I
Q I
I
I
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Y
I I
I
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I I
\
I
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I
I
I
I
I I I
I I I
I
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I
I I
0 3bo
72
0
/ 08
0
114- (80
0
I, rCf 7
1,000
,JOI<. MA- L.f 2..c::..t:::l
VA LUe.
ase e
S tlJe
0 .951
0 .95/
cc s e e:
No r t./SE:D
the Qs output of the 4018 because it's a
quick and dirty way to make the waveform
conform more closely to a sinewave. The
resistors on the remaini ng outputs will
determine the shape of the wave we gener-
ate but-and this is important-we still
have to allow for the time used by the Qs
output. In other words, no matter how
many 4018 outputs we decide to use, it's
still going to take 5 incomi ng clock-
pulses to make the 4018 repeat itself. That
means any calculations that we do have to
take into account the fact that there will be
5 discrete 4018 output states for each 180
degrees of the sinewave.
In practical terms, each incoming clock
pulse will control 36 degrees (180/5) of
the sinewave. QI will determine the am-
plitude of the sinewave 36 into the cycle,
Qry will determine the amplitude of the
sinewave at 72, and so on until we get to
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
144
0
72
10SO Q 3
G?4-
Ql
OUTPUT
FIG.3
Getting around the math
But seriously folks, the math is both
complicated and unnecessary. We can get
within several decimal places ofthe calcu-
lated values by using common sense and a
bit of elementary arithmetic. Let's take a
good look at the problem. Figure I shows
the circuit we're going to use; Fig . 2
shows 180 degrees of the waveform that
we want, and a couple of helpful hints .
You'll remember that we're not using
ANYONE WHO GET S INTERESTED IN ELEC-
tronics and gets really hooked on it will
progress through a number of clearly rec-
ognizable steps . In the beginning, you
buy light -dimmer kits and bum your eyes
out trying to read obscure directions writ-
ten in muddy print. The next step is to buy
components and, armed with a chart that
lists the resistor color code and a solder-
ing iron, burn your components up trying
to build a light dimmer of your own de-
sign . Somewhere around here you begin
to understand that there's more to elec-
tronics than Ohm's law, and you begin to
read.
Now, we're all familiar with the truth of
Grossblatt 's 12th Law: He who doesn 't
have his head in a book has his head in
something else. But the more general the
rule , the more exceptions there are to it,
and that applies here as well. After you've
plowed through enough abstracts and
journals, you 'll learn how to app ly
Grossblatt's 27th law: What is written on
paper is not carved in stone .
The difference between theory and
practice is the difference between brain
damage and common sense. The difficult
task of plowing through countless reams
of paperwork filled with obscure equa-
tions can often be eliminated by taking a
look at the original problem on a dif-
ferent -color paper or walking away and
letting your subconscious take over.
The perfect example of that is the prob-
. lem facing us at the moment-finding the
resistor values for our digi tal sinewave
generator. There are three ways to go
about finding the answer. I) Trial and er-
ror. 2) Mind-warping math. 3) Common
sense. The first one is OK, but only gives
answers for a partic ular application. The
second is OK for people who wear a
bathing suit with shoes and socks. That
leaves us with the third.
Bel ieve me when I tell you that the
standard method for calculating the re-
sistor values involves math so hairy...
well, even with a lot of equipment it
would be difficult. The Fourier transforms
and Fibonacci numbers are the easy part.
The hard parts can only be solved using a
variable interossiter. (Do any of you re-
member what that is or know how to spell
it?)
(J)
o
z
o
(I:
I-
o
W
.....J
W
6
o

(I:
88
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D ALGEBRA, Vol. 1 by Edu-
ware ... List $39.95. Our price
... $34.00. A first year algebra
tutorial covering definitions,
number line operations, sets,
etc. (IBM P C, 48k, color
grpahics, disc)
D EASYWRITER II by In-
formation Unlimited List
$350.00. Our price .
$300.00. Turns your com-
puter into a word
processor. You see every-
thing on the screen. There
are no imbedded com-
mands. (IBM P C, disc)
D DEADLI NE by In-
focom ... List $49.95.
Our price ... $43.00. A
locked door. A dead
man. You have 12
hour s to solve the mys-
tery. One false move,
and the killer stri kes
again. (IBM P C, 48k,
disc)
Radio-Electronics Software Store
200 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10003
City State -'-ZIP _
Address _
Name _
Sales Tax (NY State Resident s Must Include) _
Shipping ($2.00 per item) _
Number of items ordered D
Total Price of Software $, _
Ui
Q)
Cl
e
$
:::J
C.
. TOTAL ENCLOSED (Sorry, No COD's) $ SORRY _NOCREDIT CARDORCODORDERS
_
2
CONTENTS
. . . .
CQMING
NEXT
MONTH
10 CP/M For Beginners
Part 2. Thi s month we' ll turn our attention to one of the most
important CP/M utility programs: PIP. Herb Friedman.
6 IBM PCjrVersusThe Portable
An in-depth look at two of IBM's newest computers. Included is a
look at the similarities and differences between the two machines.
Marc Stern
Vol. 1 NO.2 June 1984
First there was the ZX80, the
machine that set the computer
industry on its ear. Now Clive
Sincl air is at it again with his latest
entry, trie QL. Find out how it
stacks up against the competition
in next month' s issue.
Computer telecommunications
has received a lot of attention in
the last year or so, but what
exactly is it, and wheredoesthe
average hobbyist fit in?Those are
just some of the topics our look at
telecommunications will cover.
14 Computer Graphics
With the proper software, it's possible to add the tremendous power
of graphics to any personal computer. In this article, we'll take a look
at some of what is available, and see what those programs can, and
can not, do. Herb Friedman
4 Editorial
5 New Products
ON THE COVER
Add a solid graphics software package to a computer and it
becomes easyto prove the cliche "a picture isworth a thousand
words." Learn all about some popular graphics software, and how
they can make your computer "speakvolumes," beginning on page
14.
The illustration on our cover was created on a Heath/Zenith Z100
computer using a graphics software package called Autocad.
Handling large amounts of data,
or writing long reports or papers,
is done much faster when done
on a computer. Getting a printout
of your work, however, is an
entirely different matter. Losing use
of your computer for minutes, or
sometimes hours, while reams of
paper are fed through even the
fastest printers is unproductive,
frustrating, and annoying. Next
time, we'll find out all about how
you can put an end to all of that
by adding a printer buffer to your
computer system.
o,MilUiERDiiiEsr
NEW KIN D OF M AG AZINE FO R EL ECTRONI CS PROFESSIONALS
PC JR YS NEW TRANSPORTABLE...
A bRANd NEW IBM COMpUTER T1.AT you CAN
CARRy you you GO. HERE'S
A COMpARisON bETWEEN NEW
TRANSPORTAbLE ANd PC JR.
CP/M FOR BEGINNERS. ..
OO",' y bE...fJl.lid of CP/M.
IT's ... HllIliFi c OpEII.u i NG sysn lll OIlCEyo..
UljdUST4lld kew TO lin ir,
h o,",p ...iHTi"'Gp i CTUJlU TO dlUoWillG
pil -d .".n yoUR TlItJlli Nd', K RUll Oil
d OT plti",ult.
JUNE 1984 - ComputerDigest 3
EDITORiAl
CAVEAT EMPTOR!
Money is tight. Nobody had to tell you that. Al l you have to do is to open
your wallet or look at the balance in your checkbook. The thingsyou want
are harder and harder to come by. Soyou have to decide which things are
necessities and which are luxuri es. But it goes beyond that. Your purchases
have to be exact and correct. There is no room for mistakes.
That'swhy a magazine like ComputerDigest becomes increasingly
important to you. Not only do you learnwhat new products areavailable to
you, but you'll also learn how well they perform, and whether or not they
wil l be precisely what you want and need for your own computer system.
Ina tight-money situation, there's no roomto buy, try, and discard. Your
purchase must work for you theway you want it to, or you've lost your
money.
The other thing that happens in that sort of situation, isthat a lot of
manufacturers compete for the bucks you'vegot to spend. Now
competition is good for everybody. It keeps priceswithin reason, provides
innovative products, and the industry continues to moveforward. Yes, that's
all to the good. Unfortunately, not all of the manufacturers can hold out in a
highly-competitive market, and there's always a dropping by thewayside. If
you buy a product and.that manufacturer fails, you might wi nd up with a
totally wort hless guarantee.
What does it all mean?You'vesimplygot to be a careful consumer! Before
you make any purchase, you must be certain that you want and need the
product that you're contemplating. Having made the decisi on to buy, you've
got to use a careful process of elimination to select the manufacturer you
want to deal with, and then pick that specific product of that specific
manufacturer. When you've nail ed down the manufacturer and model
number, you go out shopping for price, and we hope, you'll deal with a
local di stributor who has anuntainted reputation in addition to fair prices.
When you finally do make a purchase, we recommend that you stop
shopping. Too many people waste time after a purchase, trying to verify
that they made the right buy, after it's too late!
We started out by saying Caveat Emp tor. It's Lati n for "Let the Buyer Beware."
We at ComputerDigest are trying to help. We'reworking your side of the
street. We'd liketo hear fromyou, too. Got anyspecific problems or
questions? If we don't have the answers, we'll know whereto get them;
and whi le all mail will be answered, we'll publish the letters that we think
are most interesting. So do let ushear fromyou.
And hey. .. THANKS!
BYRONG. WELS
EDITOR
4 ComputerDigest - JUNE1984
eoMjIIUiEiI
a,DESi
Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967)
founder
M. Harvey Gernsback, editor-in-
chief
Larry Steckler, CET, publisher
Art Kleiman, editorial director
Byron G. Wels, editor
Brian C. Fenton, technical editor
Carl Laron, associateeditor
Robert A. Young, assi stant edi tor
Ruby M. vee, production manager
Robert A. W. Lowndes, production
associate
Dianne Osias, production
assistant
Joan Roman, circulationdirector
Arline R. Fishman,
advertising coordinator
Gernsback Publications, Inc.
200 Park Ave. South
NewYork, NY 10003
Chairman of the Board,
M. Harvey Gernsback
President; Larry Steckl er
ADVERTISING SALES 212-777-6400
Larry Steckler
Publisher
EAST/SOUTHEAST
Stanl ey Levitan
Radio-Electronics
200 Park Ave. South
NewYork, NY10003
212-777-6400
MIDWEST/Texas/Arkansas/Okla.
Ralph Bergen
Radio-Electronics
540Frontage Road-Suite 325
Northfield, Illinois 60093
312-446-1444
PACIFICCOAST
Mountain States
Marvin Green
Radio-El ectronics
15335 Morrison St., Suite 227,
Sherman Oaks, CA91403
818-986-2001
COMPUTER PRODUCTS
For more details use the free
information card inside the back cover
DUSTCOVER, the Copy Cover, is a combination dust-cover
and copy holder. Manufacturd fromclear lucite, when down,
it protects keyboards fromdust and dirt; when it is flipped
up (seephoto) it becomesa copyholder that accommodates
documents and computer printouts that measure up to 11 x
16 inches.
The Copy Cover clips on and off in seconds. Each unit is
custom-fit and versionsareavailable for most popular
computer models, including IBM pc, XT, jr-Apple-Radio
Shack's Colo: Computer- TI 99- Commodore 64, VIC-20,
DEC Rainbow 100--Columbia-Kaypro, and many other
models. There is also a special verison available for the
portable Radi o Shack model 100and the NEC8201. Duri ng
the special introductory offer period, the CopyCover is
priced at $39.95.-C-Thru Products, 6351 Lk. Worth Road.,
Lk. Worth, FL33463, Suite 111.
SOLDERLESS EXPERIMENTERSYSTEM, the eZ Board,
provides a method for building experimental add-ons to
interface with personal computers.
Features of the system include a glass expoxy circuit board
mounted with a set of solderless breadboarding units for
building circuits; four separate di stribution buses with 50 tie-
in points, each of which canbe used for power, ground,
clock lines, reset, and more.
CIRCLE 112ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
There isan array of tie-poi nt blocks from which each pi n of
the computer's bussystem (1/0 channel) is clearly labelled
and is easily accessible. A four-position DIP switch is
mountedon the board. Each switch position connects to a
set of tie-block sockets on either side, to aid in the
development and analysis of experimental circuits. A flat
ribbon cable connects the board to the computer's bus
expansion slot.
Versions areavailable for IBM, Apple, and Commodore
machines, as wel l as for hardwarecompatible models. The
entiresystem, including cable and connectors, is priced at
$174.95 each, plus $5.00for shipping.-Sabadia Export
Corporation, 3920 E. Coronado Street, Suite 206, Anahei m,
CA 92807.
COIN-EVALUATION PROGRAM, Coins, automatically
eval uates 1600 commonAmerican coins. Non-standard coins
canalsobe listed and maintained, so that numismatists can
determinethe current marketvalue of their collections. The
package provides for special reports that show yearly
purchases and sales, as well as a complete inventory
CIRCLE 113ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Optional quarterly update diskettes that will be available re-
price the collection per current market values. IBM PCIXT/jr,
Apple /1//1 +/ue, and TRS-80 models ///1/ versions, includinga
44-pagemanual and program diskette with latest value file
areavai lableat $95.00. (Previews Packs-manual only-are
available for $10,) Add $2.50 for shippingand handling. MC/
VISAorder are acceptable; Cal ifornia residentsare asked to
please add 6%sales 6914 Berquist
Avenue, Canoga Park, CA91307.
JUNE 1984 - ComputerDigest 5
MARC STERN
IBM PCjr VERSUS
THEPORTABLE
Here we'll look at IBM's Portable PC and the PCjr to see if there are anysimilarities.
FIG. 1-THE NEW IBM PORTABLE personal computer features
256K of user memory and a single disk drive.
-When IBM made its decision to enter the
microcomputer market in 1981with its Personal
Computer (P<;J, it wasgenerally consi dered a wayof
getting its foot in the door. The giant computer maker
was dipping itstoe-so to speak- into thewaters of
this market to see if it was right for the corporation.
The fact that this entry was rather cautious was
hardly surprising because thisarea of the computer
market was a giant unknown for IBM. Look at the
original offering and you'll see what we mean.
It used an 8088 microprocessor-a proven device-
which had a16-bit internal architecture, but an 8-bit
data bus. The computer used 16K static RAM Ie's to
provide a total of 64K of RAM on the motherboard; a
cassette recorder interface, and a detachebleBs-kev
keyboard. That combination is hardlywhat one would
call revolutionary.
To upgrade this system, you had to bUy special-
purpose accessory boards that plugged into the
motherboard (system board of the computer) andyou
had to buy a separate displaydevice to see the
system's output and that device needed a special
plug-in card so it would work, too.
This, again, was hardly a new trend in the
microcomputer world. Apple had been doing it
successfully for four years before IBM jumped into it.
l ike Appl e, though, IBM used a cagey marketing
strategy, onewhich was totally out of character with the
company's tradit ional policyof in-house development,
it made its system and busarchitecture public,
publishinga detailed "Technical Reference Manual."
This manual allowed developers of non-IBM-
developed accessory boards, peripherals and software
to have a look at the memory and input/output (110)
structure of the systemand to develop products for it.
IBM even went so far as making most of its Basic Input/
6 ComputerDigest - JUNE1984
FIG. 2- THE IBM PCjr. The version shown here features a single
disk drive, two cartridge slots, and a cordlesskeyboard.
Output System(BIOS) software public, with the
exception of some proprietary Read-Only Memory
(ROM) calls, so that anything developed for the IBM PC
was compatible not onlywith the basic system, but
other accessory devicesand with IBM-developed
products.
For IBM it was quite a daring maneuver, on the face
of it. But, thinkabout it for a moment. With itsoriginal
minimal PC, it hadvery little at stake. If the market for
the IBM PC failed to develop, the company was out the
development costs of the basic system and for some
tooling. Since the corporation relied so heavily on
outside vendors, though, muchof the development
cost would be borne by third parties and they would
be the ones who would have had to absorb any
failure.
However, as we all knoVY, the IBM-PC hardly failed at
all. Almost at once, the market for this systembegan to
skyrocket--even with the minimal level of hardware
and softwarethat was original ly out there-and soon
the IBM-PC became an industry standard. Almost
immediately, awidespread networkof hardware and
software suppliersjumped on the bandwagon,
providing IBM userswith awide array of accessory
devicesand software. Even IBM j oined its own
bandwagon by providi ng more and more IBM-
packaged material for the Pc.
Yet, IBM remained cautious, even though its market
share in the microcomputer world soonapproached
and surpassed 20 percent. Some saidthiswas due to
IBM's fear of an anti -trust actionif it came to dominate
too much of the market. However, it is probably truer
to say that it wasa resul t of IBM's native busi ness
conservatism. It wanted to be sure the PC phenomenon
was more thanjust a flash in the pan. And, while it took
more than a-year-and-a-half for it to be convinced of
the success of the PC, the corporation eventually began
turning out upgrades and additions to the PCline.
First came the PC-XT, an upgraded IBM Personal
Cornputer that used 64K RNIIICs to provide a
maximum of 256K on the motherboard and a10-
megabyte harddisk. Then cameother upgrades to this
system, the PC-XT/3270, IX and more. Each of these
systems had more power and functionality. Some
could be tied into a network of terminals, while others
could support the UNIX operating system.
Eventually, as it haddone in the mainframe computer
world, IBM offered a full lineup of business-oriented
systems, ranging fromthe basic PC-now called the
PC1- to the full-blown PC-XT/IX. It is now even
beginning to offer a small computer system for the
scientific and engineering world, based on its 5-9000
MC-68000 microcomputer, called the 52.
However, if you look at all of the additionsto the
line, you will see there werestill two crucial areas in
which IBM had no entries, the home computer and
portable computer realms. The first of these gapswas
filled in November, 1983 with the introduction of the
IBM PCjr shown in Fig. 1. (see March Radio Electronics
for a description of PCj r). The second obvious gap was
filled in February, 1984 with the introduction of the IBM
Portable Personal Computer (see Fi g. 2). Thi s now
makes IBM competitive in all areas of the
microcomputer market, with the exception of the lap
or kneetop computer area and it is morethan likely that
this gap will be filled before long.
CompatibilityAcross Board
Perhaps one of IBM's shrewdest moveswith all of its
entries in the small computer world isthe use of a
common microprocessor and systemarchitecture
across the line. This assures compatibilit y from the low
end to the high end and it further meansthat userswill
be able to migrate fromone systemto a higher-
powered system : their needs change.
More irnr-: ~ t for the user, though, isthe fact that
the s0
f
.... .e base won't become obsolete simply by
r ' . '::l Ing to a different IBM computer. Because the
systemarchitecture and disk format is the same, a
program that runs on the PCj r will run on the PCand
will run on the PC-XT and so on, provided, of course,
that you use DOS 2.1.
This type of compatibility solves one of the long-
time complaints in the microcomputer world-
incompatibility of operating environments.
Since IBM has become so powerful in the
microcomputer world, there are now many PC-
compatible systems on the market that wi ll emulatethe
IBM product and can use some of the same software.
Some of themare socompatible that they will act the
same asa PC and wi ll run even IBM's proprietary
software. This means compatibility across a great
number of machines. However, there are varying levels
of compatibility and you do have to check to find out
just how compatible an IBM-compatible computer is.
For IBM, though, the compatibility between its
systems means it can keep users "in-house" as they
upgrade in their microcomputer needs.
With all of this background set out, let's take a
detailed lookat the Portable PC and PCj r.
Portable PC
Li ke all the IBM Personal Computers, the Portable PC
uses an Intel-designed 8088 microprocessor that runs
at 4.7 MHz. This microprocessor has a16-bit internal
architecture-16registers for storage and data and it
handles data internal ly in16-bit chunks-two 8-bit
digital words at a time.
However, to get its datafrom the rest of the system,
it must make two 8-bit data fetches. The reason is the
8088 microprocessor only has an 8-bit data path (bus).
This means that before it can take anyactionon a
digital instruction, it must sendfor 8 bits of data, store
themtemporarily, and then ask for the remaining 8 bits
of the instruction. Thi s does slow response time
somewhat.
The PCjr'sentry level model is packaged with sof tware that's
especially designed for users wit h littl e or no computer experi-
ence.
Included with the Portable PC, is a standard 256K of
user memory (RNII). Thi s means this portable will be
able to run even the most memory-hungry programs.
(Many 16-bit programs written now rely on a minimum
system configuration of 128K of RNII and some even
require256K. The reasoning behind them is that
memory is cheap and it is far better for program
response to load the entireprogramin RNII, rather than
relying on constant diskaccess every time something
new is needed by the program.) This level of RNII is
expandable to a maximum of 512K.
Interestingly, this is only hal f of the amount of RNII
that a16-bit microprocessor such as the 8088 can
address. In reality, it can address up to megabyte of
RNII. However, because of systemconstraints, at the
moment, this is limited to 640Kon the Pc.
The Portable PCweighs about 30 poundsand folds
JUNE1984- ComputerDigest 7
FOR A WIDE VARIETY of home and classroom applications, the
PCjr can be used with the IBMCompact Printer. For instance,
whenusedwith the appropriatesoftware,that combination can
be usedby studentsto producereports, essays, etc.
into a 20 x 17 x 8-inch package. It features the same
type of 83-key, firm-touch keyboard that is used by the
larger members of the IBM Personal Computer family.
Unli ke the other members of the PCfamily, this
system comeswith a built-in 9-inch, high-resolution
amber monitor that is capable of displaying graphics. It
is capable of di splaying the industry standard 80-
columns by 25-lines and this makes this system ideal
for professional use.
This system also offers a standard color-graphics
monitor adapter card so this system can be used for
color graphics work and is compatible with the latest
version of the IBM disk operating system-2.1.
Since it is compatible with DOS2.1, it indicates this
system comes equipped with a disk drive-you don't
need DOS if you don't have a disk drive-and it does.
The standard di sk drive is a slimline(half-height)
double-sided, double-density unit that is capable of
360K of storage. A second drive is available as an
option.
There are also five expansion slots on the
motherboard, which, again, shows theheritage of the
Portable PC-an open systemarchi tecture that you can
fill in yourself. It does add to the initial $2,795 price for
the one-drive system. An additional drive is $425,
while a serial communi cations port is about $100, and
a parall el printer port soyou can use your Portable PC
with a printer, is about another $150. The 256K memory
addition option costs anywherebetween $400 and
$900, depending on whereyou get the 64K 250 ns
RAM Ie's required.
It also boosts the cost of this systemto about what
you'd expect to pay retail for a similarly equipped two-
drive IBM-PC1 desktop model. However, you do get the
advantage of portabili ty.
Portableversus PCjr
As we noted earlier, the portable plugs one of the
holes in IBM's small computer lineup, while PCj r plugs
the other hole at the low end of the line.
Like the Portable, PCjr uses an8088microprocessor
and, like the Portable, that processor runs at 4.7 MHz.
8 ComputerDigest - JUNE1984
WHEN USINGIBM's Personal Computer Disk Operating System
2.1, the PCjr'senhanced model iscompatible with awidevariety
of business and personal-productivity programsare available for
other IBM computers.
However, it's there that the similarities stop and the
contrasts begin.
Perhaps the first and biggest contrast isthe price of
the respective units. Wherethe Portable costs nearly
$3,000, the PCjr is avail able in its base form for $669.
This system includes 64K of RAM; a connector with a
built-in RFmodulator for a television set; a detachabl e
keyboard; a connector for a cassette player so you can
store data and load programsfrom tape, and Cartridge
BASI C.
A more fully configured version-$1,889- includes
the basic PCj r and 128Kof RAM-the maximum
allowed, versus the 51 2Kpossible with the Portabl e;
the keyboard and a 360K slimline drive; the N
connector; the diskoperating system; VisiCalc;
Cartridge BASI C, and aword-processing program.
A fully configured system-$3,252-adds a high-
resolution color di splay; connector for the display;
internal modem; parallel printer adapter; graphics
printer; Cartridge BASIC; the disk operatingsystem, and
a spreadsheet program.
As you can see, both systemsarecomparabl e in
price when fully configuredand bot h have about the
same capability at that level. However, the Portable isa
much more expensive machine in its basic formthan
the $1,889 PCj r and the Portable weighsmuch more, 30
poundsversus 11 pounds. However, it must be
remembered that the Portable has much more metal in
its construction than the nearl y all-plastic PCj r.
Juni or also has some standard features that are extra-
cost opt ionson the.Portable or any other PC in the IBM
product line. For instance, it features the built-in video
adapter; a serial port, and aj oystickadapter. It also
features ROM softwarecartridge slots, another feature
the larger PClacks.
Where PCjr differs markedly is in its keyboard; system
architecture and audio.
For starters, rather than employing the much more
expensive, full-travel 83-key PCkeyboard, Juni or sports
a 62-key cordless keyboard. It does support all of the
same keyfunctionsas the bigger keyboard, but relies
on dual-function keys to achievethem. Further, it lacks
anyfunctions keys and has no numeric keypad.
The lightweight keyboard should be a long-lived,
fairly indestructible unit because of its construction.
When you look at it, the first thingyou notice are the
calculator-type keys IBM used. The rationale for thisis
that sincethis is primarily aimed at the homemarket
and everyone in the family will be using it, it doesn't
have to have a full, professional-style keyboard.
Underneath those keys is a rubber liner, that not only
protects the inner workings of the keyboard fromspills
and other household disasters, but alsoprovides them
with the ability to return after beingpushed. Each key
has a corresponding dome impressed on the rubber
liner and beneath this dome is a little circle of carbon
that presses a contact and completes the key signal.
That signal travelsthrough the keyboard's circuits to
an infrared emitter/transmitter, the otherhighligbt of this
keyboard. It is this transmitter that links the keyboard
with the system unit. The systembox contains an
infrared detection circuit that reads the keyboard
codes sent to it and they are translated into the proper
system codes so they can be displayed on the display
tube.
IBM says this keyboard can be used up to 20 feet
away from the system box, but provides an optional
cable (at extra cost) to tie the keyboard to the system
box, should there be other infrared-emitting devices in
the area. If there are, it is possiblethekeyboard codes
will be scrambled. PCj r is the first home computer on
the market to use this technology
Another important area of difference between the
keyboards of the Portable and the PCjr isdirect
memoryaccess (DMA). The Portable has it, while
Junior doesn't. Because there is no direct memory
access fromthe keyboard, the microprocessor must
stop whatever it is doing whenever it needs moredata
or when it must write data to a disk or tape. This means
there can be no keyboard input when Junior is
handling a read or write-to-disk operation becausethe
micro is totally absorbed with that operation. The
keyboard is disabled, in fact, during information
transfers.
This contrasts markedly with the Portable which uses
DMA. This means you can continue to use the
keyboard when a diskdrive is accessed and you will
not loseanykeystrokes because they remain resident in
the keyboard's memory-buffer area in RAM. It also
means the processor can run at full speed in all actions
because it doesn't have to devote its full attention to
just one task. .
System-Level Differences
There arealsokey differences at the system level that
make the Portable and Junior stand apart. For starters,
Junior can't use an8087 co-processor chip for number
crunching, as the Portable can. This immediately
eliminates some software fromthe PCj r's repertoire.
Another difference is the level of RAM expandability.
Where the Portable can be expanded up to 512K,
Junior can only be expanded to 128K. Thi s immediately
limits the number of programs that can be used on the
program. (To better illustratethis, let's say you have a
PCjr with128Kof RAM. This RAM must set apart 16Kfor
the video memory-the color displayrequires this-
and 24K for the operating system-we'reassuming a
disk drive is being used. This meansyou've used up
40K of RAM beforeyou loadyour program. Novy'
assume you load a 64K program into memory This
leaves only 24K of user memoryfor actual work, which
isn't much. So, you are limited in the range of programs
you can use.)
Another key difference is the amount of Read-Only
Memory(ROM) andwhat the system does with it. In
Junior, there is64K of ROM. This istaken up by a
minimal level of BASIC called Cassette BASIC, the BIOS
and built-in diagnostics. In the Portable, the BIOS takes
up 8K of ROM and the same level of BASI Ctakes up
about another 32K of ROM. That's all there is. In Junior,
the other 24K is taken up by disk operating routines
that are handled from a program disk by the Portable.
Finally, the PCj r is capable of generatinga three-voice
sound, comparedwith the single-channel sound
capability of the rest of the PCline. This is thanks to the
Texas Instruments large-scale integration audio function
ICthat is used in Junior.
Compatibility
Since it uses the same disk format- thewaya disk is
set up to handle data---and the same disksize, it is
theoretical ly possi ble to use any IBM-compatible
programwith Junior. However, aswe noted earl ier, its
memory limitsdictatewhich ones can be used. Further,
since there is only one disk driveavailable, it must act
in place of two drives with some programs and that
canalso rule it out, unless you can reconfigure the
program to workwith one drive.
Yet, it should be possible to use many programs
with Junior, provided they meet thesecriteria.
Overall, the IBM Portable PCand Juni or are about as
different as day is fromnight. The Portable is aimed at
the more serious professional user or student, while the
Junior is aimed at the home environment. However, in
their own ways each system is as powerful as the other
and, since they arenearly totally compatible, you can
easily move fromoneto the other, allowing for easy
migration as your needs change. Both systems should
do well in their markets. ..... J ~
JUNE 1984- ComputerDigest 9
CP/M
FOR BEGINNERS
HERB FRIEDMAN
NOTE
To avoid computer commands and statements which
confuse the user punctuation will be shown outside the
quotation marks even whenconventioncalls for themto be
insidethe marks.Also, capitalizedwords withinthe"<" and
": symbolsmean aspecific key; ie., < ENTER> isthe key
marked ENTER or RETURN (carriage return), while
<CONTROL>- means the key or keys on your computer
which functionas asingle CONTROL key While CPIMcom-
mandscan beeither in upper or lower case or acombina-
tionof case, foruniformitythey will be showninuppercase
only. For example, th e co mmand LOAD-
= load= LoAd= LoaD, etc.
-The point is open to debate, but for the applications-
oriented user of the modern personal computer, the .
very keystone of CPIM is a utility programsuppl ied
with CPIM called ~ n acronym for Peripheral
Interchange Frogram.
In plain terms, PIP is the equivalent of the function
"COpy TO". When we say PIP a program, we are in
effect saying that we have loaded a programinto the
computer's memory that permits us to copy a program,
data, or j ust a single character fromone piece of
hardware to another.
PIP came about because the kind of computer for
which CPIM was original ly intended could
accommodate many different user-selectable 110
(input/output) devices generical ly called " peripherels",
and PIP provided the means whereby data could be
exchanged among the various devices.
To digress for a moment, keep in mind that each
peripheral accommodated by CPIM is identified for 110
by a "colon". For example, the control terminal is CON:,
the printer is LST:, the disk drivesare N, B:, C, etc.
Except for one specific case, without the colonCP/M
has no ideawhat device is to be used. (We'll get to the
exception later.) Manynewcomers to CPIM have
difficulty wi th CPIM because they forget about the
colon, or inadvertently substitute ";" or "*" because of
the keyboard layout. Without the colon, PIP will not
work.
PI Pworks this way. Let's assume for a moment that
after years of effort you havew ritten a programcalled
10 ComputerDigest - JUNE1984
PART 2
Even if you learn nothing else about CP/M,
you should learn how to use the PIP and
STAT utilities.
FUTURE.COM which foretellsthe future. It is located on
a disk in drive A . You are ready to have the computer
tell you what horses will wi n tomorrowat Hialeah, but
you're afraid to run the program for fear it will crash
and years of effort will be wiped out; so you want to
make a backup copy in disk drive :. You do it with PIP.
The command line "PIPB:=A:FUTURE.COM" will cause
the program PIP to load into the computer's memory,
auto-run and copy to disk drive B: the FUTURE.COM
program from drive A, then returnyou to the CPIM
command prompt ''A> ''.
By now you should have guessed that under PIP the
" =" character means "from". You should also recognize
that copieshave the same filenameas the original,
unless specifically changed. For example, the
command "PIPB:MAKEMONI.COM=A:FUTURE.COM"
will result in diskB: having the file MAKEMONI.COM,
which is a mirror image of FUTURE.COM except for the
filename.
At this point someof you old hands at CPIM are
probably ready to take pen in hand to write in that
thereis no need to identify the control (default) disk
drive, that the proper entry when A is the control
(default) drive is "PIPB:= FUTURE.COM" rather than "PIP
B:l.COM= AFUTURE.COM".
You are correct, of course. The control drive is the
exception we mentioned earl ier. If no device is
specified CPIM assumesyou mean the default drive,
which is drive A, or whatever you select as the control
drive. Unfortunately, many newcomers to CPIM get
confused as to when to specify the control device. The
fewest difficulties arise if the control drive is always
enteredwhere it would normal ly be assumed. It does
no harm to enter the control drive.
Another example of PIP will serve to clarify its power
and then we can move on. If we enter the command
"PIPLST:=CON:" what we aresaying is copy to the line
printer (LST:) from the control console{CON:). What
we type on the keyboard will go to the printer and will
be printed on a sheet of paper. Logically, this
"connection" will last to the end of time, so how do
we free the printer from the keyboard? With a
< CONTROL>-Z, PIP's command for "bail out". When
PIP receives a < CONTROL>-Z it terminates a copy
function.
Multiple file operations
When we use a single command line for PIp, such as
"PIPB: = AFUTURE.COM", we are returned to the CP/M
command prompt (the '1\> ") when the copy is
completed . However if we have several diskfiles to
transfer it's possible to "lock" the computer in the PIP
mode and simply issue a series of "copy" commands.
To enter a "locked" PIP mode type "PIP< ENTER> ".
The screen will return the asterisk symbol ("*"), which
we call a "star" when talking in CPMese. (CPMese being
a foreign language slightly more diffi cult to understand
than Chinese.) When the star is on the screen we can
transfer data by simply typing the desired copy
command, such as "B:= A:FUTURE. COM". Whenthe
copy is completed the star reappears on the screen
and you can enter another direct cop/command, such
as "LST: = CON:" which causes the lineprinter to print
whatever is entered on the keyboard. A < CONTROL>-
Z returns control to PIP and 'the star appears.
When all the copies have been completed, a
keyboard < CONTROL>-Cterminates PIP and returns
the computer to the CP/M command prompt ('1\>").
The entire sequence for three file copies might appear
on the screen as:
A> PIP< ENTER>
* B: =A:FUTURE.COM(ENTER>
* CWORDSTARDOC= B:TEXTFILE.TXT < ENTER>
* LST:=CON: < ENTER>
Your typed text appears here and goes to the printer.
< < CONTROL>-Z>
* < CONTROL>-C < ENTER>
A>
Not ice that while the < ENTER> key must be
depressed to enter eachcopy command which is self-
completing, a < CONTROL>-Z is required to terminate/
complete the keyboard entry mode.
When you want all the user files on a diskPIP'd to
another disk, you can avoid entering a command line
for each file by using PIP'suniversal "copy everything"
command called "STAR-DOT-STAR", meaning "*.*". The
command "PIPB:= A * .* " will result in every user file
on di sk B: being cop ied to disk A .
Let's takea break and try to work out a few unusual
applications of PI P. For a refresher remember we said
PIP will always assume the control drive. Fi gure this one
out: "PIPLST:= FUTUREDAT. If you said a disktext data
file on the command drive will be copied on the "
printer you've got a decent grasp of PIP. (If FUTUREDAT
was a binary, rather than a text file, the print would
consist of "garbage".)
Here's a more difficult one. "PIPB:DOCUMENITXT
= COW'. Thi s PIP command willproduce a text disk
file called DOCUMENTTXT on drive B: as you type on
the control console's keyboard. You would enter a
< CONTROL>-Z to indicated the text is completed and
you wanted to terminatePI Pand return to the '1\>" CP/
M prompt (or whatever you're using for the command
drive).
PIPoptions
PIP has a whole slew of optionswhich are
appended within bracket symbols to theend of the PIP
command. (Remember you must usebrackets, "I and
l", not parenthesis.) Someare useful for the average
user, ot hers are intended primarily for programmers and
other computer science types. Weshall cover only the
most important applications-oriented options. Fi rst off,
thereis the V-option, which checks a destination disk
file against the original. It takes somewhat longer for the
PIPing to finish, but you can be certain you have a
glitch-free copy The V-option is entered thusly: "PIP
B:=AFUTURE.COM[Vr.
CP/M has thingscalled "hidden" files, which you
don't normally seedisplayed when you call for a
directory listing. To copy a hidden file you must use the
R-option, which you can simply tack on to any other
option within the brackets. For example, a PIP
command might be: "PIPC = B:HIDENFI L.COM[VR] ,
meaning, copy the hidden file B:HIDENFIL.COM on
drive C and also verify the the copy Other useful
options are listed in your CP/M manual, but one of the
most useful, the G-option, is often not understood by
newcomers to CP/M.
The G-option means "ger - get a file from a user
area from 1to 15. In the last installment of this article,
we showed how user filesareused to avoid directory
clutter; that related disk files could be assigned wi th a
software "tag" to specific user areas. It is the G-option
that permits you to copy tagged disk files. For example,
assume you have concealed your spreadsheet data in
B: drive USER 5 under the filename MULTIPLNDAT, but
you now need to integrate some of its data into a
report you're preparingwith your word processorin
drive A USER0.This is wherethe G-option comes in.
If you enter the command "PIPA = B:MULTPLN.DAT"
CP/M wil l have no idea what you're talking about
because all drives operate in the same user area as the
control drive, and there is no spreadsheet datafile in
the USER0area of drive B: But if your command is "PIP
A = B:MULTI PLNDAT[G5] you will copy the datafile to
A because "[<;35] tells PIP to get the disk file from USER
5. Sneaky, no? Problem is, the author of CP/M did not
include a function that works the other way You cannot
usePIP to move a disk file to another user area. For
example, assumeyou have your crystal ball program
FUTURE.COM On di sk A USER0, the default user area,
and you want to conceal it fromgeneral view in USER
8. It can't be done with a straight PIP command
because, except for special versionsof PIPused for
hard diskcomputers, PIP will not copy to a user area. If
you enter the USER 8area you still can't copy because
JUNE1984- CompulerDigesl 11
AiSTAT. POWER.COH
A>lDIR
Ex tended Oire ct or v versi cn 3, 5
Oi l' A: blocks
Slle' 170K. 10 Fil es, Used: 94K , SPi ce: 7bK
FIG. 1-ASTANDARD CP/M DIRECTORY listing will produce a
display similar to this one.
CO" : CONF16 CO" : Olsmc CO": DISKm CO"
CO" : PIPKAY CO": FORMAT COM : INTERCH6 CO"
CO" : MODE" CO" : PIP CO" : STAT CO"
CO" : SYSGEN CO": ISUG CO" : IOIR CO"
A/DIR
A: POWER
A: 0
A: IlMLlHK
AI .9UJnIT
CONFl6 . CO" 10k
o .CO" H
OISK748 .CO" "
DISK7bC .CO" H
FORMAT . CO" bk
lIlTERCHG. CO" H
IlEIIL1NK . CO" 'x
"Om .CO" 8k
PIP CO" 8x
. PJPKA Y CO" 8k
POWE R COH 10k
STAT .m 6k
susm . COH 2k
SYSGEN .CO" 2k
1m .CO" I k
lSUS ,CO" 2k
FIG. 3-XDIR, a public domain CP/M utility combines the DIR
and STAT commands and produces an alphabetized listing
that also contains the file and disk statistics.
FIG. 2-THE STAT COMMAND of a file listed in the directory
displays the statistics of the particular program and the avail-
able disk storage space.
The STAT command
The CP/M utility "STAT" serves two proposes. Inthe
first instance it means "statistics", and will provide
information on individual files or the disk itself. It tells
you how many records'are used for each di sk file, the
file size (in increments of 2K), how how much storage
is available on the entirediskitself, and how muchis
left. The probl emwith STAT is it provides information
on only one file or drive at a time. On the other hand, a
a public domain program called XDIR(get a copy from
a friend) serves as both a directory and universal STAT
command, simultaneously providing statistics on all the
files and the entire diskitself.
Fi gures1, 2 and 3 illustrates the difference. Fi gure 1 is
a standard directory listing of a di sk. Figure 2 is the
,
display when a STAT is taken on the POWER.COM file.
Note the display shows how many bytesremain on the
disk. Figure 3 is the display using XDIR(extended
directory); it presents a directory, all the important
statistics on each user file, and a lot of meaningful
statistics on the di sk itself.
RecI Byhl Ext Acc
lib Ibk I R/W A:POWER.CO"
Bytes Reuining On A: 7bk
PIP does not exist in USER8. Thi s is called ,...being
caught between a rock, a hard place, and a somewhat
sloppy disk operating system.".
What you must do is create a copy of PIP in USER8.
(If you say the disk will now have two PIP programs,
one tagged USER0and the other USER8 you have a
solid grasp of CP/M.) Creatinga copy of PIP in USER8 is
a simple enough procedure that you don't have to
understand. It's like using a housekey. The keyopens the
lock but you'don't have to understand how the lock
works to be able to get into your home.
It can be done thisway. Pl ace the disk with the
program FUTURE.COM and PIP in driveA:. Place a disk
with the CP/M utility DDTCOMin drive B:. In response
to the A> CP/M prompt enter "B:DDTPIP.COM", which
tells the computer to load DDT from drive B: and
process PIP from driveA.
The screen wi ll show:
A>B:DDT PIP.COM
DDT VERS 2.2
Next PC
xxxx xxxx
-G0
A>USER8
A>SAVE29 PIP.COM
If you have any problemrunning PIP in USER8
substitute the command "SAVE30PIP.COM". You will
be left in USER 8. A DI Rcommandwill show PIP.COM
in the directory, which you can now useto move
FUTURE.COM from USER0 But remember, you will need
the "get" tag for PIP. To copy thep rogramyou will use
the command "PIPA = A:FUTURE.COM[G0]. (If you can
understand this the first time around you are goingto
be a whiz at CP/M.) To help thoseof you having some
difficulty understanding what is being done, the
command line means: "Copyto the USER 8 areaof A
the program FUTURE.COMfrom the USERoarea of the
same disk(A)".
Your disk wil l now contain two copi es of PIP.COM
and two of FUTURE.COM. You can erase PIP. COMfrom
USER8 and FUTURE.COM from USER 0
If you plan on extensive use of the user areas, life will
be mucheasier in generai if you prepare a sysgened
(system) disk having PIP.COM utility in all the planned
user areas, perhaps 0through 6, or 8. In this way, if
you're in a user area and you want to copy or movea
program you can pop your "PIP" disk into drive B: or C,
or whatever, and instantly use PIP fromany user area
without having to go throughthe DDT routine each
time. In my own case I have a disk with PIp, STAT, and
XDIR (a publ ic domain extended directory) in each
user area.
DDT VERS2.2
NEXT PC
xxxx xxxx (xxxx is a Hex number)
The -,: isyour prompt. Type "GO"
< ENTER>. Then type "USER8"
< ENTER>. Then type "SAVE29 PIP.COM"
I < ENTER>. The entiresequence will appear on the
screen as:
12 ComputerDigest - JUNE1984
You found an error! The files only add up to 90K but
the disk statisticsshows 94K used! The "missing" 4Kare
the invisible system files, the ones not listed by the
directory
Fi gure 4 is an unusual kind of extended directory: the
"STAT'd" screen di splay produced by the D.COM file
used by Kaypro. It also shows the length of each file
and the disk statistics, but notice it subtractsthe system
files from the total disk capacity. It displays the
available capacity as 166K rather than 170K. The
numbersare slightly different but the end result isthe
same.
STATalso worksas an "assign" function. Among
other things STAT can assigna file or a di sk to be read
only, or read/write. For many newcomers to CP/M, the
most intriguing function is STAT's ability to assign
different peripherals as I/O devices.
As we mentioned earli er, CP/Mwas intended to work
with many peripheral s. Inactual fact, CP/M recognizes
only the disk drives and four "logical" devices: LST: (list
device for output, i.e., a printer); PUN: (punch device
for data input); RDR: (reader for data input); and CON:
(control terminal). In order to get the data in and out of
the desired peripherals, which are called "physical"
devices, the peripheral itself must be assigned to
function as one of the four recognized devices, what
CP/M calls the "logical" device.
CP/M supports twelvephysical devices, though the
modern personal computer might support only fourto
eight of them. The physical devices include the CRT:
(video display terminal), UC1: (user defined console), a
TTY: (teletype terminal or printer), and assorted user-
installed I/O devices such as PTR: (paper tape reader),
PTP: (paper tape punch), UR1: (userdefined tape
reader), UP1: (user defined punch), UL1 : (userdefined
list device). .
Each manufacturer more or less decides for himself
what physical deviceswi ll be,allowed and whether
theywill be serial or parallel input, or both, or IEEE.
Often, a manufacturer will assign several "physical"
devicesto the same I/O port. For example, TTY:, UR1 :,
UL1: and CRT: might all reference the same serial port.
Regardlesswhich you selected you would end up on
the serial I/O. It is the STATfunction that selects the
logical -physical relationship. f or example, one popular
computer allowsthe user to select one of four physical
devicesasa logical device. They are:
CON: = TTY: CRT: BAT: UC1:
LST: = TTY: CRT: LPT: UL1:
RDR: = TTY: PTR: UR1: UR2:
PUN: = TTY: PTP: UP1: UP2:
What this chart shows are the four possible
peripheralsthat can be assigned to each logical
function. To keep things simple, the manufacturer will
probably have CP/M recognize TTY: BAT: UC1 : PTR: and
UL1 : as the serial RS-232CI/O, LPT:, the line printer, as
either serial or parallel, and UP1 as parallel. Actually, he
can allow whatever assignments hewants to permit.
(The user wi ll not have 12 individual I/O ports to wor ry
ebout.)
Every desktop computer has default device
assignments which can be changed by the user
through the STAT command. For example, "STAT
CON: = TTY:" will cause a connected teletypewriter to
function as the control terminal, while a "STAT
CON: = UCF will permit anyterminal connected to the
serial I/O to functionas the control terminal because
the manufacturer decided UC1: will represent the
RS-232 port on his computers.
Similarly, "STATLST:= LPT:" will use the parallel
printer as the printer, while "STAT LST:=UP1: uses a
serial printer connected to the serial port as the listing
. device.
For each computer, the "STATVAL:" command results
in a listing of all the possibledevice assignments for a
particular computer, while "STAT DEV:" lists the current
device assignments, as illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
While many of the PIPand STATfunctions appear
formidable the first few times you try to understand or
use them-you actual ly can use themwithout
understanding anything about them, their mystery
tends to vanish when you spend an evening or so
experimenting "hands on". You can't break anything if
AlD
N ~ . El t 8yt.. Nn. Elt 8yt.. Nn. Elt 8yt.. Nn. Elt Byt..
C8NFI 6 cOlI 10K ! FOR"AT CO" 6K! PIP COK BK! SUBKIT CO" 2K
D COK 4K! INTERCH6COK 4K! PIPKAY COK BK '! Sm EN COK 2K
DlSl:74S CO" 4K! KE"LlNK COK 2K! m ER COK 16K! IDIR CD" 4K
D16mc CD" 4K! KODEK COK BK! STAT COK 6K! ISUB COK 2K
16 Filt lll , occupying !OK of 166K t ot . 1 Clplt ity
112 dirlCtor y tnt ri .. Ind 16K byt.. ro.. i n on A:
FIG. 4-KAYPRO'S D.COM combined DIR and STAT utility
provides almost the same information as XDIR. The major
difference being the way the disk statistics are presented.
A>STAT VAL:
Temp RIO Disk: d:cR/O
Set Indicator: d: filename .typ $ R/ D $R/ W $SYS $OIR
Disk Status : OSK: d:OSK:
Ur Status : USR:
Iobyte AsBign:
CON: a TTY: CRT: BAT: UCI:
RDR: - TTY: PTR: URI: UR2:
PUN: - TTY: PTP: UPI: UP2:
LST: - TTY: CRT: LPT: ULI:
FIG. 5-AMONG OTHER TIDBITS of information about the
disk, the command STATVAL: shows the possible physical
device assignments for CP/M's four logical devices. For ex-
ample, the CON: (control terminal) cannot be assigned to
LPT: (the printer), or whatever is considered UL1:. CON: can
only be TTY:, CRT:, BAT:, or UC1:.
A>STAT DEV:
CON: i s TTY:
RDR: is TTY:
PUN: is TTY:
LST: is LPT :
FIG. 6-THE STAT COMMAND displays the actual logical/
physical assignments in use.
you make a mistake; all you cando iserase diskfiles, so
just make certain you don't have your only copy of
FUTURE.COM in the di sk drivewhen you givePIP and
STATthat "Old Hand's-OnTry". ~ J ~
JUNE 1984 - ComputerDigest 13
COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
The best way to convey a lot of information
quickly is through computer graphics.
HERB FRIEDMAN
-Among the most eye catching computer screen
displaysis anything havingto-do with graphics.
Whether it's row after row of three-dimensional bars
that look more likeskyscraper buildings, multi-colored
pies with a sl ice cutout, or just irregular lines that rise
and fall as they interlace with other lines, graphic
displays are unusual, attractive, and do catch our
attention; so much so that persona! computersand
their software are often touted or sold on the basis of
their graphics capabilities.
For example, ask your local computer store
salespersons to demonstrate Lotus1-2-3 and they will
probably bring up someformof spreadsheet display,
then exclaim "Watch this!" as theytouch a few keys,
and suddenly the screen transforms into a bar graph
representation of the data. A most impressive
demonstration because it proves the old cliche that "A
pict ureisworth a thousand words."
Or maybe you're shopping for a printer. It's a safe bet
that somewhere along the line thegraphics capabilities
of various dot -matrix printers will be prominently
mentioned, and in most-if not all- instances the
graphics will be discussed in terms of bar and pie
charts, not computer art.
Unfortunately, what you see is often not what you get
when it comes to graphics and the lesser-cost
computer systems, thosewe call the home-and-family
or small business systems. There are inherent limitations
in both the computers and printers which'restrict what,
or how muchdata can be graphicallydisplayed, or the
manner in which it's displayed. Then again, there is also
the cost of the software itself. Decent graphics-other
than conventional bar charts-requiresome rather
sophisticated programming, and even not-so-good
graphics software doesn't come cheap. Dependingon
how much performance is being offered for the money,
a low-cost software package can range from "not bad"
to "downright rotten", with "not bad" the more
common level of performance.
Bar charts
Take, for example, the bar charts mentioned earl ier.
Bar charts are relatively easy to program in BASIC, so
evenbudget softwarecan accommodate someformof
automatic data-to-graphics conversion. The EASY
FI NANCE I softwarefor the Commodore 64 computer is
a good illustration of low-cost bar-charting. The
program itself is primarily intended to resolve typical
home-and-familyfinancial situations, such as the
14 ComputerDigest - JUNE 1984
FIG. 1-EVEN A SIMPLE BAR GRAPH makes data easy to
comprehend.
difference in monthlypayments depending on the size
and interest rate of a mortgage; the size of monthly
payments on financed shop test equipment; the actual
interest charged by the bankon a family or business
loan; how much interest your moneyeams depending
on the interest rate, frequencyof compounding, etc.
While all the information displayed on the screen can
be printed, EASY FI NANCE I will permit the user to
convert charted datasuch as the screen display shown
in Fig. 1 into bar graphs. Consideringthat the program
sells for less than $20, that's a lot of performance for the
price.
Most inexpensive computers such as the
Commodore 64 and the Radio Shack Color Computer
support graphics. Unfortunately, the same cannot
usually be done with a somewhat moreexpensive
computer because, unless retrofitted with hardware,
they usually will not support a meaningful graphics
display The typical CP/M computers, at best, support
limited graphics: a bar this way, a linethat way, a
triangle, a rectangle-altogether, not enough for a
preciseor meaningful graphics-screen display Oh,
there will be something on the screen, but a
meaningful display must be printed using a matrix
printer.
Many programmers recognize the limitation of
computersnot having specific graphics capability and
don't even try for a screen display, even for those
computers havi ng limited screen-graphics capability
Instead, the effort goes into providing notably good
printer output fromstandard printers. The DATAPLOT
software (Lark Software, 7 Cedars Rd., Caldwell, NJ
07006 ) is a good exampleof low-cost softwaregiving
notewor-thy performance by limiting itself to doinga
particularjob well . DATAPLOTis specificallyintended
only for the printingof line, multi-line and scatter
charts. To thisend it will read data directlyfromvalues
entered into disk file viaa word processor, or directly
froma spreadsheet or other datafile. After the titles,
headings, etc. are prepared, all output shifts directly to
the printer, wherea chart is printed that is precisely the
specified size (in inches), with the titlesalsoprecisely
positioned because their positionsare also specified in
inches, rather than guestimatedby the cursor position.
For extreme title-positioning accuracy-the equal of
PER
0 -;
20__~ ~
10 ~ _ f
1 2 3 4 5
mmf. PER SEeo
FIG. 4-TYPICAL OF GRAPHICS PAK, this Color Computer
display can be edited and re-edited until the desired graph is
obtained. GRAPHICS PAK is considered by many to be the
best low-cost graphics instructional aid.
10 12 14 16 18 2 0 22 24 26
B 8
R
o
K
EGGS PER BOX
10 0
90
The screen displays can be in moderately high
definition 2-color or low definition 4-color. While the
graphics can be printed out, at the time thisarticle was
prepared it was possible using only two specific Radio
Shack printers, one a monochrome (one color) matrix
"line printer", the other a color "pen plotter" using a
"print head" holding four (incl uding black) colored
pens. Unfortunately, the color printer utilizes a narrow
width paper which must be pasted on a larger sheet if
incorporated into reports.
Naturall y, one doesn't expect gold-plated
performance froma budget priced computer. While
you can save the "charts" on cassette tape, each must
be initially created by directly entering the dataon the
keyboard. GRAPHI CS PAKdoes not read data files so it
cannot automatically extract data from spreadsheets,
word-processed tables, etc.
Storage and printer limitations aside, however, if you
need a decent screen display for your own viewing, for
photography, or for demonstrati on in a classroom, a
showcase, or whatever, the GRAPHICS PAK/CoCo
package does thejob well. Figure 4 shows the kind of
photo record you can get from GRAPHICS PAKusing a
low-cost Polaroid camera.
Adu lt 18 12
I . i. I _ i I.. l J _I .. I .. .. l _,. i
.-

,
2 4 6
80
P 70
E
R 60
~ 5 0 I-
i
N
T 4 0 I-
I .
I ..
I .'
3 0 : .
I ..
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! I
VI SUAL ATTENTION TO TV AT DIFFERENT AGES
FIG. 3-A MIXEDGRAPH of lines and unconnected points
produced by DATAPLOT. It 's almost impossible to convey the
meaning of the data with j ust words.
FIG. 2-0UTPUT FROMDATA PLOTshows how much you can
convey with j ust a simple line chart.
typesetting-the usercan make a print, measure
dimensions on the print, and then go back to the
program and specify precisely where the titles are to
be located within a tenth of an inch.
Another extra feature of DATA PLOT is that the
"poi nts" for each line can have a di fferent size, shape
or shading, making it easy to follow which line goes
where. This kind of detail is possible only on
moderately expensive computers (such asthe IBM) or
through a printout when using a low-cost computer.
Examples of the DATA PLOToutput are shown in Figs. 2
and 3.
An unusual example of sophisticatedgraphics for
budget computers is Radio Shack's "GRAPHICPAK" for
their Color Computer. GRAPHICSPAKprovides line, bar
and even pie charts. It can stack several charts on a
single bar, group bars, create multi-color pie charts,
and even create a pie chart with a displaced wedge.
Graphics and CP/M
The samekind of multi-chart capability as GRAPHICS
PAK-but with printing and automatic calculations-is
available for CP/M computers through several programs,
one of the best known being GRAFI KS2.0. (Robonics,
936 Hermosa Ave., Hermosa Beach, CA90254).
GRAFIKS2.0 creates multi-bar, line and pie charts. It will
accept input directly fromthe keyboard or it will read
data from files, such as a SuperCalc data file, and it
even permits overlays of one chart on another. Typical
of the better graphics software, GRAFIKS 2.0wi ll do
automatic scaling. Even if you makeanerror in data
entry, such as entering percentages that do not add up
to the whole of a pie, GRAFIKS will attempt to correct
the users "errors" by converting to percentages of a
whole, providing decimal values if necessary. It will
also solve algebraic equations and plot the results
(such as a sinewave).
JUNE1984- CompulerDigesl 15
SEA URCHINS V5. BARNACLES
FIG. 5-PIE CHART FROMGRAFIKS. 2.0. The pie chart is
produced by most graphics software.
FIG. 6-BAR CHART FROMGRAFIKS 2.0. The keyed legends
and automatic scaling of the bar chart is " heavyweight"
performance.
whole different ballpark wi th its graphics softwareand
they are limited to their own printers, one of which
does not use standard paper, for printouts from
GRAPHICS PAK.
DATA PLOT canuse several printers and either Epson
Graftrax model. GRAFI KS 2.0, however, which wi ll
utilize both Graftrax Epson printers, works differently A
Graftrax model repositions (homes) the print head full
left before each and every tick (mark) on the paper;
the'wear on the positioningmotor for a singl e printout
issevere, and one can actually sense that the motor is
slowing. The Graftrax-Plus printers, on the other hand,
allow the headto track directly across the paper,
printingeach tick in sequence without homing the print
head. Inaddition to saving wear on the head
positioning motor, Graftrax-Plus printers take minutes to
createa graphthat would take almost an hour on the
non-Graftrax-PlusMX-80.
Admittedly, it's hard to determine how your printer
wi ll functionwith a particular graphics program before
you buy the program. Since rarely, if ever, is software
returnable if not originallydefective, it'sworth the extra
effort to find out if the software will deliver optimum
performance with your printer beforeyou buy
If you need a high definition graphics screen display
from a home/business computer in addition to, or in
place of, a printout, there's really not muchyou cando.
Whilethe Atari and Commodore computers have the
capability for acceptable screen display the software
selection doesn't exists(not muchdemandto start
with). If you have a Radio ShackModel III computer
you have lucked out. Radio Shack has a highdefinition
retrofit, for which there is presently a limited selection
of stand-alone software; it's really intended for use from
within a BASI Cprogram. If you need stand-alone
softwarethe GRAFYX SOLUTION retrofit (Micro-Labs,
Inc. 902 Pinecrest, Richardsen, TX 75080) is probably
what you need. That aftermarket device consists of a
small board that plugs into the Model III: it provides a
51 2 x 192 dot display
The GRAFYX can be utilized directlyfroma BASIC
program (either commercial or user-written), or through
pre-written softwarefromMicro-Labs that isspecifical ly
written for use with GRAFYX. Amongthe Micro-Labs
software is BIZGRAPH, which creates three dimensional
bar graphs, and lineand shaded-area charts and charts
integrating both presentations, and pie charts.
We have touched briefly on some of the highlights of
graphics software for the the lower cost computers. If
there is one general rule we canapply to graphics
software it's that the most important feature, the one
you are actually spendingthe money for, probably isn't
in the package you're preparing to buy Either it won't
create a desired type of screen display, or you don't
have the right printer, or the chart you want is too large
for your purpose, or one of a hundred other things. If a
particulargraphics function is important to you, do not
trust to the opinionsof the computer store's sal es force
(who haven't the vaguest idea how most of the
software they sell works), If they can't or won't give
you a demonstration of the precisefunctionsyou need
using exactlythe peripheralsyou have, then check,
double-check and finally triple-checkwith the
software's publisher. .....
A=19. 37:1.
B=13. 95:1.
C=36.43:1.
D=18.6:1.
E=11 . 62:1.
JAN FEB I1AR
Furlong_ per Sadd l .
105
D RAI N
"'. 5
[]]"'-EET
1m
5NOlO
116
76.:5
.7
:57.:5

38.5
2'1
19 ..:5
Because of the graphics limitations of unenhanced
CP/M, the GRAFIKS 2.0 screen display only serves as a
reference for making rough evaluations of the graphics
display and for the positioning of labels and titles.
Unlike the precise title positioningof DATA PLOT, the
GRAFI KS 2.0 labels are positioned on the screen wit h
guesti mates; final positioning can be corrected after
the first print is made. Figures 5 and 6 show some of
the flexibility of a full-featured graphics program such
as GRAFIKS 2.0.
Because graphics printout is highly dependent on
the printer being used, it's important thatyou are
certain the software wi ll workwith your printer: As a
general rule, graphics software will be available in
several versions to accommodate the popular printers,
or will be provided with several user-selected "drivers"
for a broad selection of printers. Even then you must
be careful. For example, muchof the graphics software
is intended for printout on an Epson MX-80 printer or
one of its clones. There are, however, at least three
versions of the MX-80: the original model, the Graf trax
model (which provides backspacing), and the Graftrax-
Plusmodel (backspacing and a bagful of bellsand
whistles). As a general rule, a printer must backspace or
it cannot create graphicswith most of the lower priced
software. Radio Shack, as mentioned earl ier, is in a
A> Top
B> Bottom
C> Bilge
D> Scupper
F > Gangway
16 computer Digest - JUNE 1984
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lowest value resistor at 10K or so and use
trimmers to get the ot her values that vou' Il
need . Just m'easure the 10Kresistors'to get
the exact value, and do the to
find out where to set the trimmers. Set
them out of the circuit and use a bit of nail
polish to lock them in place before you put
them on the board.
There are other parts to this sinewave
generator we're slowlv desig ning: the in-
put clock, frequency selector, and the out-
put filter. The most interesting one is the
input cloc k. With a littl e bit of thought.
we can make it variab le so that the fre-
quency selector can be something as sim-
ple as a potent iometer. That \ms one of
our origi nal des ign criter ia.
Since we' ve already seen that the input
clock has to run ten times faster than the
maximum sinewave frequency we want to
prod uce (reme mber-the 40 18is set up to
divide bv ten ), we need a clock that can be
tuned over a 1000: I range with a twist of
the wrist. There are a couple of things that
come to mind that will fill the bill. but we
ough t to think about refineme nts such as
crys tal control of the frequency, stability,
low-power require ments, and all those
other goo d things .
And that bri ngs us to next month, when
we' ll start on all that and see if we can put
the whole circuit togeth er in the real
world. RE
Q5' Even though we ' re not using it , we
still have to allow for the time it takes for
the 4018 to cycl e through it.
Make sure you understand that!
Translating that bit of common sense to
actual res istor values is really simple. We
look up the sine of the angles we're inter-
ested in and ge nerate a table like that
shown in Fig. 3. We already know the
angles we want- they' re listed together in
the appropri ate column in the table. The
last column translates that data into some-
thing that's easier for us human beings to
use. All that we've done is to make the
relati ve proporti ons a bit more evident by
dividing all the sine value s into .951.
So, you may well ask, what do we have
to do next ?
Well , believe it or not. that' s all we have
to do! All our work is done and the only
arithmet ic (as opposed to mathematics)
we have left is some multipli cation. What
the last column in the table is telling us is
that in ord er to generate a sinewave using
4 of the outputs from 5 daisy-chained flip-
flops, the resistor values have to be in the
proporti ons indicated. Pick a convenient
value for R
2
and R
3
, do the arithmetic,
and you've got your resistor values! Of
course, you might have a hard time find-
ing standard-va lue resistors in the right
ratios but that' s a common prob lem-
and, natur all y enough, it has a common
solution. You can use precision resistors if
you're rich enough, or trimmers if you're
not. In any event , we' ve got it made!
I know you haven't seen the math we
managed to avoid doi ng, so you can' t ap-
preciate the kind of work we saved. What
we' ve done is a classic example of how a
common-sense approach to a problem can
eliminate a lot of effort and keep the men
in the white coa ts from your door. Let 's go
through the reasoning behind all that and
make sure we under stand it.
If the data is reci rculated in the 4018,5
incoming clock cycles have to pass before
the output states start to repeat. One com-
plete cycle of the 4018's outputs will be
needed for eac h half of the sinewave we
want to generate, regardless of how many
of the outputs we actually use. That means
that each incoming clock pulse will come
when the sinewave we want to generate
has advanced onefifth ofhalf itsf ull cycle
or 36 degrees (180/5).
The amplitude of the sinewave at any
point on the curve can be found by look-
ing up the sine of the angle. Once we've
listed all the ones we need, we can find the
ratios of the resistors we need to generate
the wave. See that ? It is simple!
If you dec ide you want to use more flip-
flops in the si newave genera tor that you
build, you' ll .have to recalcu late the re-
sistor values. Just go through the same
reasoning we outlined and you won' t have
any probl ems.
From a practical point of view, I would
rec ommend that you sta ndardize the
DESIGNER'S NOTEBOOK
Charging indicators
ROBERT GROSSBLATT
TO
CHARGING
CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE
RSENSE

Alal
1'-/ 2N3638
RCURRENT l
LIMIT
(IN CHARGER)
TO
NICKEL-CADMIUM
BATTERIES
ing resistor, because that depends on the
amount of current needed to charge the
batteries. However, calculating the resis-
tance value needed is a piece of cake .
Because we're using a silicon PNP tran-
sistor, it 's going to take a voltage drop of
about .65 volt to tum it on. The next thing
you' ll need to know is the charge rate of
your unit. (Many chargers have their
charge current and voltage printed on the
wall transformer.) Once you have that in-
formation, the arithmetic is simple. The
correct value for the sensing resistor can
be found through the simple application
of Ohms' law:
UJ
g
z
o
a:
f-
a
ui
--l
W
o
o

a:
90
FIG. 1
TH E ATTRACTIVENESS OF NICKEL-CADIUM
or Ni Cd ba tteries for use as power
sources, has caused them to begin show-
ing up in many electro nic parts catalogs
and advertisements. Because they're still
relatively expe nsive when compared with
alkaline units, the advertisers in the back
of this and other electronics publications
offer them at a considerable discount ;
usually at least 30% off the regular price.
And though nicke l-cadium batteries don't
have the staying power of alkaline cells,
being able to recharge them several times
makes them extremely attractive for use in
bat tery-powered devices. Also, they
provide a constant voltage over the life of
the charge, are rel atively trouble free, and
the charging circuitry for them is easy to
design. All in all, if you take good care of
them, they'll take good care of you.
However, one constant source of irrita-
tion in using NiCd cells has, paradox-
ically, nothing to do with the batteries.
The problem that we' re referring to has to
do with the charger, or more specifically
the cha rging indi cator. The irrit ati on
comes from the fact that the indicators are
ofte n misleadi ng-they show that the
charger is plugged in, but tell you nothing
as to whether or not the batter ies are actu-
ally taking a charge. And that's not all:
There 's a second source of trouble as well.
Let' s assume that your charging circui try
doesn't include some sort of automatic
changeover to trickle charge after the bat-
teries have reached a certain charge level.
If you keep pumping current into them at
the same rate, you stand a good chance of
blowing them up. Though NiCd cells may
be available at discount prices, they're
still not exactly cheap enough to destroy.
This month 's circuit, shown in Fig. I, is
decepti vel y simple- it onl y calls for a
handful of parts . But bel ieve me when I
say that it can save you a whole bunch of
time, troubl e , and, mo st import ant ,
money. It gives you a way to make sure
that the batteries are really charging and
also tells you when they're fully charged.
How it works
In the schematic shown in Fig. I, tran-
sistor QI has its base-emitter junction
connected acr oss the sensing resi stor
(RSENSE) on the line carrying the charg-
ing current. (Note that R CURRENT LIMIT is
a part of the charger itself.) When the
batteries are put on charge, current flows
through the sensi ng resistor causing a
voltage drop to be developed across it, and
the resulting voltage turns on the tran-
sistor. With the transistor turned on , cur-
rent flowthrough it causes the LED to turn
on. However, the LED won't light unless
the batteries are taking a char ge! Sounds
simple doesn't it?
Another feature of the circuit is that if
the right value is chosen for the sensing
resistor, the LED will extinguish when the
batteries are fully charged, because of a
change in current flowthrough the circuit.
Now, if the LED were part of some opto-
isolator arrangement, you could automat-
ically increase the charger's current limit-
ing resistor and cut the charge down to a
trickle. Not bad for a handful of parts-
and cheap ones at that!
We can't give you a value for the sens-
E = IR
R SENSE = . 6 5 V / I CHARGE
The value needed will typically be be-
tween 60 and 200 ohms.
Since the current-limiting resistor is
usually much larger than 200 ohms, you
can ignore the current limiting that the
sensing resistor does. But try to keep that
value as close to the calculated value as
possible , because you want the transistor
to turn off when the char ging current
starts to drop. If you're only interested in
making sure that the batteries are really
charging, you can forget the sensing re-
sistor and put the transistor right across
the current-limiting resistor. The parts for
the circuit should cost you less than 50
cents and considering the price of NiCd
batteries, that' s a reall y cheap insurance
policy! R-E
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CIRCLE 33 ON FREE fNFORMATION CARD
91
STATE OFSOLIDSTATE
Regulator IC's
ROBERT F. SCOTT, SEMICONDUCTOR EDITOR
>--_- ----<J VOUT
- 5V
+25V
REF
Tl431
A
+25V
R4
5MEG
IMEG
. V
SI
(RANGE)
R2
50K
IK
If
RI
5K
RX= VOUT RANGE )
- FIG. 3
voltage regulator to be a simple 3-terminal on the TL431 adjustable-shunt regulator
device that outp uts a specified voltage (introduced by Texas Instruments and
that' s lower than its supply voltage. Your now second-sourced by Motorola).
"know-it-all" frie nds wouldn't be so The TL431 is a precision adjustable-
smug had they read Motorola's dat a sheet continued Oil page 97
REFERENCE
NC
ANODE
NC
TO-92
b
FIG. 1
a
PLASTI COR
CERAMIC DIP
0
8
2 7
3 6
4 5
CATHODE
NC
NC
NC
RE FERENCE
MENTION VOLTAGE REGULATORS WHEN
talki ng to a group of knowledgeab le elec-
tronics buffs and you're sure to be met
with"So what," " What's new?" or some
ot her similar remark ind icating unin-
terest , After all, most electronics techni -
cia ns and exper imenters consider the
R
R
R
+V
A
a
I
I
CI VOUT = (I + VREF
R2 I
+V
QI
b
RI
R2
VOUT = ( I + ) vREF

01
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U
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0
a::
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t-
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6
Ci
-c
a::
92
FIG. 2
+V
d
R
RI
R2
VOUTlTRIP) = (I + VREF
YOU'LLFIND ALL THERIGHT STUFF FOR
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continuedfrom pa8. e 40
EQUIPMENT REPORTS
you'll be working with some dangerous
chemicals . Of course that's true whenever
you make a PC board, but there are more
of them in Pro-Kit I . The only chemicals
that don't have to be mixed are the resist
ink and block- out. The etchant (am-
monium per sulfate), ink stripper (tri-
sodium phosphate), and developer (chem-
ical name not given) must be mixed with
water. .
The developer for the photostencil film
comes as two packages of powder which
must be mixed together with one gallon of
distilled water. Unfortunat ely, you must
discard the solution at the end of the day.
(If stored, it forms a powerful gas.) But
the manual gives instructions for making
2 cups of developer at a time.
What you get
Let' s see what is contai ned in Pro-Kit I:
a workboard and a screen (15x 15inches);
a 12X 12-inch contact printer (a felt-cov-
ered wood base with a glass cover); photo-
stenci l mat er ial (8 x 42 inc hes); a
squeegee for ink pull s; a spreader for
block-out; an 8 x 12 inch plastic tray for
developing and etching, stencil developer
(two packages of powder that are mixed
with water), two single-sided copper clad
boards (4 x 12and 6 x 12 inches), and two
doubl e-sided copper-cl ad boards (4 x 12
and 6 x 12 inches).
The instruction manual is 16 pages and
is--'-as it s introducti on states-wri tte n
with the hobbyist in mind. The manual
isn' t perfect , but it' s much better than
most. It' s amply illustrated and is laid out
in a logical and organized manner. What
is missing'fromthe manual is a brief over-
viewof the process before the step-by-step
instruct ions. If you' re unfamili ar with
sil k-screening , you' ll have to read
through the manual a few times to get the
idea of it. We did like to see the following
note at the beginning: " Practice makes
perfect. . .the more you use your kit , the
better your results will be."
With Pro-Kit I, you can make near-
professional-quality PC boards. It 's not
suited for the cas ual hobbyist , But if
you're a serious hobbyist, and make a lot
of PC boards, then Pro-Kit 1 might be a
good way to go-c-especially if you make a
few boards of the same pattern. If you
don't make a lot of boards, then the
$99.9 5 cost is probably too expensive.
Bet a Electro nics offers a copper-
plating and solder-plati ng service at $.05
per square inch ($3 mi nimum). T/ley will
also drill your board for $.04 per hole and
can produce your phot ography ($5 for
5 x 7 inch artwork), and they ~ do the
complete fabrication of your PC board
($75 minimum). R-E
93
SERVICE CLINIC
Fixing half a computer
JACK DARR, SERVICE EDITOR
t Y
-x - - - - - -,,f-- - - --t X
d
FIG.2
Failure symptoms
Figure 2 shows some possible symp-
toms of failure in the different sections of
rn
shown here, is how the different quadrants
are identified. For instance, the upper half
of the screen is the positive Y axis and the
lower half is the negative Y. Right of the
cent er line is the positive X axis and the
oppos ite for the left. Once again, look at
Fig. l-b: The upper right quadrant is
calle d +XI +Y and the lower left is
called the - XI - Y. The other two quad-
rants are identi fied in the same way with
their respective positive and negati ve X/Y
axes . There are three separate amplifiers
for the video section, consisting of the X
and Y amplifiers , which drive their re-
spective X-Y yoke windings. The third
amplifier is the Z or video amplifier,
which provides and brightness for the pic-
ture. The X and Y video amplifiers are
genera lly powered by plus and minus 25-
volt supplies and the video stages by a
+90-volt supply.
When a positive voltage is applied to
the Y axis, the spot (video) moves up as
the voltage is increased, and down as the
negative voltage on that axis is increased .
In the same manner, when a positive volt-
age is appli ed to the X axis , the spot
moves right and the reverse is true for a
negati ve voltage. If the voltage on both
the X axis and Y axis is negative, spot
movement is in the direction of the dotted
line (see Fig l-a). Now that we' ve seen
how those two monit ors differ, let' s look
at some failure symptoms associated with
the vector type .
tX
tY
tX
- y
"
- y
-x
- y
-x
t y
/
/
/
/
/
/
I
I
I
I
I
-- - - - - +-- - ---
I
I
I
I
I
Vector monitor
The vect or type monitor may seem new
to some of you, but it really isn't! The
reason that it isn't new is that all scopes
are X-Y monit ors! Figure I-a shows what
X-Y means: as shown, the X dimension
means hori zontal axis and Y is the vertical
axis. The X-Y monitor differs from the
raster-scan type in that it draws its output
on the screen in a different way. Instead of
the scan starting in the upper left corner, it
starts in the middle of the screen, with the
screen remaining dark until a signal is
received .
Anot her important difference in the X-
Y monitor is that the signal is not fed into
the CRT grid, as in the raster-scan type.
That signal has nothing to do with the
flyback. Instead, the signal (a deflection
signal) is fed to the yoke so that it moves
the spot as needed to produce the " vec-
tor s . " The scree n is divided into four
quadr ant s, as shown in Fig. l-b ; spot
movement in a lateral direct ion is called X
and vertical movement is called Y. Each
quadrant is the vector sum of the X and Y
voltages; the sum draws the pattern. Also
b
FIG. 1
Raster-scan monitor
The raster-scan monitor is more or less
a modified TV set. It get the same symp-
toms as a TV: no raster, no vertica l scan,
etc . So simply check the same things in
the mo ni tor that you would normally
check if you were working on a TV set.
The display's input (video) signal comes
from the computer's output, and is easily
traced with a scope . The display unit will
contain at least one video-amp lifier stage;
or three, (for the RGB signa ls) if it 's a
co lor monitor. All the assoc iated DC
power supplies , including the high-volt-
age (about 14,000 volts) and the low-volt-
age DC supplies , are der ived from the
flyback . A crosshatch pattern from a dotl
bar ge nerator can be used for trou -
bles hoo ting . The setup adj ustments on
raster-scan monitors and all of the con-
trols are exactly the same, so we' ll say no
more about that.
I CONTEND TH AT WE CAN FIX COMPUTE RS !
Half of one anyhow! The half that I'm
talking about is the display section. All
computers have two main sections; the
computing circuits to do the actual work,
and the readout so that we can see what
the computer has done . Most displ ay unit s
are nothing more than a CRT in a box,
along with DC supplies and video ampli-
fiers-sound fami liar? It should, since it' s
nothing more that the back half of a TV
set. Still, many computer manufacturers
are a litt le secretive about them. For in-
stance , I recent ly called up one of the
largest video -mo nitor manufactures and
all I got was shuffled around from phone
to phone , and finally wound up in Pub-
lications. And when I asked the young
lady if I could borrow a service manual for
the display unit , I was informed (in very
snooty tones) that they didn' t want any
..ham-handed" serv ice technician, using
a pai r of glass pliers and a blowtorch ,
fool ing around inside their del icate ma-
chinery. I didn ' t tell her that I worked wit h
delicate circ uits every day; I j ust quietly
hung up and went away. However we did
get the data needed from another, more
obliging source .
There are two basi c types of computer
monit or ; the raster-scan type and the X-Y
or vector monit or. Let' s look at the raster-
scan monitor first.
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SHUTDOWN PROBLEMS
I'm having a shutdown problem witha GE
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c...
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praaches to making one that will
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RECEIVER-SYSTEM hardware, and
how it goes together to bring you di -
rect-f ram-satellit e TV reception in
your own nome.
the high voltage rises to 30,000, and the
set shuts down. I have replaced the
sweep, high-voltage shutdown, and PSR
modules.-D.D, Sheridan, WY
The shutdown systems are apparently
doing their jobs. The trick now is to bring
down the high voltage. If the retrace ca-
pacitors-those connected between the
collector and emitter of the output tran-
sistor-are open, it could cause the high
voltage to go wild. You can use regular
capacitors with a high-voltage rating to
check it out; but as for a replacement , use
only exact repl acements because they are
specially designed to do the job. R-E
home constructor. can meet them.
Find out what mechani cal and etec-
tra nics skills you need.
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS.
technical details and specifications,
along wit h exampl es of actual re-
ceive rs built at comparatively low
cost.
ANTENNA DESIGN... and ex-
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THE FRONT END is cri tical when
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IC60l were OK, you would have no prob-
lem. You had better double-check your
measurements. Pin I of IC601 is your in-
put. Pins 6, 8, and 10are your outputs . In
between, there are lots and lots of parts
that need to be checked out, includi ng
capacitors , coils, resistors, and a crystal,
X601. Don' t overlook any of them!
SERVICE
QUESTIONS
NO COLOR
I have no color on a Quasar DT5979 chas-
sis. I've replaced the color circuit, IC601,
but that did no good. The voltages and
waveforms on IC601 seem OK. Any
ideas?-A.P., Swedesboro, NJ
If all voltages and all waveforms on
a vector-type monitor. The patterns shown
here also sugges t the probable cause of the
problem. For example, Fig. 2-a shows a
blank screen with a vertical line down the
center; here the most likely cause would
be the X amplifier (horizontal) or the
power supply to it. What the figure shows
is that , for some reason, there is no
positive or negative voltage applied to the
X axis. Patterns on the lower half of the
screen only (see Fig. 2-b) indicate a mal-
function in the Y amplifier or its power
supply.
The next one, Fig. 2-c, with a pattern
showing in the upper right corner is a bit
more tricky. Here, what you need to know
is what voltages would cause the picture
to move in that direction and which are
missing' to cause the imbalance. In this
case, either the X or Y amplifiers, or the
- 25-volt supply could be the cause of the
problem. A proper blend of all voltages
should pull the picture to the center of the
screen . The final pattern (Fig. 2-d) shows
a screen with the pattern in the upper left
comer; can you figure that one out ? (Hint:
the problem could be in the X or Y ampli-
fier, or the +25 volt supply.)
As you can see, the problems associ-
ated with that type monitor can be figured
out with a bit of careful thought. Just as
with all other raster-sca n problems, look
to see what is there and what isn't. A lot of
the hassel can be taken out of trou-
bleshooting with the oldest trick in the
book-check the power supply firs t.
Many times you may not have to go any
farther ! Remember that the correct inter-
pretation of the symptoms will cut down
on your repair time.
Although the symptoms and diagrams
used in our discussion are for a particular
make monitor, they should be useful in the
repair of other makes. They should at least
help enough to get you headed in the right
direction. Monitors were chosen for this
month's discussion because they have the
components that operate under the most
stress ; and are therefore, most likely to
fail.
With all the personal computers in use
today, someone's gotta fix 'em, and we
can do the job better than anyone else.
Happy computer-fixing! ' R-E
95
NO PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE NECESSARY
as positioning of the conversion box and
allowing sufficient time for the system to
stabilize before balancing and then begin-
ning the test. It is also possible that ac-
curacy could be affected if a significant
temperature change occurs in the con-
version box area after balancing has been
performed. An example of that might be if
the sun came out from behind a cloud and
significantly changed the ambient tem-
perature conditions around the conversion
box. Although immune to subtle changes
in ambient temperature due to the " con-
trol" sensor presence, very large tem-
perature-changes can cause a shift in the
balance point. To re-balance. the Te e
needs to again " breathe" ambient air for
several minutes; then reset the BALANCE
control.
A particularly perplexing symptom is
where the display is erratic: that is, where
the unit is obviously performing tests. but
with significantly different readings on
each trial. Verify that swamping or im-
proper setup is not influencing the read-
ings by shutt ing off the engine and
observing the readings over several min-
utes. making sure that the conversion box
remains in the same position and ambient
temperature. If the readings remain erra-
tic. there is a problem with the unit' s elec-
tronics. But, if the readings stabilize ,
there is either something wrong with the
setup or you have a really weird exhaust
mixture.
The whole business of emissions test-
ing is very tricky. Those of you who own
"marginal" cars (remember that Jaguar
we menti oned ") know what we mean.
Each emission test can bring new sur-
pri ses-someti mes goo d, so metimes
bad. TIle same car, with the same tank of
gas. with the same emission settings, can
produce different readings at different
times . There always are reasons, but
sometimes they can be quite difficult to
determine. In states such as Arizona that
allow " conditioning mode" testing if the
initial test fails. the auto is run at acceler-
ated engine speeds, in gear on rollers, for
about 30 seconds and is then retested-
often with dramatically lower readings.
Everything is exactly the same as before,
except that some of the excess combus-
tion byproducts (built up, perhaps, during
the long wait in line to be tested) have
been blown out.
The message here is: Don' t be alarmed
if any particular readings appear to be
somewhat different from the last readings
taken. To best determine the state of ex-
haust emissions. you really need to aver-
age the readings . In particular, take note
of subtle changes in test conditions that
can affect the results. Paying attention to
those details will improve the overall
usefulness of the unit and rectify the emis-
sions from your automobile, thus improv-
ing the quality of air we breathe- and
that' s what it' s all about ! RE
ACTIVE
RECEIVING
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continued from page 85
ing can also occur if an adj ustment is
made: while testing. that causes a very
dirty exhaust. Swamping typically is man-
ifested by a suspiciously low eo reading.
or a suspiciously high A/F reading. (In
extreme cases. the eo readi ng may " at-
tempt" to reach zero. When that happens,
the display will stop updating entirely.
The display will remain " frozen" until the
Te e clears- typica lly 10-15 minut es
after the offending gas mixture is re-
moved.) The best way to correct that is to
shut off the engine and allow the Tee to
" breathe" ambient air for 15 minutes or
so. Another solution is to deliberately
force a rich mixture situation (such as by
temporarily blocking pat1of the air intake
to the carburetor) until the eo percentage
swings up a few percent (or the A/F read-
ing is down considerably); then allownor-
m; l air flow and check the reading after
about aminute. If it returns to same
super-low eo. or super-lean A/F. then
that' s most likely the real situation, unless
one of the remaining two possible trouble
areas is at fault.
If the setup is suspected, re-check the
setup conditions mentioned earlier. It is
important that all conditions be met , such
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STATE OFSOUD STATE
continu ed from page 92
38V
shunt regulator, whose output is program-
mable from 2.5 to 36 volts, using only two
external resistors. The current range of
that device is from I rnA to 100rnA, with a
lowdynamic-impedance of typically 0.22
ohms. Its internal temperature compen sa-
tion ensures stable operation with a tem-
perature coefficient of 55 ppm/'C. The
TL431 is available in three temperature
range s : - 55 t o + 125 C , - 40 to
+85C, and 0 to 70e. Two case styles
are available: an 8-pin plastic or ceramic
DIP, or the TO-92 case (see in Fig. I).
Some typical applications for the
TL431 are shown in Fig. 2: Figure 2-a
shows a shunt regulator; 2-b is a high-
current shunt regulator; 2-c shows a con-
stant-current source, and 2-d shows a triac
crowbar circuit. Figures 3 and 4 showtwo
of the more unusual appl ications for this
regulator Ie. In Fig. 3, the TL431 is team-
ed up with an LMII (precision low-drift
op-amp) to form a linear ohmmeter. The
schematic in Fig. 4 shows an unusual pho-
no amplifier using the TL431. The circuit
shown there ' resembles a vacuum-tube
cathode follower or a solid-state emitter
follower with the unit's reference elec-
trode corresponding to the grid or base in
triode .devices. The output of the crystal
phono-cartr idge (typically 2 volts) modu-
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modulates the TL431 cathode-to-anode
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FIG. 4

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fiims . precisio n custom wirewounds, $1.00 refunda-
ble to : JR I NDUSTRI ES, 58 34 -B Swancreek.
Tol edo. OH 43614,
FREE catalog feat uri ng scan ner acessor ies, carrier/
subcarrier detectors. voice scr amb lers , unus ual
kits . CAPR I ELECTRONICS, Route 1R. Canon , GA
30520.
THE Intelligence Library- Restr icted technical
informatio n & books on electronic surveillance,
su rvei llance-device schematics, lock-p icking,
investigation, weapons, identification docu-
ments, covert sciences, etc. The best selection
avai lable . Free brochures. MENTOR, (Dept. Z),
135-53 No, Blvd.. Flushing, NY 11354.
MILITARY communications radios : CPRC-26 Ca-
nadian manpack radio . compact size,transmits-re-
ceives 42-5 4 MHz FM, 6 channels, with battery box,
ant enna, handset crystal : $22. 50 apiece, $42.501
pair. PRC-510 backpack radio (Canad ian version of
U.S. PRC-10), transmits-receives 38-54 MHz FM
cont inuous ' tuni ng, wit h headset, antenna, battery
box: $39.50. $77.50Ipair. ARC-27 aircraft guard re-
ceiver. 220-250 MHz AM sing le channel: $12.50
mint. 45-day replacement guarantee. Schematics
included. Add $5lunit shippi ng. BAYTRONICS,
Dept. RE. Box 591, Sandusky, OH 44870.
CABLE TV equipment, notch filters for "beeping"
channels . Information $1.00. GOLDCOAST, PO
Box 6316025 RE. Margate. FL 33063.
FORTY-nine educational electronics kits wit h
self-learning project manual. Details $2. 00 refunda-
ble wit h order. TRIANGLE ELECTRONICS, 89
Arkay Drive. Hauppauge, NY 11788. .
RF partslMotorola transistors. MRF454 $16.50,
MRF455 $13.50, Catalog available. RF.PART!?CO.,
1320 Grand , San Mar cos, CA 92069, (619) 744-
0720 .
Causasspeed radar gunsand de"",s10readoutyour choice oleilhera
partentageof yourl ruespeed inaUlomatic; mcdelexampla: Your
$peed; 76mph, automodo satlor75%. speed displayed - 57mph), or
the$peed thet youdial Inwhenin llWlual modo. Transmitsonlyin the
presence ofspeOOladar, orbymanual override. Operat.s"" botllX.nd
Kbands.WARNINO' The _ de9ctJbed InIhisIrt"'aturelsrtOl legallot
useagain" policeradar. and is not FCCapproved.
Forcomplete fileretore andplanpackage, send$14.9510:
Phill ips Inatrument Design Co. Inc.
9560 S.W. Barbur Blvd., Suite *109 S
Portland. Oregon97219
DESCRAMBLERS for downconverters , high gain.
Send $1.00. RB ELECTRONICS, PO Box 643, Ka-
lamazoo. MI 49005.
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Torun your own classified ad, put one word on each of the lines below and send this form along with your check
for 52.15per word (minimum 15 words) to :
Radio-Electronics, 200 Park Avenue South, N.Y., N.Y. 10003
ORDER FORM
PLEASE INDICATE in which category of classified advertising you wish your ad to
appear. For special headinj:Js, there is a surcharge of $20.00.
( ) Plans/Kits () Business Opportunities () For Sale
( ) Education/lnstruct!on () Wanted () Satellite Television
( ) - ---- ---- -------- - - - - -
Category: $20.00
PLEASE PRINT EACH WORDSEPARATELY, IN BLOCK LETTERS.
2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35
PLEASE INCLUDE FOR OUR FILES YOUR PERMANENT ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER.
CLASSIFIED COMMERCIAL RATE for fi rms or individuals offering comerci al products or services).
S2.15 per word prepaid (no charge f or zip code)...MINIMUM 15 WORDS. 5% discount for 6 issues ,
i O% for 12 issues within one year, if prepaid.
NONCOMMERCIAL RATE (for individua ls who want to buy or sell a personal item) $1.50 per word
prepaid...no mini mum.
ONLY FIRST WORD AND NAME set in bold caps . Additional bold face (not available as all caps) at zoe,
per word. All copy subj ect to publisher's approval. ADVERTISEMENTS USING P.O. BOX ADDRESS
WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED UNTIL ADVERTISER SUPPLIES PUBLISHER WITH PERMANENT
ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER. Copy to be in our hands on the 20th of the third month preceding
the date of the issue (i.e., August issue closes May 20th) . When nor mal closing date fall s on Saturday,
Sunday. or a holiday. issue closes on preceding working day.
PICTURE flyer lists quality electroni cs surpl us at
low prices. Since 1970. Send for the last 3 issues.
STARTRONICS, Box 683. McMinnvi lle, OR97128.
UP to $500.00 per mont h. Sell computer software in
your home. Write to: COMPUTER SERVICES, PO
Box 7748, Tucson, AZ 85725.
CABLETV products Jerro ld, Hamlin, and Oak con-
verters. Send $3.00 for information. ADD ITIONAL
OUTLET CORP., 111 E. Commercial Blvd., Ft.
Lauderdale, FL 33334.
RECONDITIONED test equipment. $1.00 for cata-
log. JAMES WALTER TeST EQUIPMENT, 2697
Nickel. San Pablo, CA 94806 .
POLICE code unscramblers . ot her scanner ac-
cessories, telephone recording device, ONE, Inc. ,
Rt. 7. Box 257E . Hot Springs, AR 71901 (501)
623-6027.
NEW!... repair any TV... easy. Anyone can do it.
Write. RR No. 3, Box 601BR, Colvi lle,
WA99114.
EXACT same PCB and Taka coil set (no. 4) fo r
descrambler in February article only $15.00 ship-
ping $2.00. JIM RHODES, 1025 Ransome Lane,
Kingsport. TN 37660.
CONVERTERS all t ypes for all systems, lowest
prices anywhere, quantity discounts, deal er inquir-
ies accepted. Send $1,00 for catalog. PG VIDEO
CORP., PO Box 296, Latham, NY 12110 (518)
274-6593.
COMPUTER tools. unique acces sories and com-
puter add-ens, and software for C-64 Alari , Apple.
IBM-PC. Also large sel ect ion of electronics compo-
nent s. Write for free catalog. TOOLS FOR COM-
PUTERS, PO Box 727, New Rochelle, NY 10801.
SAVE 50% off on electroni cs parts , suppl ies, and
compon ents . All major brands. Write SIB ELEC
TflONICS, 419 7th Street , Imperi al Beach, CA
92032.
DELUXE Cabl elUHF converters. All systems.
Zenith SSAVI-1$225.00, SB-3 $89.95, N-12 $79.95.
$2.00 catal og. PRECISION VIDEO, PO Box 1323,
Elgin. IL 60121.
CABLE"TV
PRICE SLASHI

PRICE NOW QTY.
$ 90.00
$ 65.00 ea.
$105.00
$ 90.00 ea.
$ 89.00
$ 52.00 ea.
$ 89.00
$ 52.00 ea.
$ 99.00
$ 59.00 ea.
REG. ITEM QTY.
1 JERROLD 400 CONVERTER (DRX-3) 58 Ch $109.00
10 JERROLD 400 CONVERTERS (DRX-3) 58 Ch $ 80.00. ea.
1 JERROLD 450 CONVERTER (DRZ-3) 66 Ch $134.00
10 JERROLD 450 CONVERTERS (DRZ-3) 66 Ch $110.00 ea.
1.. *JERROLD STARBASE Ch. #_ $ 97.00
10. . * JERROLD STARBASE Ch. #_ " $ 63.00 ea.
1.. * MINICODE (N-12) Ch. #_ : $ 97.00
10. . * MINICODE(N-12) Ch. #_ $ 63.00 ea.
1. . * MINICODE(N-12) VARISYNC Ch. #_ $119.00
10. . * MINiCODE(N-12) VARISYNC Ch. #_ $ 69.00 ea.
1. . * C-1000 DELUXE
(ZENI TH COMPATIBLE SYSTEM) Ch. #_ .. . $260.00 $225.00
5. . * C-1000 DELUXE
(ZENITH COMPATIBLE SYSTEM) Ch. #_ $220 ea. $1 85.00 ea.
1 MLD1200-3 $129.00 $ 99.00
10 MLD1200-3 $ 85.00 ea. $ 55.00 ea.
* ALL UNITS AVAILABLE WITH CHANNEL 3 OUTPUT. STARRED UNITS ALSO
AVAILABLE WITH CHANNEL 2 OUTPUT. PLEASE SPECIFY CHANNEL PREF-
ERENCE ON THESE UNITS. ACTUA L FACTORY EQUIPME NT.
Name, _
Sub-Total
Str eet Shipping
Ci t ylStatelZip _
TOTAL
Phone Number Area Code Number _
Add $2.00
per unit ship-
ping or call
for specifics.
Payment is
accepted by
money order ,
certified check
or wire transfer
only, unless
prior arrange-
ments have
been made.
MUST BE SIGNED AND RETURNED WITH YOUR ORDER
I unders tand tha t the purcha se of thes e cable T. V. products doe s not authorize their
use on any cable T. V. system. I agree to obtain the proper authorization from local
offi cial s or cable compa ny offi cials i n my area.
Signed _
Transamerican Cable Distributors
449 BROADWAY AVE. BEDFORD, OHIO 44146 (818) 956-5839
Sale of De
scramblers
may be pro-
hibited in
some states.
If in doubt,
please
check with
your local
authorities.
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SI LVER I
STAR
coo's and Credit Card
Orders call TOLLFREE
1-800-247-1151
4D
GALAXY
ELECTRONICS
6009 N. 61 Avenue
Glendale, AZ 85301
1-602-247-1151
MULTI-CHANNEL
" MICROWAVE
*****************************
Complete Antenna Systems from s69
95
Full 800 Mhz Range
Tune 1.9-2.7 Ghz
Includes all
ITFS Channels
DEALERS WANTED
SHUGART SA1002 8" hard disk dri ves new-
$269.00 each . S100, IBM, Heath, SS-50 , TRS-801 ,
Apple II interfaces availabl e. Contro ller, $331.00.
DIGITAL SEARCH (803) 877-9444.
PRINTED-circuit boards. Quick prototypes, pro-
du ct i on , design , ref low solder send pr i nt or
description for quote to KIT CIRCUITS, Box 235,
Clawson, MI 48017.
CABLE TV converters and equipment. Plans and
part s. Build or buy. For information send $2.00. C &
D ELECTRONICS, PO Box 21, Jenison, M149428.
PLANS &KITS
AUTOMOTIVE security catalog. 1984 24-page
color catalog, $2,00. ASE, PO Box 382, Plainview,
NY 11803.
DESCRAMBLERS Jerrold type as seen in Feb.
issu e, parts ki t and top qua lit y PC board, only
$30.00. Money order ships immediatel y HI-Q, Box
2830, Trenton, NJ 08619.
POWER supplies. New. Xentek triple output.
5Vat5A and + /-12V at1.5A, each . 35.00 each .
Elpac triple output 5Vat3A and + /-12V at1.5A each.
$30.00 each, Elpac switching P.S. 5Vat30A $50,00
each, Call after 6.00PM E,S.T. (516) 747-4109 .
CORCOM power line filters No,6J4 $5.00 each.
Fans. Pewee Boxer 3 .125" squa re. Model
PWS2142F L-M $7. 00 eac h. Call afte r 6.00 PM
E.S.T, (516) 747-4109.
COMPUTERS, clones, drives, monitors, expan-
sions, soft ware. Bargain prices-di rectory of man-
ufacturers in Taiwan, Hong Kong $4.00, MULTITEK,
Box 25, All entown, PA 18105.
MUSICAL el ectronics & home recording. Sche -
matics and "how to", bi-monthly st z.oo.year. Sam-
ple issue $2. 50 . POLYPHONY, Bo x 20 305,
Oklahoma Cit y, OK 73156.
OVER 1200 electronics parts , kits, and computer
product s. Lowest prices. Send $1.00 (redeemable)
for catalog. Stamp brings flyer. DAYTAPRO ELEC-
TRONICS, 3029 N. Wilsh ire, Arlington Hts., IL
60004 .
ELECTRONIC surveillance! Incredibl e manua l ,
" Homebrew Bugging" reveals secret techniques
used by professionals (schematics included)-
$15.00. Send $3.00 for amaz ing catalog. A.T.I.S. ,
Dept. R, 61 Gatch ell St. , Buffalo, NY 14212.
Introductory
Speci al
$31.95
Pt \.l
Q\W.J, t>o". l
lnq ;>Wlnt
')(1 1".
llW" r l SImp"

1,I')\;-"l S .",,10lOfS
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It cp!lOl'lt
.-ranty
COl,lP' . Ell
'>XI\#O , .n lenn.l
ClUl'4l Uti
.ld.t plOi.""t.t!

to
lM380N $ !9
LM-386N 3 Low "Olt .got! Aud'o Amp 1 !l9 1 HI
LM !lo6!1N Pllas e Loop 1 .9 99
ll,4 73JN "'deoAmp 169 ;a
MC 1330 VldeoOOl Ie< tol 229 1 69
I
veec If Amp AGC 2 69 2 09
MC13!53 AUI:! IOIf Amp IT!I l fl.ol
MC-1J7.P RF Modut,t or 11 9 239
MC'''!53 Ou, 1Camp o s Amp 88 59
MC-U 96N Bil l. nctld Mod-Oemod",I, lor 1 19 1 J.t
l l,l-l689 "' lll eo MOdul . tor 279
1IIIEAR'IOLTACofRECoULATOU
LM ( 5 "OIt PoIl t lVO...011 1 191 es
LM7808 'a VOIl PO$II,. e VOIt Reg 1 19 89
LIol7812 12 VOlt Pos. t, n Volt _Reg 1 19 89
LM 7815 15 VOIl POSII .. , VOlt Reg 1 19 &9
lM 7818 18 Volt Pos ,t '''' VQlt Re.g 1 19 89
LM782. 2. " 011 PO$' t' . . ...oI l RItO 1.19 8'l
THE ORIGINAL NE564 IS NOW BACK I N STOCK!
$3.50 Elch
POPULARIC' s
TOP QUALITY
NO SECONDS
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("-<f A-B
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For CATV MATV . VCR
75 ohm . 90 db ISOI. tl on
PROJECT [' . . 0
BOXES
WoodgraIn _
Til ' , t;Q , 1& 11'. W . ' , H
6 ' ,0 ""til <I ' tl mo.il b 1e il i Um,
nulTl U, "' Pf'd t Nt u'& 11 W
l ' , '"H 5'0 'fI...at
' 12.50 ea.
4 or more ' 10.95 el.
' 14.95 e.
FOI l lrgerQll,I ltftl. nC."
WAHL SOLOERINGIRONS
Your ChoiCe ' 42.50
MODEl T470
T.m!*".wre...djust.ble
Mlcro Solden"'ll St.tl on
como.a: I !IOO'I01OO"f
""'Kl lor "'C1 Q c..


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POPULAR
MICROWAVE
PARTS
COMMODOREIVIC-20 ba rgains. Programs, sup-
plies, periph erals, batt ery backup, game access o-
ries , hardware. Free catalog. CREATIVE, PO 4253,
Thou sand Oaks, CA 91360.
TUBES- All types , discount prices. Many antiq ue
and hard-to-f ind types. Send $1.00 for 16-page cata-
log. We buy antique tubes. ANTIQUE ELEC-
TRONIC SUPPLY, 1725 W. Uni versit y, Tempe, AZ
85281.
PRINTED-ci rcuit artwork, design/layout qua lit y,
prompt. Send schematic. SOMMER CIRCUIT DE-
SIGN, 1227 Kimber. Wooster, OH 44691. Visa/Mas-
terCard.
VCR protective cover clear vinyl 18 7/B x 15V2 X 5
beautifully made $11.95, WINDOW MOODS, 8228
Scotts Level Road, Baltimore, MD 21208,
TI-99 /4A BASIC programs writt en to your specifica-
tions by Engineer. Mat hematical, scient ific specialty.
Descript ion , listing , ca ssette. Writ e for sample
quote. AL TEMPS, ENT., 720 Smit htown Ave.,
Bohemi a, NY 11716.
BEST prices: CB equ ipment, scanners, radar de-
tectors, telephon es. Free list. CRS, 1587 Central
Ave.. Yonkers, NY 10710.
CONNECTORS-audio, co-a xial, aviation, comp ut-
er, industri al , and many other types . Send $2. 00 for
complete price list and order ing information.
Largest inventor y in countr y. CONNECTOR TECH-
NOLOGY INC., 5A Veronica Ave. , Somerset, NJ
08873.
RARE parts and surplus electronics bargai ns. RF,
l inear, digital computers, robot ics. Free cata log .
ODD BALL ELECTRONICS, PO Box 879R, Dun-
canville, TX 75116.
SINE wave descramblers (Deluxe II) bui lt and test ed
$219. 00 plus $6.95 shipp ing. Money orde rs (no
shipping to Calif.)) or send $2.00 for informat ion.
ADVANCE ELECTRONICS, Dept. X, POBox 3298,
Culver City, CA 90231.
UHFTUNERS
i'lOl OllO" iio- ' " 5 104 Hz
Output
MRF9(ll 52 3'J
9Up 19>s
I.lRf')11 1 48
I) -UP 312
1,160 -101 . ee
CHIP CAPS 00 1 mIll ec
2ti - UP 30
2t. 6603i1o....... '.l,lflf llOJ1 1196
JERROLO 400
OIGITAL CATVCONVERTER

I... ..
....
u(l 1ll6lf TVtfloW"lll WlClOU:p.ql....... 1O
Ch.-1 ...1lI 1t.1 ' .......
t 'UflClllt IW"'" "'" TVQfll)"fill Ill'

' 119.95.1.
2 or more ' 104.95 ' 1.
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100 101
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fully
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SANTOUHFVARACTOR TUNERS
75 Ohm Input - 45 MHzOutput
For Channel s 14 - 83

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MODEL ... :.r ' 16 95
115.8 .403A \ ' EACH
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NEW TUNEAB LE DELUXE MODEL CVU1000
100 l or ' 10.50
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OPTION...L 12 db GAIN

UHf AntOlnn. Ch.nll .1
' 8.95 EA
t lkl b e ce MORE
u ' 7.95 EA


QUALITY
P{) WER TRANSFORMERS

' 3.19 ea. 10 49 '2.75 el .
50 or mor e ' 2.25 el .
For LlrQar QI/a nt/tlas Ca ll
CABLE
CONNECTOR
F59 Mal e connecto r for RG
cab le Com plet e wtt h le r.
ru le Mat es With t emat e " F"'
connecto rs
'\If'WIN R O A R D 7ELEMENT
15 OH M UHFTAGI ANTENNAS
COLORMAX
36 CHANNEL REMOTE CATV CONVERTER
No. you can chanGe MODEL
Channel ' or lin e-t une CM352P J ",
your TV set by remote \.. ...
control up 10 20 I t awa'f 2 pc. i :";
Thl $ unit receoes chan REMOTE CONTROL
nels 213 curs ml" & S Uo = = = ==""
[ I
Channel J 301' more
For Free Sound Info
Call 1- 800-233-3865
or wr ite WERSI USA
Dept. M 8 P.O. Bo x 5318
Lancaster . PA 17601
APPLE twin computers. Accessories. We service.
Wi nter sale catalog. PINCOR, 530 Palace, Aurora,
IL 60506 (312) 896-0015.
INDIVIDUAL photofact folders, Nos. 201 to 1300
$3. 00 first-class postpa id. LBT, 414 Chestnut Lane,
East Meadows, NY 11554.
WHOLESALE indoor antenna $14.00. Master video
co ntrol center $3 0, 00, (212) 897-0509. D&WR,
68-12 110 St., Flushing , NY 11375.
CHANNEL 3-60dB notch filter. 63. 5MHz. $32.00.
CROSLEY, Dept. 763, Box 840, Champlain , NY
12919.

r:::t .:_ R1K' Ye 01111"0EXTRA C.... BLE TV " MIOBA t-lO" 1 SUPERBAND
CHA NNELS on UI-lF Di AL
EIiI'1," aln tee oelKl to< Ot ten Ino Th" . y. tem
the ' ""db.l l'ld CI\a" ,..ls your TV, VCR 0-
;;;0:'::::""':,::;:"" '"'-."....'d ..e UH'
. _ I h' UIiIlI 1ft, , A MUST FOR VIDEOTAPING FROM CABLE TV!
Tt>ti' ' )'11 11'1,all o.r" yOU10 1)<00' .1'1 1XI 1hpay (llJ1 TV dKOd... ' 1. 'ld.I' d
. - .1I, 1e . '. Now $28.95...
5,,,,p le to and ope -ate on any ",.ke ol T'.,tIlUHf
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CIRCLE 27 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
NEW FROM RAMSEY-20 MHz
DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE
Unsur passed qual ity at an unbeatable price, t he Ramsey osci lioscope
compares to ot hers costing hundreds more . Feat ures i nc lude a compo -
nenttest i ng c i rcui t th at wi ll allow you t o easi ly test res istors , ca pac itors ,
digi tal circui ts and di od es. TV video sync fil t er. wi de bandwid th &
hi gh se ns itivity . internal graticule hi gh quali ty rectangul ar CRT
fr on t panel t r ace rotat or. Z axis. high se nsiti vity x- y mod e. very
low power consumpt io n . reg ul ated power supply . built-in cali brato r
roc k soli d triggerin g. high qua l ity hook- on probes
$399
95
high quality
hook-on probes included
RAMSEY 0-1100
VOM-MULTITESTER
compact and reliable, de-
signed to service a wide vari -
ety of equipment. Features in-
elude . mi rro r back scale
do ubl e-j ewel ed prec ision
mo vi ng coil . double ove r-
loa d pro tec tion . an ideal low
cost un it for t he beg inner or
as a spare back-up unit.
$19
95
leslleads and battery
Included
RAMSEY 0-2100
DIGITAL MULTITESTER
A compact easy to use uni t
designed to operate li ke a pro.
Featurin g. 3'.0 dig it LCD. low
BAT. indicator . all range over-
load protect ion . averrange indi -
catio n . auto -polarity . Transi s-
tor tester . du al-sl ope integ ra-
ti on viny l carryi ng case
$54
95
h
FE
leslleads, battery & vinyl
carrying case included
RAMSEY 0-3100
DIGITAL MULTIMETER
Reliabl e, accurate dig ital
meas urements at an amaz-
ing ly low cost . In-line color
coded push buttons, speeds
range select ion . abs pl ast ic
tilt stand . recessed input
jacks . ove rloa d pro t ectio n
on all ranges. 3'.0dig it LCD
disp lay wit h auto zero . auto
polar ity & low BAT. indicator
$59
95
leslleads and ballery
included
CT-70 7 DIGIT
525 MHz COUNTER
CT-90 9 DIGIT
600MHz COUNTER
CT-l25 9 DIGIT
1.2GHz COUNTER
CT-50 8 DIGIT
600 MHz COUNTER
Lab quali ty at a breakt hrough price ,
Feat ures. 3 f requency ranges each
with pre amp . dua l selectable gate
tirnas e gate act ivi ty indicator
50mV @l 150 MHz typical sensitivity
wide f requ ency range . 1 ppm
accuracy
$119
95
wir ed includes AC adapter
CT-70klt ""
BP-4 mead pack " "
$99.95
... 8.95
The most versati le for less than $300.
Features 3 sele cta ble gate times ! 9
dig its . gat e ind icat or . display hold
25mV @ 150 MHz typical sensitiv ity
10 MHz t i mebase for WWV cali bra -
tio n 1 pp m accuracy
$149
9 5
wired includes AC adapter
CT-90 kit $129.95
QV-l 0.1 PPM oven ti mebase 59.95
BP-4 nicad pack 8.95
A 9 digit coun ter that wil l outper form
units co sti ng hundreds more. gat e
indicator . 24mV @ 150MHz typical
sensitivity . 9 digit displ ay. 1 ppm
accuracy . displ ay hol d. dual Inputs
with preamps
$169
95
wired Includes AC adapler
BP-4 nl cad pack 8.95
A versatile lab bench counter with
opt ional receive fr equency adapter.
which turns the CT-50 Into a digital
readout fo r most any recei ver. 25 mV
@ 150MHz typical sensit ivity . 8 digit
di splay. 1 ppm accura cy
$169
95
wired
CT-50 kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $139.95
RA-1 receiver adapter kit 14.95
OM-700 DIGITAL
MULTIMETER
PS-2AUOIO
MULTIPLIER
BROADBAND RF
O..,..z -I Oo-.z
PR-2 COUNTER
PREAMP
PS-1 B 600 MHz
PRESCALER
TERMS: satlstactian guaranteed . exami nel or 10days: II nOI pleased. returnin
ori ginal l orm lor relund add 6'" l or shipping and Insuranceto a maximum01
$10.00 overseas add 15' " l or surlacemall . COOaddS2.50 ICOO In USA onlyl
orders under S15.00addSI.50 NY residents add7' , sales lax 90day parts
warranty onali kil s I year parts & labor warr anl y on ali wired units.

= 'S.',;: =-v ELECTRONICS. INC.

= = ===_-==_ = 575 Baird Rd.
========== = Penfield, N.Y. 14626
The PS-2 IShan dy for high res ol uti on
audro resolution measu rements. mul-
tiplies UP In f requency . great for PL
tone measurements . multipli es by 10
or 100 0.01Hz resolution & built-I n
signal preamp/condit ioner
$49
95
ACCESSORIES FOR RAMSEY COUNTERS
Telescopic whip antenna-BNC plug S 8.95
High Impedan ce probe, light loading . . . 16.95
Low pass probe, audio use . . . . . . . . . .. 16.95
Direct probe, general purpose use . . . .. 13.95
Tilt ba li , for CT-70, 90, 125 . . . . . . . . . . .. 3.95
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wired includes AC adapter
PS-1B kit . . ..
Ext ends the rang e of yo ur pr esent
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drives any co unter
$59
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. .. $34.95
wired includes AC adapter
PR-2 kit . ..
Th e PR- 2 is ideal fo r measuring weak
signals Irom 10 to 1,000 MHz . nat 25
db gain . BNC co nnec to rs . grea t for
sniffi ng RF Ideal receiver /T v
pr eamp
$39.95

L:'llllll!l1IZ! "::':. :i:- -
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716-586-3950
TELEX 466735 RAMSEY CI
wired
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Protessronat quality at a hobbyrst
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$119
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wired includes AC adapt er
OM-700 kit $99.95
MP- l probe set 4.95
CIRCLE 79 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
101
NEW!... repair any TV... easy. Anyone can do it.
Write RESEARCH, RR No.3, Box 601BR, Colvi lle,
WA99114.
MOST advanced si ne converter descrambler
available. PCB and plans $15.00. JI M RHODES,
1025 Ransome Ln., Kingsport, TN 37660.
RF MODULATORS
lor the video Industry
$lte lli" mockl latarsfromchannel 2thnl UHF!
Km nsentllR mode ls tor.11McrOCCllT1Mlttrt... incl ucl lnc:01M' new
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HI-FI speaker kits, auto speaker systems and raw
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SPEAKERS, Box 7462R, Denver, CO 80207 (303)
399-8609 .
REPAIRS of all converters and cable boxes with
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complete also available (quantity discounts) UHF
converters of all types available. Send SASE (54
cents postage) for information. 1-(312) 637-4408.
HIGGINS ELECTRONICS, 6014 W. Nelson, Chi-
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ELECTRONIC touch light control pad. Write for free
brochure. EXOTIC IDEAS, PO Box 446, Lake Bluff,
IL 60044.
ENJOY satellite television. Save money with easy,
guaranteed, do-it-yourself antenna plans/kits. Elec-
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catalog. GFI22 , Box 9108, Missoula, MT 59807.
SCHEMATICS, plans, parts, lists, for all elec-
tronics. Modern and late. Send $2.00 (refundable
with order) to SELECTRONICS, PO Box 9606. De-
troit, Ml 48209.
UP/ down digital counter, four-di9it display for satel-
lite tracker. Easy plans, parts list. $3.00. SATEL-
LITE TRACKER, Route 9, Box 37, Hickory, NC
28601.

SPEAKER & ELECTRONICS CATAlOG
1001 BARGAINS IN SPEAKERS
Tel.: t (816) 842 5092
1901MCGEE STREET KANSAS CITY, MO.
GEARMOTORS for motor ized satellite antenna
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22518 97th, Corcoran, MN 55374 (612) 498-8014.
200 electronics kits, projects, plans. Send stamp for
list. MATCO ELECTRONICS, Box 316R, Cadi llac,
M149601.
WARN animals of the approach of your car at a safe
distance, Emits ultrasonic sound. Plans $5.00. D.R.
OBENOUR, Box 44, Sand Creek, Ml 49279.
SATELLITE TELEVISION
Send $5.00 for information
Modern Technology
P.O. Box 419 01 0
Boston, Ma. 02186
HOWto build a satell ite-TV LNA, downconverter,
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CATALOG : Hobby, CB, broadcasting! Lin ear s,
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antennas, modifications, more! PANAXIS, Box 130-
F6, Paradise, CA 95969.
For West Star 5
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(Mass) (617) 366-0500
In Canada:
The One Stop Electronic Shop!
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In the United States:
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FREE: Complete ill ustrated literature
BARTA, REO Box 248
Walnut Creek. Caltf. 9459 7
MECHANICALLY incli ned ind ivid uals desi ring
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BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
Downsview
86 St. Regis Cr . N.
Downsview, Ontario
M3J 1Y8
(416) 630-0400
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3070 Kingsway
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Montreal
5651 Rue Ferrier
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1023 Merivale Road
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(613) 728-7900
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WE HAVE QUALITY DISCOUNT PRICES AND FAST SHIPPING!
ri"ll&\ Q-
750 MFD 330 VOLT
2" HI GH " 1 114
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DIA.
$1.25EACH 10 FOR$11.00
170 MFD 330 VOLT
1 118- 7/ 8"
2 FOR $1.50 10 FOR $7 00
PHOTO-FLASH
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35 MFD 330 VOLT
1" IC 5/8" DIA
45. EACH .. . ,..
10 FOR $400 -
S P S,T MOMENTARY t
NORMALLY OPEN
1/4 " BUSHING
35. EACH
10 FOR $325
100 FOR $30 00
SPECIFY COLOR
RED. BLACK. WHIT E.
GREEN. YELLOW,
SWITCHES
MINI-PUSH BUTTON

POSITIONS
53. 50 EA , .
t1
LIGHTED
PUSH BUTTON
RED LIGHTED 120 VAC
10AMP S PS T
" POWER" PRINTED ON
FACE MOUNTS IN
718" SQUARE HOLE
$1.50 EA 10 FOR $13 SO
BATTERY OPERATED
SMOKE DETECTOR
BRK MODEL -79R
UL APPROVED
9 VOLT BATTERY OPERATION
FORCEILINGORWAll MOUNT
SPRING STEEL IRON HOLDER
ON WEIGHTED BASE
$5.00 EACH
SOLDERING
I RON STAND
28/56 GOLD
2B/56 GOLDPLATEDCON1ACTS
. 156 CONTACTSPACING
$2. 50 EACH 10 FOR$22 00
50/100 GOLD
STANDARD5100 CONNECTOR
125- SPACING GOLDPLATED
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$3.7 S EACH
EDGE
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ALL ARE .156" SPACING
$8 . 00 EACH 2 FOR$15 00
22/44GOLD
P.C. STYLE $2.00 EACH
10 FOR $18.00
15 PIN GOLD
SOLDE R EYELET $1.75 EACH
15/30 GOLD
SOLDER EYELET $2. 00 EACH
18/36 GOLD
SOLDER EYELET $2.00 EACH
22/44TIN
P.e. STYLE; NO MOUNT ING EARS.
$1.50 EACH 10 FOR $14.00
T1 -3/4 SIZE
WITH
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T1SIZE
WITH WIRE LEADS
3 106 VOLTS 2 f or $1. 00
Rated 55ma (@5 VOLTS
61012 VOLTS 2 for $1.00
Rated 55ma @ 8 VOLTS
1210 24 VOLT S 2 to r 51. 00
Ral ed 45ma @ 14 VOLTS
163" DIA. (4.14mm)
3 106 VOLTS 2 for $1 .00
Rated: 45ma @ 6 VOLTS
6 to 12 VOLTS 2 lor $1. 00
Rated: 5?ma @ 8 VOLTS
12 to 24 VOLTS 2 lor 51 .00
Rated 45ma @ 14 VOLTS
LIGHTS
GRAIN OF WHEAT
T1 SIZE G:l==
125" DIA (3 15mm)
3 to & VOLTS 3 f or $1.00
Rated 55ma @ 5 VOLTS
6 to 12 VOLTS 3 f or $1. 00
Rated 55ma (Q) 8 VOLTS
12 to 24 VOLTS 3 f or $1.00
Rated 45ma @ 14 VOLT S
NEON W/ RESISTOR

7 lor $1.00 FROM 120 VOLT
120V INDICATOR
..lb;
'NEON INDICA TORRATED
120 V 1/ 3 W. MOUNT S IN
5116- HOLE . RED LENS
7SC EACH
10 FOR $7.00
100 FOR $65 00
METAL
VARISTOR
G E. _ V82ZA12
SOVOLTS. NOMINAL D C
VOLTAG E. 5/8" DI AMETER.
2 FOR $1 .50 -
n CRYSTALS
TT CASE STYLE HC33 / U
COLORBURST
2 MHZ 3579.545 KC
$3.50 EACH $1.00 EACH

100K linear tape
2" LONG
I 5/8" TRAVEL 75 . EACH
500K linear taper
2 7/ 8" LON G
1 3/4" TRAVEL 75. EACH
DUAL 100K audio taper
3 112" LONG
2 112" TRAVEL. $1.50 EACH
MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES
ALL ARE RATED 5 AMPS @ 125 VAC
S.P.D.T. s.P.D.T' j S.P.D.T.
(on-on) (on-on) (on-oil-on)
pc STYlE. SOLDER lUG
$1.00 EACH TERMINALS
BUSHING Til" 10 FOR $9 00 $1.00 EACH
00 1I .r:t 100 FOR $80 00
S.P.D.T. D.P.D.T. &
(on-oll-on) ( ) (on-on)
P C LUGS
NON - THREADED . SOLDER lUG '
BUSHI NG " " BUSHING =:' TERMINALS
-- 00 tt
10 FOR $700 100 f OR $80 00 100 FOR $180 00
SUB-MINIATURE
DTYPE
CONNECTOR
METER
015 V.D.C.

THIS 2- 114"
"A-I" SQUARE METER
' <>f: MEASURES
0- 15 VDC.
$4.50 EACH
ti.
lit, .::::::::::t1C1
SOLDER TYPESUB MI NIATURE
CONNECTORS USEDFOR
COMPUTER HOOK UPS.
DB1 5 PLUG $2 . 7 5
DB 15 SOCKET $4 .00
DB 15 HOOO 5 1. 50
DB 25 PLUG $2. 7 5
DB-25 SOCKET $3 . 50
DB 25 HOOD 5 1. 2 5
MIKE
CONNECTOR

5 CONOUCTOR IN-LI NE PLUG
AND CHASSIS MOUNT JACK ...
TWIST LOCK STYLE. SAMEAS
SWITCHCRAFT 12CLSM.
$2.50 PER SET
MINIATURE
6 VDC RELAY
SUPER SMALL
SPOT RELAY;
GOLD COBALT
CONTAC TS
RATED 1 AMP AT 30 VDC;
HI GH LY SENSITI VE. TT L
DIRECT DRI VE POSSIBL E.
OPERATES FROM 43 TO
6 V. COIL RES 220 OHM .
RELAYS
4 PDT RELAY
'4 pm slyle
. 3 amp contacts __
24 volt d cor I
120 volta c COli ...
Used but f ully tested
$1 .70 EA CH
specuy COil voltage
LARGE QUANTITI ES AVAI LAB LE
SOCKETS FOfIl RELAY soceach
ROTARY
SWITCH{b
1 POLE
6POsmoN : "
---
75" EACH 10 tOf $6.00
WILL HOLD PC BOARD OR
OTHER SMALL ITEMS AND
ALLOW BOTH YOUR HANDS
FREEDOM TO WORK.
$6.50 EACH
HELPING HAND
5 STATION
NON-INTERLOCKING
SAME AS ABOVE. EXCEPT
EACH SWITCH OPERATES
INDEPENDENTLY
52.50 EACH
Mum
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3 STATION
NON-INTERLOCKING

3 2PDT SWITCHES
EACH.OPERATES
INDEPENDENTLY.
.. BETWEEN
MOUNTING CENTERS.
51.75 EACH
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INTERLOCKING
MADE BY ALPS ...
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2AMP
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MOTOROLA
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LOAD-120VAC 2 AMPS
1 T.L COMPATI BLE
SIZE: I l l .. x '- x I " HIGH
53 . 50 EACH 10 FOR$32 .00
LINE CORDS
>= ==ld=
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2K10TURN
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a lor $1.00
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2N706
2N2222A
PN2222
2N2t04
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2 CHANNEL LIGHT ORGAN
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WITH MUSI C TWO SEPARATE 110 VAG
OUTPUTS FORHIGH AND LOW FREOUENCY
AUDIO SIGNALS USE TWO ORGANS FOR
STEREO
$6.50 PER UNIT
COLOR LI GHT STRING AVAILABLE51.75 EA
TRANSISTORS
10 POSITION ROTARY.
SCREWDRIVERADJUST,
FITS 6 PIN DIP
5 1.8 5 EACH
POWER SUPPLY WI PRE-AMP
4 VOC @ 70 IlA
6 VOC@l00IlA
6 VOC @500Il A
9 VOC @ 225IlA
14 vee@ 3oo MA
15 VAC@300 IlA
16.5 VAC@ 10 VA
17 VAC@500 IlA
KEY
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5 KEY
51.00
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CONTAINS 5 SINGLE- POLE
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6 KEY

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NORMA LL Y OPEN SWITC HES
MEASURES 4 1/ 4" LONG

THIS SUPPLY WAS USED TO POWER

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12 VCT @200 IlA $2.00
16.5 V. @ 3 AIlPS $6.50
18 V. @ 650 IlA $3.50
18 VOLTS@l AIl P $<4.50
24 VOLTS@ 250 IlA $2.50
24 VCT @l AIlP $4.50
42 VCT @ 1.2 AIlP $4.50
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2304 MOD 1 \BaSiCKit) $19.95
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2304 MOD 2 (Baslc/Pre-amp) 529.95
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2304 MOD 3 (Hi-Gain Pre-amp) 539.95
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UTILIZE SPACE AGE TECHNOLOGY.
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POCKET PAINFIELD GENERATOR -IPGSO
Assembled $59.50
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PHASORPAINFIELDCROWDCONTROLLER- PPF1 0
Assembled ......... .. $250. 00
PPF1 .......Plans.......$15.oo PPF1K Kit/Plans $175.oo
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BLS10 Assembled _ $79.50
BLS1 Plans Sl0.oo BLS1K Kit/Plans $59.50
YZING DEVICE - Very intimidatingand
SHG60 Assembled $99. 50
SHG6 Pl ans Sl0.oo SHG6 Kit/Plans $79.50
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pulsesat 200-2000 persec.
LRG3 AIt Part s & Diodes A.allabl e $10.oo
BEGINNERS LOWPOWER VISIBLE LASER - Choice of
red.yellow. green - providesanexcell ent source of monochromatic
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LHC2........Plans........$5.oo LHC2K.........Ki t.........$29.50
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inwithout phoneever ringing.
SNP20 Assembled $89.50
SNP2 Plans. $9.oo SNP2K PlanslKi t.....S59.50
LONGRANGE WIRELESSMIKE- Miniature deviceclearly
transmitswell over onemile. Super sensitive, powerful.
MFT1 ........Pl ans........$7.oo MFT1K.....PlanslKit.....$39.50
WIRELESS TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER- Transmitsboth
sides ofphoneconversati onover one mil e.shuts011 automatically.
VWPMS ......Pl ans......$8.oo VWPMSK...PlanslKi t...$34.50
TALK& TELLAUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDING
DEVICE - Great formonitoring telephoneuse.
TAT20 Assembled $24.50
TAT2 _..Plans $5.oo TAT2K Pl anslKl t.. $14.50
Ourphoneisopenforordersanytime.Techni ciansare available9-11
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speakers. amps, Mcintosh. Marantz. tube amps.
old Thorens. JBL. Altec. Garrard. (713) 728-4343.
MAURY CORB, 111 22 Atwell. Houston. TX 77096.
INVENTIONS, ideas. new products wanted for pre'
sentation to industry and exhibition at national tech-
nology exposition . Call 1-800-528-6050. Arizona
1-800-352-0458. X831.
HALLICRAFTERS S-40, S-52, S-77. Any con-
dition. Paying $20.00-540.00 each. FALA ELEC-
TRONICS, Box 04134-2, Milwaukee, WI 53204.
HEATHKIT IG 102 RF generator. Write: LPH, Box
3551. Ontario. CA 91761.
START MAKING
MONEY IN
COMPUTERREPAIR
Train at home Insparetime. No pre-
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show you what to do, howto do it!
Even beginners ca n learn how to
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Easyhome-studyplan showshowyou
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MAIL COUPON TODAYI
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, N.m.--- 'Avt--
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TI-99/4A SOFTWARE
TI-99/4A owners. Get your free catalog of new, ex-
citing , l ow co st software . DYNA, Bo x 690,
Hicksville, NY 11 801.
SCANNERS
SCANNERS- di scount prices Bearcat BC-l00
5279.99: Bearcat 210XL $214.99: Bearcat 300
5335.99: Regenc y MX3000 5186.99: JIL SX100
5138.99: JIL SX200 5269. 99: Bearcat 20 /20
5275.99: Spectrum radar detector 5214.99; plus
53.00 shipping. Free di scount catalog. Lowest
prices anywhere on scanners. radar detectors, ma-
rine radio s. two- way accessories. SCANNER
WORLD, 10-RE New Scotland, Albany. NY 12208
(518) 436-9606.
REEL-TO-REEL TAPES
AMPEX professional series open reel tape, 1800-or
2400-feet on 7-inch reels, used once. Case of 40,
545.00. lOY, x 3600 feet and cassettes available.
MasterCard Visa. VALTECH ELECTRONICS, Box
6-RE, Richboro. PA 18954 (215) 322-4866.
HOME ROBOTS
WORLD'S largest supplier of home robot kitsl
parts, Build your own. Computerized kits, parts,
and publications. Catalog 55.00. Design handbook
515.00. Complete kits 5129.95. ROBOT SHOP,
Dept. 10. PO Box 582. EI Toro. CA 92630.
SINE WAVE PPROBLEMS?
MANUAL includes trouble shooting, alignment" an-
tenna hookup , i mprove ments, theor y. $8. 00.
SIGNAL , Box 2512-R. Culver City, CA 90231.
SPECIAL TEST EQUIPMENT
WOULDyou like an easier way to fi x stereos and
sound systems? One technici an did . He de-
veloped the Fasllest, saving many hours of bench
time. You. too, can build the Fasllest from easily
obtai nable parts and save yourself thousands of
dollars a year in time. Nothing like it. You can test
stereo receivers, amplifiers, preamplifier s, record
changers, turnt abl es, tape decks, tape pl ayers,
speakers, and microphones. Build your Fasttest
from easily followed instructions. Set of plans only
59.95 prepa id. Send today to DRURY ELEC-
TRONICS, 9847 St. Charles Road, St. Ann, MO
63074.
MAKE RADIO SHACK YOUR PARTS PLACETM
Low Prices! First Quality! No Mail Order Hassles!
Low-Profile DIP Sockets
Quality non -wic king socket s for PC use. Low-
resistance con tact s.
Computer Connectors
Repair or make yo ur own RS-232 cables and j oy-
stick exte nsion cords and save!
.59
.59
.69
.99
1.19
.79
.89
.69
.99
1.59
.79
1.49
.89
.79
1.29
1.99
2.19
.59
.59
276-2029
276-2068
276-2041
276-2043
276-2057
276-2058
276-2007
276-2009
276-2010
276-2016
276-2017
276-2059
276-2060
276-2061
276-2020
276-2023
276-2027
276-2030
276-2032
Cat. No.
MU4891 UJT
MPSA06 NPN
MPSA13 NPN
MPSA42 NPN
TIP1 20 NPN
2N3055 NPN
MJ2955 PNP
2N4124 NPN
2N4401 NPN
TIP3055 NPN
MPS2907 PNP
MJE34 PNP
2N3053 NPN
MPS3638 PNP
Type
2N1305 PNP
MPS222A NPN
PN2484 NPN
MPS3904 NPN
TIP31 NPN
i
Replacement
Transistors
Each Cat. No. Type Positions
Type Cat. No. Price
8-Pin 276-1995 2/.59
14-Pin 276-1999 2/.89
16-Pin 276-1998 21.89
Type Cat. No. Each
18-Pin 276-1992 .49
20-Pin 276-1991 .59
24-Pin 276-1989 .79
28-Pin 276-1997 .89
40-Pin 276-1996 .99
200/0 Tolerance
Standard IC Pin Spacing
Tantalum Capacitors
Power Transformers
120VAC Primaries
Type Volts Current Cat. No. Each
Mini 6.3 300 rnA 273-1384 2.59
Mini 12.6 300 rnA 273-1385 2.79
Mini 25.2 300 rnA 273-1386 2.99
Mini 12.6CT 450 rnA 273-1365 3.59
Mini 25.2 CT 450 rnA 273-1366 3.99
Std. 6.3 1.2 A 273-050 3.79
Std. 12.6CT 1.2 A 273-1505 3.99
Std. 25.2 1.2 A 273-1480 4.39
H-D 12.6 CT 3.0 A 273-1511 5.99
H-D 25.2 CT 2.0A 273-1512 6.29
H-D 18.0 CT 2.0 A 273-1515 6.99
"lA-Watt, 5% Resistors
3911: Pkg. of 5 - ' .
<1.
Ceramic Disc Capacitors
.99
.99
1.79
.79
7.95
.79
.99
1.29
1.89
2.99
1.39
1.49
Each
.59
.79
.79
1.19
.89
Each
Cal. No .
276007
276-038
276-1711
276-1715
276-1714
276-1713
276-1712
276-2035
276-2062
276-2048
276-2051
276-2055
Cal. No .
2761801
276-1802
276-1822
276-1805
2761808
(Single)
(Dual)
(Quad)
(Dual)
(Qu ad)
(Quad)
(Quad)
TTL Digital ICs
In Stock at Low Prices!
7400
7404
7408
7447
7490
Type
Type
741
MC1 458
LM324
TL082
TL084
LM3900
LM339
2N3819 N-FET
MPF102 N-FET
2SD313 NPN
2SC945 NPN
2SC1308 NPN
4000-Series
CMOS ICs . .
With Pin-Out and Specs
Operational Amplifiers
Type Cal. No. Each
4001 276-2401 .79
4011 2762411 .79
4013 276-2413 .99
4017 276-2417 1.49
4023 276-2423 .99
4049 276-2449 .99
4066 2762466 .99
4.99
4.99
2.99
3.99
1.99
4.95
4.95
2.99
1.99
2.49
1.99
2.49
3.49
1.99
5.59
8.95
5.95
5.95
3.99
Each
276-1547
276-1548
276-1549
276-1527
276-1528
276-1529
276-1537
276-1538
276-1539
276-1559
276-1565
276-1 564
276-1566
276-1551
276-1794
276-1795
276-2336
276-2337
276-1301
Cat. No.
Ohms Cat. No.
10 271-1301
Ohms Cat. No.
100 271-1311 10k 271-1335
150 271-1312 15k 271-1337
220 271-1313 22k 271-1339
270 271-1314 27k 271-1 340
330 271-1315
33k 271-1341
470 271-1317 47k 271-1342
1k 271-1321 68k 271-1345
1.8k 271-1324 100k 271-1347
2.2k 271-1325 220k 271-1350
3.3k 271-1328
470k 271-1354
4.7k 271-1330 1 meg 271-1356
6.8k 271-1333 10 meg 271-1365
Solder Sub-DMale 25
SolderSub-DFemale 25
Hood for Above 25
Communications ICs
Solderless Sub-DMale 25
Sol derlessSub-DFem. 25
Solder Sub-DMale 15
SolderSub-DFemale 15
Hood for Above 15
IDCard Edge 34
IDCardEdge 50
CardEdgeSocket 44
Solder Sub-DMale 9
Solder Sub-DFemale 9
Hoodfor Above 9
Type
AY-3-1015 UART
AY-5-8116 Baud Rate Gen.
XR 2206 AFSK Generator
XR 2211 Decoder/PLL
5089 ModemTone Encoder
Pkg. of 2
.39
.39
.39
.49
.49
Cat. No.
272-126
272-130
272-131
272-134
272-135
39
11: Pkg.
of 2
For RF, bypass and coupling. Hi-Q. Mo istureproof
coating. 50 WVDC minimum.

pF Cat. No. Pkg. of 2
4.7 272-120 .39 .001
47 272-121 .39 .005
100 272-123 .39 .01
220 272-124 .39 .05
470 272-125 .39 .1
WVDC Cat. No. Each
0.1 35 272-1432 .49
0.47 35 272-1433 .49
1.0 35 272-1434 .49
2.2 35 272-1435 .59
10 16 272-1436 .69
22 16 272-1437 .79
Low
As
MF10. Vers atil e CMOS building block for ac tive
filters-eliminates th e ne ed for ex pe nsive, close-
to lerance parts. High performan ce, yet very easy
to use. Hams-build a CW/SSB audio ba nd pass
filter or a RTT Y de modulator with a minimum num-
be r of parts! Center frequencies up to 20 kHz .
Singl e or split suppl y. With data.
2762329 Sale 3.88
Dual Switched Filter
Slashed 51%
Reg. 7.99 388
SPST DIP Switches
For digital or low curre nt applications. Mount in DIP
sockets or on PC boards. St yl e may vary.
8-Position. Fit s 16-pin DIP socket.
2751301 1.99
4Position. Fits 8-p in DIP sockel.
2751304 1.49
A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
Semiconductor Reference
Guide 3
49
1984 Edition. Cross-ref-
erence and substitu tion
sect ion list s 80 ,000
types a n d low- c o st
Ra di o Shack repl ace-
ments. Data on Sh ack
transistors, ICs, SCRs,
LEDs, diodes, opto de-
vic es . Illustrated. 272
pag es . 276-4007 . 3.49
!ladleIhaeK
Voltage Regulator ICs c.l==
Fi xed Output
+ 5VDC
+ 12 VDC
+ 15 VDC
-5VDC
- 12 VDC
OVER 8800 LOCATIONS WORLDWIDE
c....
C
z
m
Pri ces apply at pa rti cipati ng Radio Shack stores and dealer s
CIRCLE 61 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
105
106
STATIC RAMS
32.768 khz 1.95
2101 256 . 4 (450n5) 1.95
170 2 256.8 (l U5) 4.50 1.0 Mh z 3.95
4000 .29 4528 1.1 9
5101 256. 4 (450n5) (c mos) 3.95
2708 1024 . 8 (450n5) 3.95 1.8432 3.95
4001 .25 4531 .95
210 2-1 10 24 .1 (450no) .89
2758 1024.8 (45 0no) (5v) 2.0 2.95 4002 .25 4532 1.95
2102L-4 1024.1 (450no) (LP) .99
5.95
210 2L- 2 1024 .1 (250no) (LP) 1.49
2716 2048 .8 (450no) (5v) 3. 95
2.097 152 2.95 4006 .89 4538 1.95
2111 256 . 4 (450no) 2. 49
2716-1 2048.8 (350no) (5v ) 5. 95
2.4576 2.95 4007 .29 4539 1.95
211 2 256 x 4 (450no) 2. 99 TMS 2516 204 8. 8 (450n5) (5v) 5.50
3.276 8 2.95 4008 .95 454 1 2.64
2114 1024 . 4 (450no) 8/9 .95 TMS2716 2048. 8 (450n5) 7.95
3.57954 5 2.95 4009 .39 4543 1.19
2114 -2 5 102 4. 4 (250no) 8/10.95 TMS 2532 4096 .8 (450n5) (5v) 5.95
4.0 2.95
4010 . .45 4553 5.79
5.0 2.95 2114L-4 1024 x 4 (450n5) (LP ) 8/1 2.95 2732 4096 .8 (450no) (5v) 4.95
40 11 .25 4555 .95
2114 L-3 1024 .4 (300no) (LP) 8/13 .45 2732-250 4096.8
5.0688 2.95
4012 .25 4556 .95 (250no) (5v) 8.95
5.185 2.95 2114 L-2 102 4. 4 (200no) (LP) 8/ 13.95
2732- 200 4096 .8 (200n5) (5v) 11.95
5.71 43 2.95
401 3 .38 4581 1. 95
TC551 4 1024 . 4 (650 n5) (cmos) 2.49
2732A-4 4096 . 8 (450n5) (5v) (21vPGM) 6.95 6.0 2.95
4014 .79 4582 1.95
TC5516 2048. 8 (250n5) (cmos) 9.95
273 2A 4096. 8 (250no) (5v) (21vPGM) 9.95 6.144 2.95
4015 .39 4584 .75
2147 4096.1 (55n5) 4.95
2732A-2 4096.8 (200n5) (5v)(21vPGM) 13.95 6.553 6 2.95
4016 .39 4585 .75
TMS4044-4 4096 .1 (450no) 3.49
TMS4044-3 4096 .1 (300n5) 3.99
2764 8192. 8 (450n5) (5v) 6.95 8.0 2.95 4017 .69 470 2 12.95
TMS4044-2 4096.1 (200n5) 4.49
2764-250 8192 .8 (250n5) (5v) 7.95
10.0 2.95 4018 .79 74COO .35
MK4118 1024.8 (250n5) 9. 95
2764-200 8192 .8 (200n5) (5v ) 19. 95
10.738 635 2.95
4019 .39 74C02 .35
TMM2016-200 2048. 8 (200n5) 4.15
TMS2564 8192.8 (450no) (5v) 14.95
14.31818 2.95
4020 .75 74C04 .35
15.0 2.95 TMM2016-150 2048.8 (150no) 4.95 MCM68764 8192.8 (450n5) (5v) (24 pin) 39 .95
16.0 2.95
402 1 . 79 74C08 .35
TMM2016-100 2048.8 (l OOns) 6.15 MCM68766 8192 x 8 (350n5) (5v) (24 pin)(pwr dn.) 42.95
17.430 2.9 5
4022 .79 74Cl0 .35
HM6116-4 2048.8 (20 0n o) (cmos) 4.75 27128 16384 .8 (300no) (5v) 29.95
18.0 2. 95 4023 .29 74C14 .59
HM6116-3 2048.8 (150 n5) (cmos) 4.95
HM6116-2 2048 x 8 (120 no) (cmos) 8.95
5v Si ngl e 5 Volt Supply 21vPGM Pro gra m at 21 Volts
18.43 2 2.95 40 24 .65 74C20 .35
HM6116LP-4 2048 x 8 (200 no) (cmo5)(LP) 5.95
20.0 2.95
4025 .29 74C30 .35
HM6116LP-3 2048 x 8 (15 0n5) (c mo5)( LP) 6.95
22.1184 2.95
4026 1.65 74C32 .39
'*
* *
* HIOH-IECH*
* *
*
32.0 2.95
HM6116LP-2 2048.8 (120n5) (c mo o)( LP) 10.95
4027 .45 74C 42 1.29
Z-6132 4096.8 (300no) (Ool al ) 34 .95
40 28 .69 74C48 1.99
HM6264 8192 . 8 (150n5) (cmos) 49.95
HM6264
HITACHI
40 29 .79 74r.73 .65
LP Low Power aslat - Qu asi -Static
8K X 8 STATIC RAM
UARTS
4030 .39 74C74 .65
Fast-150 ns +5V Supply
AY3-101 4 6.95
4034 1.95 74C76 .80
AY5-101 3 3.95
DYNAMIC RAMS
28 Pin-Compatible w/2764 EPROM
AY3-10 15 6.95
4035 .85 74C83 1.9 5
Low Power CMOS(TTL Compat ible) PT1472 9.9 5
4040 .75 74C85 1.95
TMS4027 4096.1 (250no) 1.99
200 mW Operation/.Q1 mW Standby (LP)
TR1602 3.95
4041 .75 74 l.86 .39
UPD411 4096 x 1 (300n5) 3.00
2350 9.95
4042 .69 74C 89 4.50
MM5280 4096. 1 (300n5) 3.00
HM6264P15$39.95 HM6264Lp15$49.95
MK4108 8192 .1 (200n5) 1.95 265 1 8.95 4043 .85 74C90 1.19
MM5298 8192 .1 (250n5) 1.85
* * * *SPOI1l0HI* * * *
IM640 2 7.95 4044 .79 74C93 1.75
4116-300 16384 .1 (300no) 8/11.75 IM640 3 8.95 4046 .85 74C 95 .99
4116-250 16384 x 1 (250n5) 8/ 7.95 INS8250 10.95 4047 .95 74Cl 07 .89
4116-200 16384 x 1 (200n5) 8/ 12.95
GENERATORS 4049 .35 74C1 50 5.75
4116-150 16384 x 1 (150n5) 8/14 .95
BIT-RATE
4050 .35 74C1 51 2.25
4116-1 20 16384 x 1 (120no) 8129.95
2118 16384 x 1 (150no) (5v) 4.95 MC1 4411 11.95
4051 .79 74 C154 3.25
MK433 2 32768 x 1 (200n5) 9.95 8R1941 11.95 4053 .79 74 C157 1.75
416 4-200 65536. 1 (200n5) (5v) 5.95 4702 12.95 4060 .89 74C1 60 1.19
4164-1 50 65536. 1 (150n5) (5v) 6.95 COM5016 16.95 4066 .39 74 C161 1.19
MCM6665 65536 . 1 (200n5) (5v) 8.95
COM81 16 10.95 4068 .39 74 C162 1.19
TMS4164-15 65536. 1 (150n5) (5v) 8.95
MM5307 10.95 4069 .29 74C163 1.19
5V oingle 5 volt oupply
FUNCTION 4070 .35 74C164 1.39
MC4 024 3.95 4071 .29 74C1 65 2.00
6800 6500 8000 8200
Z-80
LM566 1.49 4072 .29 74C173 .79
XR220 6 3.75
4073 .29 74C174 1.19
68000 49.95 1 MHZ
8035 5.95 8202 24.95
2.5 Mhz
80 38 3.95
407 5 .29 74C175 1.19
6800 2.95
650 2 4.95
8039 5.95 820 3 39 .95
6504 6.95 4076 .79 74C192 1.49
6802 7.95 INS-8060 17.95 8205 3.50
Z80-CPU 3.95
6505 8.95 4078 .29 74C1 93 1.49
6803 19.95 INS-8073 49 .95
8212 1.80
Z80-CTC 3.95
MISC.
6808 13.90
6507 9.95
8080 3.95
821 4 3.85 Z80 -DART 10.95
4081 .29 74C195 1.39
6809E 14.95
6520 4.35
8085 4.95 UPD7201 29.9 5 4082 .29 74C200 5.75
8216 1.75 Z80 -DMA 14.95
6809 11.95
6522 6.95
8085A-2 11 .95 TMS 99532 29.95 4085 .95 74C221 1.75
6810 2.95
6532 9.95
8086 24.95
8224 2.25 Z80 -PIO 3.95
ULN2003 2.49
6545 22.50 8226 1.80 Z80-SIO/0
4086 .95 74C 244 2.2 5
6820 4.35 8087 CALL
11.95
3242 7.95
11.85 8228 3.49 4093 .49 74C373 2.45
6821 2.95
6551
8088 29.95 Z80 -SIO/l 11 .95
3341 4.95 2 MHZ
40 98 2.49 74C374 2.45
6828 14.95
6502A 6.95
8089 89.95
8237 19.95
Z80 -S IO/2 11.95
MC3470 4.95
6840 12.95
6522A 9.95
8155 6.95
8237-5 21.95
Z80 -SIO/ 9 11. 95
MC34 80
40 99 1.95 74C901 .39
9. 00
6843 34.95
6532A 11.95
8155-2 7.95 8238 4.49
4.0 Mhz
11C90 13.95
14409 12.95 74C902 .85
6844 25.95
6545A 27.95
8156 6.95 8243 4.45
95H90 7.95
14410 12.95 74C903 .85
6845 14.95
6551A 11.95
8185 29.95 8250 10.95 Z80A-CPU 4.49
2513- 001 UP 9.95
1441 1 11.95 74C905 10.95
6847 11.95
3 MHZ 8185-2 39.95 8251 4.49 Z80 A-CTC 4.95
2513-002 LOW
1441 2 12.95 74C906 . 95
6850 3.25 65028 9.95 8741 29.95 8253 6.95
9.95
Z80A-DART 9.95 14419 7. 95 74C907 1.00 6852 5.75 8748 24. 95 8253-5 7.95
6860 7.95 8755 24.95 8255 4.49
Z80A- DMA 12.95 14433 14.95 74 C9 08 2.00
6875 6.95 DISC
8255 -5 5.25
Z80A -PIO 4.49
CLOCK
45 02 .95 74C909 2. 75
688 0 2.25 CONTROLLERS
CRT
8257 7.95 Z80ASIO/ 0 12.95
CIRCUITS
4503 .65 74C910 9.95
6883 22.95 1771 16.95 8257-5 8.95 Z80A-SIO/l 12.95 45 08 1. 95 74 C911 8.95
68047 24.95 1791 24.95
CONTROLLERS 8259 6.90 Z80A-SIOI2 12.95
MM5314 4.95
45 10 .85 74 C9 12 8.95
68 488 19.95 179 3 26.95
6845 14.95 8259-5 7.50
Z80 A-SIO/ 9
MM5369 3.9 5
12.95 4511 .85 74 C9 14 1.95 6800 lMHZ 1795 29.95
68845 19.95
8271 79.95
MM5375 4.95
6.0 Mh z MM58167 12.95
45 12 .85 74 C9 15 1.19
68800 10.95
1797 49.95
HD46505SP 15.95
8272 39.95
2791 54.95 MM58 174 11.95 45 14 1.25 74 C918 2.75
68802 22. 25 68 47 11.95
8275 29.95
Z808-C PU 9.95
68809E 29.95
2793 54 .95
MC1372 6.95
8279 8. 95
Z808-CTC 12.95
MSM5832 3.95 45 15 1.79 74 C920 17.95
2795 59 .95
8279-5 10.00 45 16 1.55 74C921 15.95 68809 29.95 2797 59 .95 6804 7 24.95 Z808-PIO 12.95
68810 6.95 68 43 34 .95 8275 29.95
8282 6.50
Z808- DART
45 18 .89 74 C922 4.49
828 3 6.50
19.95
68821 6.95
82 72 39.95
7220 99.95
828 4 5.50 Z808-SIO/2 39 .95
4519 .39 74 C923 4.95
68840 19.95
UPD765 39.95
CRT5027 19.95
8286 6.50
452 0 .79 74 C925 5.95
M88876 29.95
ZILOG 68845 19.95
M88877 34.95
CRT5037 24.95 8287 6.50
4522 1. 25 74 C926 7.95
68850 5.95
1691 17.95
TMS991 8A - 39.95 8288 25.00 34.95 4526 1.25 74 C92 8 7.95
68800 2 MHZ 2143 18.95 DP8350 49.95 828 9 49.95 39.95 4527 1.95 74C929 19.95
CIRCLE49 ON FREEINFORMATION CARD
VOLTAGE
74 L500 .24 74L5173 .69 74500 .32 745132 1.24 745225 7.9 5
REGULATORS
7400 .19 7412 3 .49
74 L501 .25 74L5174 .55 745 02 .35 74 5 133 .45 745240 2.20
7401 .19 74125 .45
74 L5 02 .25 74L5175 .55 74503 .35 74 5134 .50 745241 2.20
7805T .75 7905 T .85
7402 .19 74126 .45
74 L5 03 .25 74L5181 2.15
74 5 04 .35 745 135 .89 745244 2.20
78M05C .35 7908T .85 740 3 .19 74132 .45
74 L5 04 .24 74L5189 8.95
74 5 05 .35 7451 38 .85 745251 .95
7808T .75 7912T .85 740 4 .19 74136 .50
74L505 .25 74L5190 .89
74508 .35 745139 .85 74 5253 .95
7812T .75 7915T .85 7405 .25 74143 4.95
74L508 .28 74L5191 .89
74509 .40 745 140 .55 745257 .95
7815T .75 792 4T .85 7406 .29 741 45 .60
74510 .35 745151 .95 745258 .95
74L509 .29 74L5192 .79
745 11 .35 745 153 .95 745260 .79
7824T .75
7905K 1. 49
7407 .29 74147 1.75
74L510 .25 74L5193 .79
74515 .35 745157 .95 745273 2.45 7805K 1.39 7912K 1.49
7408 .24 741 48 1.20
74L511 .35 74L5194 .69
74 5 20 .35 745158 .95 745274 19.95 7812K 1.39 7915K 1.49 7409 .19 74150 1.35
74L512 .35 74L5195 .69
74522 .35 745161 1.95 745275 19.95 7815K 1.39 792 4K 1.49 7410 .19 74151 .55
74L513 .45 74L5196 .79 74530 .35 745162 1.95 745280 1.95 7824K 1.39
79L05 .79
7411 .25 74153 .55
74L514 .59 74L5197 .79 745 32 .40 745163 1.95 745287 1.90
78L05 .69 79 L12 .79
7413 .35 7415 4 1.25
74 L51 5 .35 74L5221 .89 745 37 .88 74 5 168 3.95 745288 1.90
78L12 .69 79 L15 . 79
7414 .49 74155 .75
74L520 .25 74L5240 .95 745 38 .85 745169 3.95 745289 6.89
78L15 .69
7416 .25 74157 .55
74L521 .29 74L5241 .99
745 40 .35 745174 .95 745301 6.95 LM323K 4. 95
7417 .25 74159 1.65
74L522 .25 74L5242 .99
74 5 51 .35 745175 .95 745373 2.45 78H05K 9.95 UA78540 1.95
7420 .19 74160 .85
74L526 .29 74L5243 .99
74564 .40 745181 3.95 745374 2.45 78H12K 9.95
7421 .35 74161 .69
74L527 .29 74L5244 1.29
745 65 .40 7451 82 2.95 745381 7.95
C. T TO- 220 K : TO-3 7425 .29 74163 .69
74574 . 50 745 188 1.95 745387 1.95
74L528 .35 74L5245 1.49
74585 1.99 745189 6.95 745412 2.98
L : TO-92 7427 .29 74164 .85
74L530 .25 74L5247 .75
74586 .50 745194 1.49 745471 4.95
7430 .19 74165 .85
74L532 .29 74L5248 .99
745112 .50 745195 1.49 745472 4.95 7432 .29 74166 1.00
74L533 .55 74L5249 .99
745113 .50 745196 1.49 745474 4.95 SOUND CHIPS 7437 .29 74167 2.95
74L537 .35 74L5251 .59 74511 4 .55 745197 1.49 745482 15.25 3.95 AY38910 7438 .29 74170 1.65
74L538 .35 74L5253 .59 745 124 2.75 745201 6.95 745570 2.95 5.95 AY38912 7442 .49 74173 .75
74L540 .25 74 L5257 .59 745571 2.95 8.95 MC3340
7445 .69 74174 .89
74L542 .49 74L5258 .59 7446 .69 74175 .89
74L547 .75 74L5259 2.75
BYPASS CAPS EPROM ERASERS
74 47 .69 74177 .75
74 L5 48 .75 74L5260 .59 7448 .69 74181 2.25
74L549 .75 74L5266 .55
. 0 1 UF DISC 100/6.00
DSPECTRONICS
7451 .23 74184 2.00
74L551 .25 74L5273 1.49 7473 .34 74185 2.00
74L554 .29 74L5275 3.35
. 0 1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/12.00
CORPORATION
747 4 .33 74191 1.15
74L555 .29 74 L5279 .49 . 1 UF DISC 100/6.00 7475 .45 74192 .79
74L563 1.25 74L5280 1.98
. 1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00 Capacity Inten sity
7476 .35 74193 .79
74L5 73 .39 74L5283 .69
Timer Chip (uW /Cm')
7482 .95 74194 .85
74L5 74 .35 74L5290 .89
9 8,000 7483 .50 74195 .85
74L5 75 .39 74L5293 .89
9 8.000 7485 .59 74197 .75
74L576 .39 74L5295 .99
12 9.600 7486 .35 74198 1.35
74L578 .49 74L5298 .89
30 9.600 7489 2. 15 74221 1.35
74 L5 83 .60 74L5299 1.75
25 17,000 7490 .35 742 46 1.35
74L5 85 .69 74 L5 323 3.50
42 17.000 7492 .50 74247 1.25
74 L5 86 .39 74L5324 1.75 7493 .35 74259 2.25
74L5 90 .55 74 L5 352 1.29 7495 .55 74273 1.95
74L591 .89 74L5353 1.29
DATA ACQUISITION
7497 2.75 74276 1.25
74L592 .55 74L5363 1.35 74100 1.75 74279 .75
74L593 .55 74L5364 1.95
15.55 DAC0808 74107 .30 74366 .65
74L595 .75 74L5365 .49
3.49 DAC1020 74 109 .45 74367 .65
74L596 .89 74L5366 .49
4.49 DAC1022 74116 1.55 74368 .65
74L5107 .39 74L5367 .45
9.95 MC1408L6 74121 .29 74393 1.35
74L5109 .39 74L5368 .45
4.95 MC14 08L8 74122 .45
74L511 2 .39 74L5373 1.39
74L5113 .39 74L5 374 1. 39
74L5114 .39 74L5375 .95
LINEAR RCA 74L51 22 .45 74L5 377 1. 39
74L51 23 .79 74L5378 1.18
LM301 .34 LM340 (see 7800) LM565 .99 LM1558H 3.10
CA 3023 2.75 CA 308 2
74L51 24 2.90 74L5379 1.35 LM301H .79 LM348 .99 LM566 1.49 LM1800 2. 37
CA 303 9 1.29 CA 3083
74L51 25 .49 74L5385 3.90 LM307 .45 LM350 K 4.95 LM567 .89 LM1812 8.25
CA 304 6 1.25 CA 3086
74L5126 .49 74L5386 .45 LM308 .69 LM350T 4.60 NE570 3.95 LM1830 3.50
CA 3059 2.90 CA 3089
74L5132 .59 74L5390 1.19 LM308H 1.15 LM358 .69 NE571 2.95 LM1871 5.49
CA 3060 2.90 CA 309 6
74L51 33 .59 74 L5393 1.19
LM309H 1.95 LM359 1.79 NE590 2.50 LM1872 5.49
CA 3065 1.75 CA 3130
74L5136 .39 74 L5395 1.19
LM309K 1.25 LM376 3.7 5 NE592 2.75 LM1877 3.25
CA 308 0 1.10 CA 3140
74L5137 .99
LM310 1.75 LM377 1.95 LM709 .59 LM1889 1.95
CA 3081 1.65 CA 3146
74 L5399 1.49
LM311 .64 LM378 2.50 LM710 .75 LM1896 1.75
CA 3160 1.19
74L5138 .55 74L5424 2.95
LM311H .89 LM379 4. 50 LM711 .79 ULN2003 2.49
74L51 39 .55 74L5 447 .95
LM31 2H 1.75 LM380 .89 LM723 .49 LM2877 2.05
TI
74 L5 145 1.20 74L5490 1.95
LM317 K 3.95 LM380N-8 1.10 LM723H .55 LM2878 2.25
74 L5 147 2.49 74L5 624 3.99
LM317T 1. 19 LM381 1.60 LM733 .98 LM2900 .85 TL494 4.20 75365
74L5148 1.35 74 L56 40 2. 20
LM318 1.49 LM382 1.60 LM741 .35 LM2901 1.00 TL49 6 1.65 754 50
74L5151 .55 74L5645 2.20 LM318H 1.59 LM383 1.95 LM741N -14 .35 LM3900 .59 TL497 3.25 75451
74L51 53 .55 74L5668 1. 69 LM319H 1.90 LM384 1.95 LM741H .40 LM3905 1.25 75 107 1.49 75452
74L5154 1.90 74L5669 1.89 LM319 1.25 LM386 .89 LM747 .69 LM390 9 .98 75110 1.95 75453
74L5155 .69 74L5670 1.49 LM320 (see 7900 ) LM387 1.40 LM748 .59 LM3911 2. 25 75150 1.95 7545 4
74L5156 .69 74L5674 14.95
LM322 1.65 LM389 1.35 LM1014 1.19 LM3914 3.95 75154 1.95 75491
74L5157 .65 74L5682 3.20
LM323K 4.95 LM390 1.95 LM1303 1.95 LM3915 3.95 75188 1. 25 75492
74L5158 .59 74L5683 3.20
LM324 .59 LM392 .69 LM1310 1.4 9 LM3916 3.95 75189 1. 25 75493
74L5160 .69 74L5684 3.20
LM329 .65 LM393 1.29 MC1 330 1.69 MC4024 3.95 75494 .89
LM331 3.95 LM394H 4.60 MC1349 1.89 MC4 044 4.50
74L5161 .65 74L5685 3.20
LM334 1.19 LM399H 5.00 MC135 0 1.19 RC4136 1.25
BI FET
74L5162 .69 74L5688 2.40
LM335 1.40 NE531 2.95 MC1358 1.69 RC4151 3.95
74L5163 .65 74L5689 3.20
LM336 1.75 NE555 .34 MC1372 6.95 LM4250 1.75 TL071 .79 TL084
74L51 64 .69 81L595 1.49
LM337K 3.95 NE556 .65 LM141 4 1.59 LM4500 3.25 TL072 1.19 LF347
74 L5 165 .95 81L596 1.49 LM337T 1.95 NE5 58 1.50 LM1458 .59 RC4558 .69 TL074 2. 19 LF351
74L5166 1.95 81L597 1.49 LM338K 6.95 NE56 1 24.95 LM1488 .69 LM13080 1.29 n081 .79 LF353
74L5168 1.75 81L598 1.49 LM339 .99 NE564 2.95 LM148 9 .69 LM13600 1.49 n082 1.19 LF355
74L5169 1.75 25L52521 2. 80 LM1496 .85 LM13700 1.49 n083 1. 19 LF35 6
74L5170 1.49 25L52569 4.25 T TO -220 K TO -3
LF357 1.40
DIP
LED LAMPS
LED DISPLAYS
SWITCHES
HP 50 82-77 60 CC
MAN 72 CA
4 POSITION .6 5
JUM BO RED
MAN 74 CC
5 POSITION . 9 0
J UMBO GREEN
FND-357 (35 9) CC
6 POSITION . 9 0
JUMBO YELLOW
FND-500 (50 3) CC
7 POSITION .9 5
FND-507 (510 ) CA 1.49
6 POSITION . 9 5
LED MOUNTING HARDWARE TlL-311 4x 7 HEX W/LOGIC 9.95 c....
C
Z
m

(0
CD

C IRCLE 49 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 107
DISK DRIVES
TANDON
TM100-1 5',' (FOR IBM) 55/00
TM100-2 5',' (FOR IBM) 05/00
SHUGART
SA 400L 5' , ' (40TRACK) 55/00
MPI
MP-52 5'.,': (FOR IBM) 05/00
NOTE: Please Include suffi cient amount for
shippi ng on above it ems.
HEAT SINKS
SWITCHES
TRANSISTORS
199
2N918 .50 MPS3706 .15
8 pin ST .13
MPS918 .25 2N3772 1.85
14 pin ST .15
2N2102 .75 2N3903 .25 16 pin ST .17
2N2218 .50 2N3904 .10 18 pin ST .20
2N2218A .50 2N3906 .10 20 pin ST .29
2N2219 .50 2N4122 .25 22 pi n ST .30
2N2219A .50 2N4123 .25
24 pin ST .30
2N2222 .25 2N4249 .25
28 pi n ST .40
PN2222 .10 2N4304 .75
40 pin ST .49
MPS2369 .25 2N4401 .25 64 pin ST 4.25 call
2N2484 .25 2N4402 .25 ST=SOlDERTAl l
2N2905 .50 2N4403 .25 8plnWW .59 .49
2N2907 .25 2N4857 1.00 14 pln WW .69 .52
PN2907 .125 PN4916 .25 16 pin WW .69 .58
2N3055 .79 2N5086 .25
18 pin WW .99 .90
3055T .69 PN5129 .25
20 pin WW 1.09 .98
2N3393 .30 PN5139 .25
22plnWW 1.39 1.28
2N3414 .25 2N5209 .25
24 pin WW 1.49 1.35
2N3563 .40 2N6028 .35
28 pin WW 1.69 1.49
2N3565 .40 2N6043 1.75
40 pin WW 1.99 1.80
PN3565 .25 2N6045 1.75
WW=WIREWRAP
MPS3638 .25 MPS-A05 .25
16 pin ZIF 5.95 call
MPS3640 .25 MPS-A06 .25
24 pin ZIF 7.95 call
PN3643 .25 MPS-A55 .25
PN3644 .25 T1P29 .65
28 pin ZIF 8.95 call
MPS3704 .15 TIP31 .75
ZIF =TEXTOOl
TIP32 .79 (Zaro Insertion Force)
CABINETS FOR 5114"
DISK DRIVES
-CABINET #1 $29.95
* DI MENSIONS 81' . X 5' '1'" X 3' 'lI,''
* CO LOR MATC HES APPLE
* FITS STANDARD 5'1." DRIVES. INCL.
SHUGART
* INCLUDES MOUNTING
HARDWARE AN D FEET
CABINET #2 $79.00
* COMPLET E WITH POWER SUP PLY,
SWITCH, LINE CORD. FUSE &
STANDARD POWER CONNECTOR
* DI MENSIONS: 1 1 ~ X 5. X 3' 'lI,''
* +5V@ 1 AMP. +12V@ 1.5 AM P
* FITS STANDARD 5'14' DRIVES
* PLEASE SPECIFY GRAY OR TAN
NOTE: Please i ncl ud e sufficient amount for
shippi ng on above items.
1.00 MCA-7
1.10 MCA-255
,69 IL-1
1.75 ILA-30
1.25 ILQ-74
1,25 H11C5
1.00 TIL-111
1.50 T1L-113
DIODES
5.1 volt zener
12.0 volt zener
(l N914) switchi nq
4QOPI V rec t if i er
200PIV 1.5amp bridge
400PIV 1.5amp bridge
Di p- Brtd qe
RESISTORS
'I, WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL
STANDARD VALUES
FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM
50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025
100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02
1000 PCS . SAME VA LUE .015
RIBBON CABLE
MOUNTING HARDWARE 1.00
.83 7.30
1.00 880
1.25 11.00
1 32 11.60
1 32 11.60
1.65 14.50
1.92 16.80
250 22.00
COLOR CODED
l ' 10'
.50 4.40
.55 4.80
.65 5.70
.75 6 60
.75 6.60
.98 8.60
1.32 1160
1.38 12.10
SINGLE COLOR
r 10'
10
16
20
25
26
34
40
50
1.60
1 60
125 1.25
2.95
3.50
HOODS
BLACK GREY
HOOD-B HOOD
3.37 3 69
4.70 5. 13
6.23 6.84
92 2 10.08
MA LE FEMALE
IDC
RIBBON CAB LE
IDBxxP IDBxxS
1.65 2.18
2.20 303
3.00 4.42
4.83 619
RIGHT ANG LE
PC SOLDER
MA LE FEMAL E
DBxxPR DBxxSR
2.08 2.66
2.69 3.63
2.50 325
4.80 7.11
6.06 9.24
For order inst ructions see "IDC Conn ectors " below.
SOLDER CUP
MALE FEMALE
DBxxP DBxxS ORDER BY
DESCRIPTION
CONTACTS 9
15
25
37
50
.
IDC CONNECTORS
DESCRIPTION SOLDER HEADER
RIGH T ANG LE
WW HEAD ER
RIGHT ANGLE RIBBON RIBBON RIBBON
SOLDER HEADER WW HEADER HEADER SOCKET HEADER EDGE CARD
ORDER BY IDHxxS IDHxxSR IDHxxW IDHxxWR IDSxx IDMxx IDExx
CONTACTS 10 .82 .85 1.86 2.05 1.15 --- 2.25
20 1.29 1.35 2.98 328 1.86 5.50 236
26 1.68 1.76 3.84 422 2.43 6.25 2 65
34 2.20 2.31 4.50 4.45 3.15 7.00 3.25
40 2.58 2.72 5.28 4.80 3.73 7.50 3.80
50 3.24 3.39 6.63 7.30 4.65 8.50 4.74
ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of co ntacts in the positi on mar ked "xx " of the "o rder by" part numb er listed. Example: A 10pin right angl e solder style
header would be IDH10SR.
108
CIRCLE 49 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
=1= JDR Microdevices
t"OUSAnDS SOlD\
JDR 16K RAM CARD FOR APPLE 11+
* Expa nd yo ur 48K Appl e to 64K
* Full y compati ble wit h Appl e Language System - Use
in place of Appl e Language car d
* High est qualit y ca r d features: gold edge connector,
sockets for all IC's .
* 2 YEAR WARRANTY $44
95
Kit with Inst ruct i ons $40.95
Bar e PC Card $14.95
GET SLI MIn 1984!
JDR HALF-HEIGHT DISK DRIVE
* 35 Tr ack i f used wit h
Ap ple Controll er
* 40 Trac k Co ntroll er and DOS
Available (Cal l for Price)
$209
95
* Shugart Mechanism -
Made in U.S.A.
* Direct Replacement for
Apple Disk II
* Compatible with Apple
Controller or other Apple
compatible controllers
* Speci ally designed
electronics with low power
consumption
* DOS3.3 and 3.2 compatible
* One Year Warranty
APPLE COMPATIBLE
POWER SUPPLY
* Use To Power Apple
Type Systems
* +5V@4A +12V@2.5A
- 5V@.5A - 12V@.5A
* Instructions and Apple
Power Connector Included.
$19
95
BrnG
BrnK-IO PRinTER
* 80 CPS Dot Mat ri x Printer
* Pr ints Bi-Direct ional in 40, 80,
71 or 142 Columns in Normal,
Doubl e Width or Co mpressed
Text.
* Pr int Superscript As Well As
Superb Graphics i n Character
or Bi t Image
$279.
MONOCHROME
BMC BM 12AUW GREEN 12" 589.95
BMC BM 12EUY 18 MHZ AMBER 5139.95
BMC BM 12EUN 18 MHZ HIGH RES GREEN 5115.00
NEC JB1201M - 20 MHZ GREEN 5169.00
ZENITH ZVM-121 -15 MHZ GREEN 599.00
COLOR
BMC BM-AU9191U COMPOSITE 13" . . . . .
VIEWMAX-80
NOW ONL Y $159
95
* 80 Column Card for Apple 11+
* Vid eo Soft Switch
* Inverse Video
* 2 Year Wa rranty
VIEWMAX-80e
NEW $129
95
* 80 Column Card for Apple lie
* 64K RAM Expandable to 128K
64K RAM Upgrade $4760
GRAPHMAX $129
95
* Hi Resolution Graphics
* Printer Card
"* Centronics Parallel Interface
* Zoom, Rotation and More
Graphmax with Color
Option 149
95
nASHUA DISKETTES
5'1." WITH HUB RING
M01 SOFT SECTOR. SS/SD . . 19.95
M010 SOFT SECTOR. SS/ DD . . .... . 26.25
M020 SOFT SECTOR. DS/ DD .. ... . 30.75
M02F SOFT SECTOR. DS/ QUAD DENSITY 45.00
M0110 10 SECTOR HARD. SS/SD . . 19.95
M0210D 10 SECTOR HARD. DS/ DD . . . . 30.75
8" WITHOUT HUB RING
FD1 SOFT SECTOR. SS/SD . . . . . . 24.75
F01D SOFT SECTOR. SS/ DD . . . . . . . . 30.00
FD2D SOFT SECTOR. DS/DD . . . . . . . 36.75
SS /DD SOFT SECTOR
$29.95
SS/DD 10 HARD SECTOR
.$29.95
ATT RACTIVE. FUNCTI ONAL
DISK STORAGE SYSTEM
75 DISK STORAGE
CAPACITY
MOLDED FROM DURABLE
SMOK ED PLASTIC WITH
FRONT CARRY $16
99
ING HANDLE
OTHER ACCESSORIES
FOR APPLE II
THUNDERCLOCK $129.95
* Real-Time Cl ock Calendar
* Software Incl uded .
* Mountain Software Compati ble
* BSR Control Options Ava i lable
moniTORS
BMC MONITOR STAND
MODEL PA900
Your Display Will
Tilt & Swivel 529.95
c...
C
z
m
109
LET'S GETALL OF AMERICA WORKING AGAIN.
Especially for one person
like yourself who's trying to do
the work of three. So why not
hire one or two of the thou-
sands of young disadvantaged
people looking for work this
summer. Hiring them can also
help you get as much as an
85%tax credit on the first
$3,000 in wages you pay to one
of these summer employees.
For further information, write
the National Alliance of
Business at PO. Box 7207,
Washington, D.C. 20044. And
support your local summer-
jobs-for-youth programs.
Make living in the summer-
time easy.
SUMMERTIME
ANDTHE LlVli'
AlN'TWl
CIRCLE 30 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
l iP
EXP
Z-80 BASED
ST
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ACCT NO
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ADDRESS
t.lICRO-PROfSSOR
CIRCLE 39 ON FREE INFORMATI ON CARD
MICROCOMPUTER
A superb learni ng tool for students,
instructors, hobbyists.
Nothing else need ed. Ju st plug in and sta rt
learnin g! Complete expe rimenters manual, easy
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for ZBO-CTC, ZBO-PIO, EPROM , Breadboar ding'
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2KB BAS IC interpreter now ava ilab le, only $19.00.
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For Immediate actlOO call TOll FREE

1-800-426-1044
Rodmond. WA 98052
NAME
CfJ
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ex:
t-
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6
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ex:
110
POPULAR CHIPS
NETWORK SALES, INC.
UHF AMP KIT
NE564 2.75 25db Gai n st ripline PC board
LM 301 .49 usin g (2) BFR-90's
LM 565 .95
Complete (no enclosure) $10.95
MC 1330 1.25 DELUXE PARTS ASSORTMENTS
"''' ""0
Power supply for above $3.49
MC 1350 1.15 . 1 R.,lllors & Trlmpotl U Coli & Chok., Video & Audio Input s 'J
MC 1458 .49 68 'I. watt, 5% resi st or s & 1 eac h of 15. 33. and 100
Chan 3 or 4 Outp ut -
THUMBWHEEL TRIMMER POTS
MC 1496 1.00
5 PT-15 10K tri mpots, 1 (uh) mi cr o henri es
Model UM1285-8 - - .
VERTICAL MOUNT
LM 1889 1.75
each - 51, 75, 100,470, chokes. t -varlable AF
W/specs $8.25 ' . -
OHMS 500. 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 25K
7805 .80
1.5K. 3.6K, 51K. 470K, co il (same as
7808 .50
13-1.2K, 2-220. 3-1OOK. #49A537MPC) UHF TUNER
50K, 1OOK, 200K, 500K, 1 MEG.
7812 .80
&-330, &-12K, 7-910, 53.25, 10/30.00
Mechanical Detent Tunin g
4/$100 100/$20.00
7815 .80
9-3.3K, & 14-4, 7K. #5IC', Sock.t" & Soml',
Chan 14-83. 12 VDC. 300 Ohm input. FUNCTION GENERATOR KIT
54.50 eo, 10/ 40.00 1 each of: NE564. LM565,
7818 .80
2 Capaci tor "A " MC1330. MC1350.
45 MHZ outp ut. $2.95 .a. 4/10.00 Uses XR-2206 IC. 1 Hz to 100 kHz.
MV 2109 .69
Monolythics - 1-560pf , MC1496,LM1889. 7812,
Complete with PC Board & all parts except
2N2222 .30
7-.1 mId. & 1-.22 mfd. 7818, 2N2222A, MV2109,
SILVER MICA CAPS
power supp ly and enc los ure $19.95
MC 1349 1.79 Silver Micas - 2- 1opt. & 1 heat sink 2-MC1458.
10 PF, 43 PF, 110 PF, 560 PF,
each of 43pl, 11opt. 4-1N4002,4-8 pin. 2-14
1200 PF. 35Cea, 10/3.00, 100/25.00 BYPASS CAP SPECIAL
SPECIALS
560pt. i zoocr. 3000or pi n, 1- 16. & 1-18 pi n . 3000 PF 80C.a, 10/7.00, 100/69.00
.1 MFD - 50vDC 100/$5.00 1000/37.50
3300pf. socket.
ON
$4.95, 10/45.00 513.50 eo, 10/125.00 VOLUME DISCOUNT
.,
PRIME IC', VERNIER PANEL POTS
NE564
' 3 Capacito r "B" . 6 Mile Hardware
$ 10.00 - 499.00 NET 1000.00 - 4999.00-5% Multi - tu rn. 1/.' sha ft.
Mylars 4-.001. 2-.047. LED & hol der. fuse &
$2.75 ea, 10/$25, 100/ $195
29-.01. Radi al l yt ics 3-10 ho lder, line cord.
500.00 - 999.00 -2% 5000.00 & up -10%
500 ohm, 1K, or 10K. $4.49
* .......... *.***.
mfd 16V, 1-1000mtd 50V. grom met. SPST switch.
LM1889 1-2200 mfd 35V. DISC DPDT switch, 2-F61
"F" CONNECTORS
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS.
$1.75 .a, 10/ 16.50, 100/$150 Caps 1 eac h of 5.12,27, con n. & lugs. knob,
F-59 20Cea, 10/1.50, 100/10.00
35A 200 PIV $2.00
............. *** ***
36.110. 330pf. 2-120pt, a-spacers. 6-screws &
F-61 35Cea, 4/1.00, 100/22.00
25A 100 PIV $1.50
MC1496 3-39p!, 3-220pf. and 1 nuts. 2'RG-174. matc hing
F- 81 35Cea, 3/1.00, 100/29.00
3A 400 PIV $1.00
$1.00 .a, 10/$9, 100/ $75
Vari Cap 5-35pf. transformer w/nut.
:i ,e
***** *.*.* 57.50 eo, 10170.00 55.95, 10/57.50
*
MYLAR CAPS
::::= , i f \

... ,
50 vol ts
MISC. SPECIALS .001 mf d 10Ceo.
2200 mid 40V Axial Cap 79C POWER TRANSFORMERS

10 TURN POT
.01 mf d 100/7.00
470 mi d 16V Radial Cap 10/ 1.00 Pri: 115V AC
10K ohm . Panel Mt.
.047 mid 1000/48.00
10 mId 35V Radial Cap 12/ 1.00 Sec: 24 volts @ .350 A
- 0
.1

78088 volt Regul ator 49C Dim: 2114 x x 2 H \ l $6.95

\\1
28 Pi n IC Socket1 0/1 .00 $1.95 ea. 10/$15.00100/$125.00 ._
DIGITAL VOLTMETER KIT
3 DIGIT. 0 to 99.9 VDC.
NETWORK SALES, INC.
MATCHING TRANSFORMERS Uses CA3161 E & CA3162E.
T ERMS: Visa, M.C ., C heck,
UHFNHF R
Complete with PC Board and parts, exce pt
2343 W. BELMONT AVE.
Money Order o r COD (addit. 75/300 Outdoor/ Indoor .
power supp ly and enc los ure. $24.95
$3.00). Min . Order $ 10.00. Add 300/75 Push-o n/ Indoor
CHICAGO, IL. 60618
$2.50 S&H fo r USA. III. add B%
Your choice 89C.a, 1017.00,
4 TURN TRIM POTS
,
Tax . MAIL ORDER ONLY.
100/55.00
312/248-3202
[-
BOURNS J3339B
Prices subject to change
Mg 1K - 6KR/ A - 10K
Phone O r ders Welcome.
without nollce.
99Cea.
WR IT E FOR OUR MONT H L Y SOLID CARBIDE PC DRILL
QUANTITIES MAY BE LI MITED
UN-A DVERTI SED SPECIALS #55 1/ 8 in. SHANK FOR

RF COI L
USE WITH DREMEL TOOL
Same as #49A537MPC
COPYRIGHT 1984 NETWORK SA LES, INC. Special 79Cea 10/5.00
$1.25 ea 10/10.00
CIRCLE 90 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

MODEL: SA802C
Part # 370-0340 . ... $85.00
POWER TRANSFORMER
(68V-80V CT 6 AMP)
Part #670-0220 . . . $24.50
MODEL: MX205
Part #370-0360 . $29.95 ea.
MODEL:
SA-452O
LOW T.I.M. TRANSISTORS
100W+100W
Employs HItachi low noise I.C. for pre-amp Max.
output 16 V P-P (non distortion) With hi-low filter, and
tone defeat circuit - Rear power amp with short circuit
prctecncn - Giant heal sink for maximum results - Tone
control s:!:I4dB All components (except pots for vol-
ume, and tone controls) are pre-assembled. the quality
is Power supply DC!:3 5V-50V
STEREO MIC. AND ECHO MIXER
FOR STEREO AMPLIFIER SYSTEM
The circuitry employs all integrated circuits, BBD type
echo circuit . echo time can be adjusted (max. .30
Msec.) Also with a microphone preamp on the board.
Fully assembled.
Part #370-0350 $39.95 ea.
1 Transformer Part #670-0230.. $22.50 ea.
2 Filt er Capacitor 47oo",F 70V $6.50 ea.
60W+60W O.T.L. AMP
Stereo pre-amp +l one control + power amp. All in on
unit, fully assembled! COmpact in size: Tx4:Wx2' W.
Can be fitted into most cabinets . Power transistors
using 25C1667 X4 to give a max output of 6IJW+6fJW
(80)
Frequency response: 2OHz-85KHz( - l dB) Total
harmonic distortion' 0.02% (1KHz) Signal/Noise Ratio:
88 dB (open loop) . Tone control: 100 Hz16 dB 10
KHz::!: 14dB Dynamic range: 60 dB Power Suppty:
48V- 70V5Amp. Fill erCapacitor:4700 IL75Vor better.
Mode l TR88A
ll-15VDC , 2A
Model TR88B
ll-30VDC (ci lA
* SPECIAL *
Exce llen t Price!
Model 001-0034
$29.50 per Kit
Transformer
$10.50 ea.
Model DP-64
Fully Assembled . . .
$59.50 per Kit
Dual Processor (6502 and ZSOA)
Detached Keyboard
64K RAM Expandable to 192K
25 Function Key Keyboard
Auto Repeat Keys w/Upper/lower Case
2 Slim Disk Drives (optional)
100% Apple II Compatible
40/S0 Column Display (optional)
Runs Both Apple Soft and CP/M Software
ApineeOlft,. DP-64
MAGNETIC HEAD EQUALIZER
Standard RIAAcurve 'Of all kinds of magnetic heads 3
stages crossover circuit for best results' Output voltage
guaranteed to be stable without any oscillation - Power
Supply: 24 V.O.C.
MODEL: MA-142
Part #37ll- 370 . . . $6.95 ea.
PROFESSIONAL REGULATED
VARIBLE DC POWER SUPPLY KIT
All solid state CIrcuitry WIthhigh efficiency power tran-
Sltor 2SD388andICvoltage regulator MC1733. Outpul
voltage can be adjusted from O30V at 1A current
limi1ed()( Q-15V at 2A current limited. Intemal resist-
ance is less than 0.005( 1, ripple and noise less than
1mV, dual on panel meters for voltage and current
reading, also 'Nithon boerd LEO and audible O'oIer load
indicator. Krtcomes with pre-drilled PC Board, instruc-
tions, all necessary elect ronic components . trans-
former and a professional Ioolong metal cabinet . The
best project for school and the most useful instrument
torrepai rmen. Buiki one today!
TA-322 30 WAITS TOTAL
15W + 15W STEREO AMP KIT
This is a solid state all transistor circuitry wi th on
board stereo pre-amp for most microphone or phone
input. Power output employs a heavy duty Power
Hybrid IC. Four built o n board co nt rols fo r ,
volume, bal ance, treble and bass. Power supply
requires 48VCT 2.5A transformer. THO of less than
0.1% bet ween 100Hz -10KHz at full power (15 Watt s
+ 15 Watt s loaded into an).
g...; e
...
Now
with New
Improved
Keyboard
and 64K RAM
Only $44.50
Transformer
$4.50 ea.
NoFCC Un n"
Requir"
OUR PRICE $.49.50
AddiUoftll MicroPMtII
(T""-A_
.1528.00 ea.
MURA WMS-49
Transmitter: FET mic for flat
30Hz-18KHz response. X'tal
controlled 49MHz AM Band
for dr ift-free performance .
100 mW o ut put ( ra nge
approx. V. mile) for re-
li ab l e long r ange
t ra ns mission .
Power ed by a 9V
radio battery.
, Receiver : X't al con -
tro lled lo ck s o n
49MHz transmitter signal. On panel VU mei er. moni -
tors the signal strength from the microphone. Stan-
dard phone jack outlet connection to a P.A. or other
phone input. 9V battery included. This professional
set is ideal for on stage, in field, church, in house or
outdoor use.
LOW TIM DCSTEREOPRE-AMPK1T TA-1020
Incorporates brand-n ew DC design that gives a fre-
quen cy response from 0- lOOKHz ::to.5dB. Added
featur es like tone defeat and loudness control let you
taitor your own frequency supplies to eliminate power
fluctuations!
Spec ifications: THOfTlM less than .005% Fre-
quency response DC to 100KHz eu.sca RIM
deviation ::to.2dB SIN ratio better than 70dB
Sensitivity; Phone 2mV 47KU, Aux l 00mV looKO.
Output ievet t.ave Max out put 15V. Tone cont rols:
Bass ::tl OdB (n 50Hz, Treble =.l OdB (n 15Hz .
Power supply 24VOC (a 0.5A. Kit comes with
regulated powe r supply. All you need is a 48VCT
transformer (u O.5A.
And best of a/l, the price $49900
Assembled and Tested is just. . . . . . .
No Copyright Problems!
Compare These Features with Our Competitors:
Powerful Utility Program (100% Apple Compatible)
6a-Key Upper & Lower Case Keyboard with Numeric Keypad
25 Pre-programmed Function Keys
2 Speed Auto Repeat Funtion
64K User Memory-expandable to 192K
5A Switching Power Supply (110/220VAC)
All ICs Are Socketed for Easy Service
Nation-wide Dealer Network for Convenient Technical Support
Apinecom"
Pioneer of Low Cost
Apple* Compatible Computer
MARK IV - 15 STEP
LED POWER LEVEL INDICATOR KIT
This new stereo indicator krt consists of 36 4-color
t o LEO"s (15 per channel ) to Indicate the sound level
output of your amplifier from - 36d B to +3dB.
Comes with a well designed silk screen printed plas-
tic panel and has a selector switch to allow float ing or
gradual output indica ting. Power supply is 6-12VOC
withTHGon boardinput sensrtivttycontrols. This unit
can work wrth any ampllfler from 1W to 200 W. KIt
includes 70 pes drive r transistors. 38 pes matched
a-color LEO' s. all electronic compone nts. PC Board
and front panel. MARK IV KIT $31.50
Power
Transformer
$24.00 ea.
100W CLASS A
POWER AMP KIT
Dynamic Bias Class " A" circuit desi gn makes this
t'
combination with the TAl 020 low TIM stereo pre-
"J.t amp.
Specifications Outpu t power l00W RMS into an.
125 W RMS i nt o 4U Fr equen cy respon se

;: supply =40V at 5A.

SEND ONE OOLLAR Shipping & Hand li ng Charge s Minimum Order $10.0 D/ Call f . Residents STORE HOURS
FOROUR DETAIL CATALOG Under 550.00 Over 550.00 add 6 .5% Sales Tax. Phone Orders Accepted
Purcha se Purch ase on VISA or MC ONLY. NO C.O.D.'s. Prices sub, IIU<II MON-FRI-10'7
Inside Cali forni a 10% 5% je ct to change without notice. SAT-10-6
Out side Calif . (Incl. Mexico & Canad al 15% 10%
Overseas 25% 20% "Appl e and Appl e II are th e tradem ar k of APPLE COMPUTERS, INC.
_ _ K...... _...-.-. _
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CA" ACIT.. NCETOlIIl"NC5: 2t'llo
D.C. LEAKAGE CUIlIlENT, MAX. l .tI C v .. :IooA.
All K-MIlIES CA....ctTO'II. w. c...,. ..... IlMW
-
No.
H4 S ERIES .100 .200"'-
ED0lE80ARD CONNECTORS
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CIRCLE 65 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
W:JjJllltJ'jJ,... I,I! *_
NOWATDIGIKEY
1.5 to 25 Amp.
50 to 400 PIVI Leg
CIRCLE 65 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

C
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rn
113
LINEAR CIRCUITS
TRANSISTORS
IC'S
PHONES
BUG KILLERS
FLYBACKS
YOKES
CATV
MATV
CALL TO BE PUT ON MAILING LIST
FOR INHOUSE SPECIALS
SAME DAY SERVICE
SAM PO & SAMSUNG TV'S -
RADIOS - FANS -
REFRIGERATORS - MICROWAVES
GE SAMPO
HITACHI SAMSUNG
MAGNAVOX SANYO
MGA SHARP
PANASONIC SONY
PHILCO SYLVANIA
QUASAR ZENITH
RCA CHANNEL MASTER
EXACT ORIGINAL PARTS
IN STOCK
"CAN'T FIND THAT PART?? CALL
US-OUR STOCK EXCEEDS ALL"
WE GUARANTEE WHEN WE HAVE IT IN
STOCK . IT WILL GO OUT THE SAME DAY
YOU CALL (BEFORE 3 O'CLOCK NY TIME).
IF IT DOESN'T WE TAKE 10% OFF
VCR PARTS
LOWEST PRICES ON
RECEIVING TUBES
COMPLETE MODULE
HEADQUARTERS
LARGE SAMS STOCK
PHOTOFACT VCR CB
CABLE CONVERTERS
NO DESCRAMBLERS
395
300
3.00
. .. 2.50
. . . 4.00
' .50
. 3. 00
. 2. 75
. 250
2.00
TTL rc SERIES
7400 50 1475 60 74 164 80
740 1 .40 7476 60 74165 80
7402 .50 7480 .\5 74 166 90
7403 40 7483 .50 74 170 1.60
7404 50 7485 10 74 173 .75
1405 60 748 6 60 74174 80
7406 2.50 7489 'J.OO 7417 5 .70
1408 60 7491 55 74 176 75
7409 60 749 2 .55 74 180 1 90
7410 40 7493 55 7418 1 190
7411 40 7494 60 74182 90
7412 40 7495 55 74 190 80
7413 45 749 6 60 74 191 80
7414 75 74 10 7 .50 74192 .80
7420 40 7411 61 .50 7.193 80
7425 40 741 21 .45 74 194 85
7426 .75 74 122 50 74195 45
7427 75 l -t123 55 74196 75
7430 . 75 74125 .60 74199 1.25
7432 1,00 741 26 .45 74221 1.00
7437 50
74145 50 142 73 85
7438 1.75 74148 1.10 742 79 60
7440 .30 74150 1.10 74365 80
7442 60 741 5 1 .70 74367 80
7445 , 00 74153 70 74390 90
7446 80
741!;4 1 60 753 25 1 50
7447 110 7415 5 70 75492 1 05
7448 80 74 157
' 0 9801 1. 10
7450 30 14 160 85 8T26 1 40
7472 50 74161 65 a'rze 1.40
74 73 50 74 162 .70 8T98 1.10
747 4 60 74163 .70
TRANSISTOR SPECIALS
50 PI N EDGEBOARD CON ....
40 Pi ....EOGEBOA RO CON ....
34 PIN EOGf:BOARO CON .
26 PIN EOGEB OAHO CONN
60 Pi....RI BBON CABL E CO.... N
50 PI N RI BBON CABL E CONN .
40 PIN RIBBO,.,. CABL E CON .... .
34 PIN RIBBO,.,. CAB LE CONN
26 PI N RIB BON CA BLE CONN .
20 PIN RI BBON CA BLE CONN .
74LS SERIES
2N1J07PNPGET0-6 .... .40
2N404A,PNPGETO5 . . . . ..... . 31$1.00
HEP Ge014- PNP GElO 3 . . . ... .815
TIP", 50 TIPl-46 . .. '1 .315
2NS2JJ.NPN S'MTCHINGPOWER. . . . . " .96
MRF04 CMRFTRANSISTOANPN 75
.2N49C8 PNPSiTO3 $I 00
TlP3i6PNP Si .... .. ..,. $ .70
2N2ZZ2NPNSi T(). l . . . . . . . 7/$l.00
2N29J7PNP SHO18 . . 7/ $1.00
2"O:f6NPN50TO3 . $ .:1
2N3904NPN SoTO92 '. 7/ $1 00
2JalO6PNP SiTo-92 . 7/ $UXl
2Nel C8PNPSoTO220 $ 56
TIP31BNPNStTo-2'20. . 40
TIP328 PNP S, TO220 s .40
TIPJ4PNP St . .. .96
TIP121PNP SoUlM . .to
TIP 141NPN SoU97 . . t UX)
BU205 . .. $1.75
DPS:lO:O- DUAL POWER M AL U .95
MJEXl!5IST 60
' " $ .45
.. .. $ .45
$ 45
. 4/$1.00
. $ .65
323Kl LA14051 .. $1.75
$ .75
340T5. 6. 8. 9. 12.
15. 18 0r 24V . . . $ .75
LAS14 12 + 12V
3A $3.95
40 17 .50 74C14 . 70
408 1 .40 74C20 40
4082 40 74C32 80
4093 80 1 00
4099 1.75 74C76 1 00
4501 95 74C83 1 25
4503 1 50 74C8 3 . 70
4506 75 74C86 70
45 11100 74C154250
45 14 1 25 74C157 1 75
4515 1.50 74C161 1.15
4!:i16 1.40 74C173 120
4518 100 74C17 4 1.15
4520 120 74C175 1 19
4528 1.00 74C19 2 1.30
4529 140 74C193 1.75
4539 1 25 H C901 .60
4583 90 74C90 2 1 00
1------------1
14C04 50 74C9 14 1, 15
74C08 . 50 74G915 1.00
74Cl0 40 74C9 2 ' 3 95
C/MOS
1111" th ick with 1110"
4Y,"x6Y," . . . .. $1.96
SCA's TRIAC's
1.5A SA 36A PRY 1A 10A 25A
EPOXYGLASSVECTOR BOARO
PRY lA 3A 12A WA ' 25A 240A
100 05 .14 .35 .90
'00
6.00
200 .05 17
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7.00 900
400 III 25 .65
1.'"
10.00 12.00
eco . 11 .so ..., 2.00 13.00 15.00
eoo . 13 .35 1.00 2.50 16.00 18. 00
lOX> .20 45 1.25 3.00 20.00 2600
2N3B20 PFET .
TIS 73 FET
2N2646 UJT..
ER900 TRIGGERDIODES
2N6028PROG. UJT
4164-2 - $6.25
4164-15- 100/$660 ,00
4116-3 - 100/$100 .00
74S SERIES
74500 .40 74585 1. 10 745174 1.40
74502 .40 74sao .90 745175 1.40
74503 .40 74589 2.20 745 181 2.20
74504 .70 7451 12 .85 745182 1. 75
74505 .50 74S124 ZOO 745194 1.10
74508 .50 745 13 3 .50
745 195 1.50
745 10 .40 745 135 1. 10
745240 1.00
745 11 .45
745138 1.25
745241 1.50
74515 .50 745139 1.1 0
745257 1.30
745 20 .45
745140 1.7 0
745260 1.50
74530 .40
745151 1.2 5 745373 2.25
7453 2 80
745157 1.25
745374 1.75
74543 .85
745158 1.25
74551 .70
74516 1 1.75
745 74 1.10 .
745 163 1.4 0
DI SC CAPACITORS
l UF 16V 10 $1 00 100 $8 00
01UF35V 16 $100 100 $500
PRINTE D CIRCUI T BOARD
4 . f)"OOU Bl ESIDEDEPOXY BOARDED ' ' .
SOON .
000 .110 1.00 3.lIJ 000 1.00 1.20 3.00
100 .35 .40 1.40 100 .35 .00 1.40
200 .40 .50 1.110 200 .50 .110 1.90
400 .00 .70 2.40 400 .70 1.00 2.00
SILICON POWER RECTIFIERS
REGULATORS
LM338K . . '5.75
LM31TI . .., $1.35
78L12 . . ... $ 40
723 . . .. $ .50
320T5 . 12.1!5or 2<4 $ .85
LM337T $1.95
FULLWAVE BRIDGE 12VDC RelAYS
PRY 2A
' A
25A
nl 51ZE
100 140 S .P.1200ohm c oi l
700 80 130
" 0
.75
400 100 i s 330 D.P. 400oh m co il
600 130 190 440 .96
CRYS TA LS
1.84 3 6.000
2.000 6 144
3000 8 000
3.579 10000
4 000 18000
5.000 18 432
20000
3.00 ea .
INTER
FACE
&
DRIVERS
NO. 30
WIREWRAP
WIRESINGLE
STRAND
100' .. $1.40
400 1 .40 4028 . 80
400 2 .40 4029 1 00
400 6 .80 4030 60
4007 .40 403 4 1.
4008 . 70 403 5 1.00
4009 50 4040 1,00
40 10 .60 4042 .90
401 1 .45 4043 90
40 12 . 45 4044 90
4013 60 4046 1. 20
40 14 . 70 404 7 150
40 15 .60 4049 00
4016 .00 4050 60
40 17 1.25 40 51 1 0 0
40 18 . 70 4052 1 DO
40 19 70 40S3 1 00
4020 .80 4066 . 70
. 402 1 80 4lJ68 .ec
,- ----1 4022 1.00 4069 .ec
4023 .40 407 0 .sc
40 24 . 70 4071 . 50
40 25 .40 4072 . 50
4026 .95 401e . 65
4027 . 60
1488 150
1. S9 150
334 1A 2' 95
8130 250
8830 2 50
eaaa 2 50
8834 200
883 7 2 00
8838 2' 50
TR l 6028 J 95
BR 1941 L 8 95
CRTSOJ7 18 95
MM5307 7 95
MM5 369 2.50
AYJ 10 1SC 5 15
3 75
AYSY.:()PRO995
LM798CT - . 60
lM 1310 - 1.60
LM1:J91 - 1.00
1456 - ,80
1458 - .50
LM1808 - 1.75
LM290 1 - ,95
CA3Q18 - 1.95 1---------------1
CAJQ78AT - 1.50
CA3Q89E - 1.75
CAJ 130 - 1.00
CA314 0 - 1.0 0
A0 27oo LO- 4.95
CA3UO - 1.00
3900 - .50
LM3909 - .80
4136 - . 85
N5596A - 1.50
LMl3080 - .95
8700CJ - 5.95
CA3080 - 1 00
RAM's
OISC
Controllers
l n 1. . 16.50 1795. 45.00
1791. 25.00 1797. 45.00
1793 . 35.00 D766C 35.00
2 10 1A4 1,50
21 L023 90
2 114 2 1.40
2147 3 2.50

MK402 73 1.75
TMS4 0SONL 2.95
MK4096 11 1.25
4 108 3 1 50
4 116 15 1,50
4 118 4 400
416415 7,00
MK480 2 595
Z6 104 4 2.50
6 1163 67S
8 118 12 4.95
LM3 77 - 1.60
LM380 - 1. 20
LM38 4 - 1.60
LM386 _ 1.50
LM387 - 1.2 5
LF398A- 3.50
LM393 - . 75
LM5S5 - .50
LM5 56 - ,90
558 _ 175
565 - 1.25
566 - 1.25
567 - 1.75
709 C - .SO
LM710 - .60
7 11CH - . 40
733 - .95
741CV - .40
747 - .50
CA758 - 1.75
8275 2450
827 95 695
8288 2500
8355 12.95
l 80A CPU 4. 75
Z80 8 CPU 12 95
l a OA e TC 675
280A DAR T 900
Z80 AP1 0 4 95
za OA 510 10,95
TMS 992 7 NL 9 95
6502 575
680 3 L 12.95
6809 8 95
68 10 "00
6821 4 50
684 5 13 95
685 0 3 95
6875 450
68000 Ul 39 50
DIP SWITCHES
4 POSITION .75
7 POSITION .95
8 POSITION .95
10 POSITION1.25
eTS 206 4
eTS 206 7
eTS 206 8
e TS 20610
IN4148IIN91 41 1511.00
SOJ!> 895
8080A 275
8085A 1000
8086
AMO 1901 895
8202 1995
8205 G 50
450
8 2 16 3 50
8224 4 50
82 26 350
823 7 za.oc
8238 3 95
825<: 10 95
825 1 900
8253 900
8251 900
8259 900
2532 795
2 708 ) .50
27128 22 50
271 6 .!lV 4 95
2132 795
1164 9.95
3628"3 3 00
6331 1 95
TPB18S42 3 SO
TPB28S166 950
745474 395
J643 5 3.95
825 6-5 125
825 126 1 95
82$130 1 95
825 181 695
AM92 14C 2.95
CPU'S &
SUPPORT
CHIPS
L1 411 -IR DETECTOR . . . .3/$1.00
FP100PHOTOTRANS. . $ .50
REDLEO's .2.... .. .. . . .8 /$ 1.00
YEL.GREEN0< AMBERLARGE LED's .2" . . 6/$1.00
REDGREEN BI POLARLED . . .. $' .90
REDYELLOWBIPOLARLED. . . $ .90
MLED92 IRLED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ .40
MRD14BPHOTO DARL.XTOR .. . $ .50
MCT20PTOISOLATORS. . $ .00
1WATT ZENERS: 3.3. 4.7. 5.1. 5.6. 6.8.
8.2.9.1. 10.12. 15. 18. 0<22V. . .. 6/$1 .00
SHIFT
REGISTERS
MM1J2 1.7!)
MM1l3 1.75
MMl olO4 1.75
MM50 13 z.so
MM!65 2.50
2.50
MM5C157 2.50
MMfl68 2.50
2.50
ROM's
OAOO8 EQ 3.75
TL 06 2 CP - .9 6
TL.06<' CN - 1.50
TL072 - 1.2 5
LM20 1 .7 5
LM30 11748 50
LM30 7 _ .50
LM308 _ .&5
- 1. 10
LM3 11 _ .80
LM31 9 _ 1.30
LM324 - 100
LM339 - .90
LM348 _ .90
LF35 1 - .80
LF353 - 1. 25
LF 355 - .90
LM36 1 -1. 75
LM370 _ 1.6 0
TOGGLE == =
SWITCHES 20IP _ OPOl - CENTEA O FF U )
CIRCLE 78 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

TEL. (617) 547-7053

SOLID STATE SALES WESHIP OVEROVER95%
P.O. BOX 74 0
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MI NI MUM MAi l ORDER 00
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II:
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114
8 PIN .10
DIP
22 PIN .25
TANTALUM CAPACITORS
14 PIN .15
SOCKETS
24 PIN .25
16 PIN .18 28 PIN .35
22UF35V 5/$1.00 15UF16V 3/$1.00
18 PIN .20 40 PIN .40
.47UF35V 5/$1.00 3OUF6V 5/ $1.00-
20 PIN .25
.68UF35V 51$1.00 33UF15V $ .50
l UF20V 51$1.00 47UF 20V $ .85
WIRE WRAP
20KV DIODES 2.2UF20V 5/$1.00 68UF16V $1.00
SOC I<.ETS
14PIN - .45 250mao $1.95
3.3UF20V 4/$1.00
2OOUF20V $1.75
16PIN - .50
DB CONNECTORS
4.7UF35V 41$1.00
150UF16V $1.30
18PIN - .66
6.8UF20V 4/$1.00
20PIN - .90
OB9P - $2.00 OB2Sp $2.<40
330UF10V $1.75
24PIN - 1.10
OB9S - 3.00 OB25$ - 3.20
10UF20V - $ .40
28PIN 1.25
22UF10V
40PIN 1.80
HOODS - 1.10 HOODS 1.10
- $ .30
POSTAGE RATES
0\00 10%0FOR ORDERS UNDER $25.00
AD O 5% FOR ORDERS BETWEEN $25 00 & $50 00
ADD FOR ORD ERS AB OVE $50 OC
MULTITURN TRIM POTS
500 HM 5K
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(DUE J ULY 84)
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(OUT OF STATE) (N.Y. ONLY)
800-874-1765 800-874-1764
LOCAL (516) 585-8111
CIRCLE 13 ON:FRE"EINFORMATION CARD
MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS Digitalker
N

CIRCLE 41 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

EB Jameco [VISA" I
1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
6/84 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 5928097 Telex : 176043
DT1050
-
Appli cations: Teaching aids,
applia nces. cloc ks, aut omoti ve, tel ecommunica
t ions, language translati ons, etc.
The OT1050 ISa s ta f'lda rd OIGITALKER kit enc oded wll h 137 se pa ra te
af'ld useful words, 1 ton es . aod 5 dlff e, ef'lt enence dUlati on s , The
words af'ld tones ha ve been a sslgf'l ed snecret e addresses, ma klf'lg It
poSSIble to output Single words Of" WOf"ds COf'lca tenated into phr.s.s
or e ven se nle nces , The " voice cc tp vt of the 0T1 050 II a highl y 11'1
telllgible male voice , Fem ale a nd chlldlef'l' s voices can be aynthesi z
ed The voca bula ry Is ch os en s o Iha t It IS a pplica ble to maf'ly pre -
duct s af'ld mark et s
The DTlOSOcon si lts of a SpHCh PrOC.lSOf Chip, MU5410.4 (40-pin)
af'ld Iwo (2) SpMCh ROMs UM5 2114SSR1 and MU521&4SSR2(2 4-pl n)
along wilh a Uul. r Word Ils1 and a recomm. nded " hem alte
diag ram 0f'I the appl kaUon s h_ t.
OT1050 ....... ..... $34.95ea.
MM54104 Processor Chip .... .... .. $14.95 ea.
OT1 057- Expand. the OTl050voc. bul>rylrom13710over 260
words. Includes2 ROMs and specs. '
PartHo. OTl057. . . . . . . .. ... .$24.95 ea.
* fv.lI,l"iOn

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11/1111
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2101 15 1150nl l 19
21102 16 14!lQnlll P I 49
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ADD-514... $195.95
- 5114 " APPLE
Direct Plug"ln
Compatible Disk Drive
Uses SII,gllt SA:JtO lNClIlMU 143K
t.IlllttNSlerlge :J5 Irac_s -c..,.atiblI
will AJlpII calltnIIIr . CMpIeIl wltll tNMC-
_
tOtudcallll -jvllplugllMpwrlfl s_ctll -
tr", card - Sin : l '"l )C :J'h ' )(
1-1/1I '"D",III :nlllll.
DE4 UVEPROM Eraser . . . 579.95
UVS11EL Replacement Bulb . . $16.95
IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT
COMPAQ COMPATIBILITY
UVEPROM Eraser
' . '-
TRSSO MEMORY EXPANSION KIT
TRS80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K
" Mod. l l = From4K to 16K Raqulros (1) 0" Kn
Modo!3 = From4K to 48K R.qulros (31ThreeKn,
Color = From4K t. 16K R.quir os (11On. Kn
.. 0411 1 IqulppMwltll .....d Mp II U KTWI KII. "-qMIrId
- OI\lKII IItq _lrl d '" IKtl llKI' EJ:PlnslH -
TRS16K3 '200n, fo r Col or & Mod el III S12.95
TRS16K4 '250n, fo r Modell. . . S10.95
11 Chip - 37 Minutes I
Er...1 2101, 2711., 21:12, 2164, 2511., 2532, 25&4. Ern . a up to ' chipi
within 51 mlnut el (1 chip In 37 minu tel ). Maln la lnl conlta nlellposure
dl l ta nce of one Inc h. Special con duct lye foa m line r el lmlnatelltat lc
bulkJ-up_Bulltln aa l.ty lock to pre.."t UVupolure . Compact - on ly
' .00" 1I 1 70" 1I 2.10". Compl et e with holding trs y 'Of Bchip l .
The JE750 Clock Kit is a versatile 12-hour digital cl ock
with 24-hour alarm. The clock has a bright 0.5 high
blue-g ree n fluorescent display_The will automat-
ica lly di m wit h c ha ngi ng lig ht co nd itions . The 24 -hour
alarm allows the user to disable the ala rm and im med iat-
ely re-enable th e ala rm t o acti vate 24 hours later. The kit
i nc l udes all docume ntatio n, co mpone nts, case and wa ll
tr an sformer . Si ze : x x
JE750 Alarm Clock KJt. . . .. $29.95
SAVE HUNDREDS OF $S$ BY UPGRADING
MEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF!
Mosl 01 the popul s, memory bo.Ird a a llow you to adel an addlli ona l
14K, 12BK, H12K, or 251K. The IBM14KKit will pop ulata lhel. boSrdl
In 5<'Kbyt. lncre menl a. The kit il Il mple to Inalall - jUll lnurt the
nine 5<'KRAMch ips In lhe proYlded lock.ta and aet the two group l
of Iwi tchel. DlrllCtlon l are Included .
; 1
Easy to install kits comes comple te with 8 ea. (200nsl 64K
dynamic RAMsand conversion documenta tion. ConvertsTAS-80
col or comput ers with O. E. ET,F and NC circuit boards to 32K.
Also convert s TRS-80 color computer II to 64K. Rex DOSor 0$-9
reQuired 10util ize full 64K RAM on all computers.
TRS-64 K2 $44.95
AWP M Inelle. t ot"
....utom .11c
di lpl . y dlmm.r
Srighl "digit 0.5 ' high dllplay . 10 mlMlle anoot. alarm
---
DISK DRIVES AND SUPPLIES
IBM64K (Nine 200ns64KRAMs) .. . . . S49.95
+5VDC @ 6 Amps
+12VDC @4Amps
12VDC @0.5 Amps
Microcomputer
Power Inc.
Regulated
Power Supply
Perfect for computer or di sk
driYe systems SuPlJ/yhasAMP
co nnectors for d irect co nnec-
tion to two 5'."disk d riv es
Cooli ng fan Input : 1001115/
2001230VPC. 47-63Hz ' Output
13\t "L x x 51-1 (above) Wei ght: 9lbs.
CP167 $59.95
iJ} , ,'D;' .STiiiES Protect Yourself...
..

_. bebe it candamageyour equipment orcause
)
data loss 6 month warranty Power
..
_. li on (100 microsecond s): 1,000,000 wetts 6
_ _ socket s- 6 footPQ'NCr cord ' Normal line volt-
,. til age indicator light BrownouVblack out reset
switch ' 'Ml'ight: 2 lbs.
Model 100 ... .. . .. . $69.95
DATASHIELD<1li
Back-Up
Power Source
Provides up to 30 minutes of continuous 120
VPL 60Hz power to your computer system
(load dependent) when you have a black out
or voltage sag Output rating: 200 watts- Six
month warranty weigh t: 19 lbe.
Model 200 (PC200). . ... . . . $349.95
Spec Sheet s - JOe each

Prices Sub ject to Change
vary Weight 2 lbs. No specs available
KB-MISC $9.95
Mitsumi 54-Key Unencoded
Matrix AIIPurpose Keyboard
SPST keyswitchc s 20 pi n nbbon cable connec-
tion Low prcnle keys Features: cursor control s,
control . caps (lock), functio n. enter and shift keys
Color (ke)'caps): grey 'M. : 1 lb. Pinout included
KB54 . . . . . .. . . . $14.95
71-Key ASCII Cherry Keyboard
7 bit parallel ASCII with strobe 11 key numeric
keypad SPST mechanical keyswitches 15130
card-edge connecto r ' Features: escape, control .
cursor controls, plus 10 eoo'l. special function keys
1OS-KEY8BIT SERIAL ASCII
KEYBOARD
The terminals were designed to be daisy chained
around a central host cc mouter and used as indi -
vidual work stations ' Hall effect switching ' numeric
and cursor keypad ' 10 user defi nable keys'
interface cable wit h s-clnsub-miniature connector
7 LEDfunction displays' Security lock N-key roll-
OYer Automatic key repeat function' Color : (case) :
white w/ b1ack panel -(key caps): grey and blue
Weight: 6\; Ibs. Data included .
KB139 . .. .
MICRO SWITCH
ASCII Encoded Keyboards
Large se lection of keyboar ds ' Hall effect
switching' Some have parallel interlaces Some
have serial interfaces All have status LEOs and a
mmimum of 68 keys Some with numeri c keypad
capabilities, cursor controls. or both' Styles may
Colo r; while ' Weight 2 lbs. Spec. incl uded
KB1801...... . .... ... $29.95
87KEY ASCII Cherry Keyboard
numeric keypad Cursor keypad ' SPST
mechanical keyswitches header connector
Colors: main and numeric keypad-orange; Cur sor
keypad-yellow' Weight 2 lbs. Spec included
KB8600 .. _. _. _ $34.95
<"
j
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Power/Mate Corp . REGULATEDPOWERSUPPLY
- Input: at 47-63 Hz Une regulation: :t o.05% Three
mounting surfaces Overwltage protection- Ul recognized ' CSA certified
PIlrt No. Output sa. WiIight Price
EMA5/6B 5V03 A16VCl2.5A 4""1.x 4'V1x 2"" 2lbs . $29.95
EMAS/6C 5V06AI6Vft5A 5'-"L x x 2'a"H 4 Ibs. $39.95
TRANSACTION TECHNOLOGY,INC.
!lVDC @ 1 AMP Regulated Power Supply
Output : +5VOC0 1.0 amp l cllso +30VOCregulate<:t J Input : 115VAC,60 Hz
Two-tone (black/beige) self- enclosed case ' 6 foot, a-conductor black
power cord' Size: L x T' wx H H Weight: 3 lbs.
PS51194 .. . .
Switching Power Supply for APPLEII, 11+ & lIe' -
Ca n dr ive fou r flo ppy di sk dri ves and up t o eig ht expansion ca rds
, Sho rt c ircuit and overload pr ot ecti on ' Fit s inside Apple co mputer
Fully regul ated +5V Ii SA. + 12V Ii 1.5A. 5V Ii .5A. - 12V Ii .5A .
Di rect plug-in power cord incl ud ed' Size: 9r, HL x 3W'W x 2\:!HH
Weight: 2 lb.
KHP4007 $79.95
ASTEC SWITCHING REGULATEDPOWERSUPPLY
Apple III Power Supply ' Multiple outputs for bench top uses and other
applications Input: 115VPC. Hzfi 3.0 amps ' Output: +5VDC0 1.0amp.
+ 12VDC@1.0 amp, - 12VOC:@ 1.0 amp,+24VDCfi 2.5amp, -24VDC0 2.5 amp
Size; 15" L x 3:&.. " Wx2'i- H 'Neight: 2'7 Ibs.
AS1155 _. _. . $39.95
4CHANNEL SWITCHING POWERSUPPLY
Microproce ssor. mini -computer, terminal, medical equipment and proce ss
control appl icat ions Input: 90-130 VN::. , 47-440 Hz' Output: +5VDC 0 5A.
-5VDC Cll A: lA, -12VOC:0 1A' Une regulations: 1:0.2% ' Ripple:
30mV pop Load regulation : .:tl % Overcurrent protection' Adj : 5V main
output .:t1()qb Size: x 17. 'W x 4-15/161-1' weight: 1\; lbs.
FCS-604A. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . $69.95 each
KEPCOfTDK 4.QlITPUT SWITCHINGPOWERSUPPLY
Id eal for d isk driv e needs of CRTtermina ls. miCrocomputers and
video games Input : 115/ 230VN::., 50/60Hz' Output: +5V0' 5 Amp, + 12V0
1.8 Amp. +12V 0 2 Amp, -1 2V 0' 0.5 Amp' UL recogniz ed ' CSA certified
Size: x 6-3/ 16'W x 1'i1-l Weight: 2 lbs.
MRM 174KF . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . $59.95
POWERSUPPLY +5VDC Ii 7.6 AMP. 12VDC 0 1.5 AMPSWITCHING
- Input 115WC. 5O-6OHz 3 ampl23OV.AIC. 50Hz . l _S amp - Fan voltJpcl\IIo'tr SlJppIy
sele<ctsWltches1115123O\1AC) Output 5voc e 1 Sa mp . 12VOC. 1.5amp 81oolblacll.
pcNi'I:r cor d - SIZe ' lP, L. 1I13"'W1I3loo1-i - 'Wtight. Sib s.
PS94VOS . . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . $39.95
13\0"1.X4...W X'<"H
Nationally Known
Manufacturer!
- A
.. . ....., ----
................
I::: :::
-:===::-- ....:: :::
..
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_ , , -
- .. . . . - - - ,
$10.00 Minimum Order - U.S. Funds Only
Californi a Resident s Add 6Y2 % Sal es Tax
Shipping - Ad d 5% plus $1.50 In surance
Send S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sales Flyer!

I VISA- I
1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
6/ 84 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 5928097 Telex: 176043
"" $ln S
$14t!S
$1415
JE520AP
-_......
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. ...... .... llKfl
---
5,+5'I .+I2't ........ n
-
ForCommodore64 & VIC20
For Appl. 11 .11+ . and lie .
..'.. T1IIISl7t1 o-V'1I
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JE520CM
JE520AP
Over 250wordvocabularyatflxes allow theIOfm,tion of more
thanSOD words. Ruitt -inamplifierI speaker, volumecontrol , and
audiojack. ReCfeates aclllar, natural male voice. Pl ug-in user
rudy with documentation and sample software Cu e size:
7V." L x 3V."W x 13/8 "H
RS232 ADAPTER FOR
VIC-20 AND COMMODORE 64
Ja65 - ISl3ZC MrrllfACE DmIII - "" = """"" ___
CQITlpMr aa:. 1O.. ..E6MslWll ThlSallDwSi the we lnd
lrn'erD'lOl Oltllolndlrom....EfJ6oI
..
RS23.2M9600&.Il1 a-bItwcrd,oddparty Ifld2 A09bob.
FOR AUMlTEO nlwlEA SAMPl E OF SOFTWAREWRITTEN IN BASK: FOR
THETRS-80J MOOEl I, lEVEL COMPUTER WIl l ALSO B PROVIDED
JE664-ARS EPROM Pntwl JE665l1pb $1195.00
AaMmbled &Te,l I (Iodudes JM1S A JoCodIMl)

.. tlthe .E664s,"Xrn.II 8l<.a-811 Ml,l," l!Vee
WlYS.l1Jlr(lIllIROMEf'fI(lM. l2J110l'll ..


..E6&4I1ows!oftxan'lllllbon, a'ld 'iJIld.IloQIl aI COf'1fnt The,(,I).4s RAMs
CIIlbep/OO'"ammed QUd:Iy10111 tor W'fy...... IlIoIImQ I.I'!lMd adOItMtS '" ltltEPflOf,(

AOOIESS ., eonvenoen1 I'ltUdeomIII lomuI. A'1lISPlAYEPROM
tIultln et\lrlgeS lhIDATArudDo.A trD"lPAM1WOl'll tlE:f'ROt.lW!Jfdlnd


JE664-A EI'IIOII Pnt..-r $995.00
Assemb6ed& Tested llndudos JM1SA Module)
EPROUJl..IMPERMOOULES- UlXU.E(f'ersonIItyMolUIl151


JE520CM
The JE232CM allows conn ect ion of sta ndard RS232
printers, mod ems, etc. to yourVlC20 and C 64. A 4-pole
swit ch allows the inversion of the 4 control lines. Com
pl ete instal lation and operation instructions included.
Plugs into User Port Provides Standard RS232 signal
levels ' Uses 6 signals (Tran smi t, Rec ei ve, Clear to Send ,
Requ est to Send, Data Terminal Read y. Data Set Read y).
JE232CM $39.95
JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER
8K to 64K EPROMS - 24 &28 Pin Packages
CollllitldYSon-Collbil101l -lIeqaill,N,_Systoas.rliltntil.
Prog rams arw;l .,.llld.I les EPROM CMcks for property erased EPROMs
Emul.tl es PROMs Of EPROMs ' RS232CComputerlnlerlllc.lofedltlflgaod
prog ram Io.Id,"O Loads clata rnto R.AAlby k..,.t:loard Changes clatJiIn RAM
by keyboa rd' Loads RAMfrom an Compares EPRO'As lor conte nt
differ ence s ' Co ptes EPROMs ' Power Inpul : 1t5VAC. 60Hz:, .... than lr1N
consumption ' Endosura: light poInels WIth
mokted eod pieces in moen _ brown' Sa. : 1S"'l x 8\0"0 x 3"t'l-i' Weight
5,"1bs
APPLICATIONS: Security' Warning Telecommunication
Telching Handiap Aid
Instrumentation Gamn
The JE520 IIOICE SYNTHESI ZERwill pl ug ri ght into your
computer and anowyou t o enhance al most any applica-
tion. Utili zing National Semiconductor's DIGITALKER'"
Speech Processor Ie (wtth four custom memory chips),
the JE5 20 compresses natural speec h into digital mem-
ory, inc luding the original infl ect ion s and emphases. The
result is an ext remety clear, natur al vocalization.
-,-_=
VOICE SYNTHESIZER
FOR APPLE AND COMMODORE
New!
CIRCLE 41 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
117
.iN, Electronic Specialists,lnc.
171 S. Main. Na tick. MA 01760 (6 17) 655' 1532
Toll Free Order Desk 1-800-225-4876
MasterCard. VISA. American Express
Remember family
or friends with
Special OCcasion,
Get Well or
Memorial cards.
ft .. American Heart
V J\ssociafion
WE'RE FIGHTI NG FOR YOUR LIFE
!
I
I _ .. _ ....... _ .. _ ____z

Pho n!' O,d r " - M, nimum AD Otd. r S9 DO

303 7815750 Pleu e Include 52 00 for po , t. !!. IUPSI
VISA Me .cce pt r d
Phon. Old." . r. wr h:om.
t or our ffff of , rMnS
I
!
1.__...._._......_..._..

.
...... .
!tjl -
Our Isolators elimina te equipment
intera ction, clean up interference,
curb damaging power line spikes
and
li ghtning
bursts.
ISO-I ISOLATOR
3 isolat ed sockets; quality spi ke
suppression: basic prot ection. . 81.95
ISO-3 SUPERISOLATOR
3 dual isolat ed sockets; suppressor;
commercial protection..... . 122.95
ISO-17 MAGNUMISOLATOR
4 quad isolated sockets: suppressor;
laborat ory grade protection.. 8213.95
DON'T
BLAME THE
SOFTWAREI
CIRCLE 6 ON FREE INFORMATIONCARD
CIRCLE 34 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
SEI I
641 Academy Dr ive Northbrook, Illinois 60062
,nc. For information (312) 564-0104 To order outside Illinois 1-800-323-1327
UHF TV PREAMP
S
8 FEATURES:
U+4 0 uoof 25 dB galn
l
0..' . Krt
You r recepti on Will dr arnanc auy improve' Ttus
unit Wi ll enable you to putlm SIgnal s you never
a7n
5
d
adjustment' Eas y assembl y
JH-O Kit 523.95
160 WATT DC STEREO AMP/PREAMP KIT
The TA-800 is an 80 watVchanne l preamp
and powe r amp wi th ton e contro l, high,
middle and bass con tro ls. Volume and
balanc e cont rol are built-in. On board
power suppl y requires only 60 volt C.T.
XFMR. Spec ifications: SOW x 2. into 8
Ohms . Freq. Range : OHZ -100 Khz.. 3dB
Thd : .01%. SIN Ratio: 80 dB. sensi tivity:
3 mu into 47 K. Power Requ irements:
24-40 VAC .
TA-800 $65.00
More power f or stereo bla ster ! 100 wattsl
channel, stereo prea mp built -In. Trebe l,
midrange . bass , mic vol ume. Balance and
volume are standard co nt ro ls on the pre-
amp. Mic inpu t al lows yo u to use it as a P.A.
Spec i fica tions: 100 w x 2 into 8 Ohms . Freq.
Rang e: o-iooxr.>,3dB . Thd: .01%. SIN
Ratio : 80 dB. Sensi tivit y: 3 mu int o 42K.
Power Requirement s: 2440 VAG.
TA-1500 $72.00
INFRA-RED
REMOTE CONTROL
SWITCH KIT
LOW TIM DC STEREO
PRE-AM KIT TA-2800
STEREO AMP KIT
160 Watt Total 80W + 80W
Ttus IS a solid slat e aut ransrstor CIrCUItry on
board stere o amplifi er Powe r output emplOys
2 pai rs o f mat ching Dar l ingt on tt ansrst ors
T H O less than 05G."be tween DC to 200 KHz
Power supply reqvrres 3J VC T 2 amp ' F= MA
I ncorpor .les state of D.C. design that gives a
fr eq uen cy responsel rom OHz-100K Hz + .5d8.
Features tone defeat SWItch , loudness.
treble. midrange nass. balance Contains
quad B;Fl"I oc-amo :o oevetop THO of
at rated ou tput . Input sens.nv.tv phone 2 5
MV tun er. l ux, tape play l 00MV l OOK . Powe r
supply 15 "'011 DC at 2A Kit comes With
all you need rsa 15-20
TA-2800
ONLY
$44.50
XFMR
$4.50 ea.
Infra-red Remote Con -
trol SWitch can be used
to co ntrol ap plia nces
up 10 500 W
The TK-4 1 has effect ive con t rol up to 10
me t ers No antenna need ed Features lat est IC
control ler whi ch excludes Interf erences tr am
li ght or AC pulse Signal
TK-41 Kil $24.95
Tran sf orm er
(o ption.I)
$9.95
TA - 802
$39.95
I - : . i . I . ' I .
.-_. ... ' -
SOLID STATE STEREO
GRAPHIC EQUALIZER
PRE AMP KIT
TY05 (KII)
$34.95
A very popular devrce de-
sig ned t oh sten to sounds &.
... oices t hr ou gh rooms or 3
It th ic k concrete wal ls
Pl ac e nsten 109 sensor against wall and
ea rp ho ne In ear Ad Just volume contro!'
Cl early hear th ings yo u may not want to'
CM-8 $89.95
SPY EAR
NEW
KIT
Use With PS-3 KI t Ad ds 20-25 db gai n 10 boost
reception di st ance
Low NOise
High Gam
Ca n be used With all exrsnnq stop SIgn
boa rd recewers '
1 9-25 gHZ Fr eq Range
PS-4 (Kit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34.95
Microwave Preamp!
90 day warranty on PS-5!
I-S5 Assembled $109.95
Kit Form $ 79.95
SOLID STATE STEREO
REVERBERATION AMPLIFIER
Spect t lcetlons: Total Har monic Di storti on
Less than 0 05'v ' l nter rnoc utatro n Orstorncn
(70Hz 7KHz 41 SMPTE Meth od ) l ess t han
o{).)loa. Freq uency Response- Q"eraIl10HZ '-
100KHz 02d3 - 1(j8 AI AA Curve Devra- I
lion (phonO) 02(j8 -0 2d B (30 Hz - 15KHZ)
Channel separation (at rated output 1KHz)
Pnono Tuner Aux and Tape Monitor better
than 70d S Input senstuvrtv anc Impedance
(1KHz fo r rat ed output)
Phono: 2MV 47K oh ms Aux 13QMV 50K ohms
Tune-r: 13QMV 50K ohms Tape: 130MY 50K
AMATEUR MICROWAVE
Receiver System ; : :.:
1.9-2 .5 GHZ for Pnono Tuner Aux 1 aoo Aux 2 Power
Suppl y: 117 VAC Kit comes with all etectrotuc
MICROWAVE co mponents, transformer . Instructions and a
RECEIVER 19' rack mount type metal cabinet
SYSTEM iTA-2500 (KII) $119.00
Co mmerc rat grade cc ns trucnon Stu rdy I 20 STEP LED POWER
LEVEL INDICATOR KIT
Compl ete system. power suppl y . cable. as- This new ster eo Ievef tndrcat or kit co nsists o f
sembled reli ed Of an tenna. and down con verter 40 J.-colo r L EDs to Ind ica te so und level out pu t
Down con ve-ter mounted In att racnve cabr oet of yo ur ampl ifi er fr om -57 dB to 0 dB Co mes
wi th an att ractive SIlk screen pri nted panel
Has selector SWi tch to allow floating or
al l parts
Spe<:lnc.t1ons: Total harrnorn c di storti on
less than 05% . Fr equ ency respon se 10 Hz to
SOK Hz . ldB SIN Rat ion 9OdS . Rever ber -
ati on time 0 to 3 sec . Input 150MV/ 50K ohm
Max Input ';N Accepts mpu t from tape .
phono . or aux
In clu des and LED Reverb Level dis pl ay Ki t
co mes wrtn all etectr o rnc co mponents. tran s-
fo rmer and Instructions. and 19" rac k moun t
cabinet
Model TA-2400 $89.95
Add 10%shipping on orders under $35.00. Orders over $35.00, add5%.
Catalog-$1.00. Visa &Masterchargeaccepted.
en
o
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o
a:
I-
o
ill
..J
ill
o
o

a:
120
CIRCLE 60 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
7400 $ ,19 7475 s .38 74161 s 69
7401 . 19 7476 34 74162 69
7402 .19 7479 4 SO 74163 69
7403 .19 74BO 49 74164 69
7404 .19 7482 95 7"1 65 69
7405 23 7483 .45 74 16{l 120
7406 Call 74ss .55 7"167 295
7407 Gall 7486 35 7"1 70 149
7408 .24 7"89 1.75 7"ln " 75
7409 .19 7490 35 74173 .69
7410 .19 7491 45 7417" 69
7411 24 7492 45 74175 69
7412 .24 7493 .35 74176 69
7413 .29 74'" 69 74177 69
7414 .49 7495 .50 74179 1.34
7416 Ca ll 7498 69 74160 .75
7417 Call 7497 '90 74 181 1.75
7420 .19 74 100 290 74 182 .75
742 1 .35 74 107 24 74184 225
7422 29 74109 37 74185 225
7423 1.19 74116 125
7425 29 74 121 29
7426 .29 74122 .39 7"190 1.15
7"27 25 704123 .45 7"191 1.15
7429 .45 74125 .39 7"192 .75
7430 . 18 74126 44 7"1 93 .75
7432 29 74128 59 7"194 .75
7437 .25 74132 45 7"1 95 .68
7438 29 7"1 36 .75 74196 .75
7439 1. 19 7" 197 .75
7440 .19 74141 85 7"198 1.29
7441 .79 741"2 295 7"199 1.29
7..2 .45 741043 450 7"22 1 1.19
7443 .95 74144 2.95 7" 251 .69
7444 .85 74 145 59 7"2 73 1 05
744 5 .79 74 147 1.69 7"276 1 89
7446
.'"
74148 1.19 74279 .75
74"7 .85 74150 109 74283 1.40
7448 .79 7415 1 49 7428" 369
7450 .19 74152 67 74285 369
745 1 .19 74 153 .49 74290 .89
7453 .19 74 154 1.19 74298 95
7454 . 19 74155 69 74365 .65
7459 .25 74156 .78 74366 85
74SO .23 74157 .49 74367 .65
7470 .29 74158 165 74368 65
7472 .29 74159 2.49 74390 1 45
7473 .29 74160 .79 74393 1.90
7474 .34 74490 1.90
II
74lSOO S .26 74l$113 S .39 74l$245 $2 99
74lS01 .25 7415 114 .39 74lS247 1,10
74lS02 .25 7415 122 .49 74l S248 1.10
74lSQ3 25 74l$123 1.19 7"l8249 1.19
74lS04 .69 74l$12" 2.75 74lS2S1 1.40
74lS05 25 74l$125 .69 74lS253 1.40
74lS08 .25 74LSl26 49 7" lS257 es
74lS09 .25 74l$132 .59 74lS258 .98
74l$10 .25 7415 136 .49 7" l S259 295
74l$1 1 39 74l$138 .59 74lS260 65
74l$12 .33 74151 39 .59 74l$261 2.49
74l$1 3 .39 7415145 1 25 74l$200 .59
741514 .59 74l$1 48 1.49 74l$273 1.75
74l$15 33 7415 151 99 7415275 440
74LS2Q .26 7415 153 .99 7"lS279 .59
74lS21 29 74LS1S4 1.70 74lS283 99
74lS22 29 7415155 1.19 74lS29O 99
74lS26 29 74l$156 1.49 74LS293 99
74lS27 .29 7415 157 1.49 74lS295 1.10
74lS2B .29 74LSl58 1.49 74lS298 1.19
74lS3O .25 74LSl60 1 49 74lS32" 1.75
74lS32 .33 7415 161 1.49 74lS347 1.95
74lS33 .55 7415162 1.49 74lS34B 1 95
74lS3 7 .35 74LSl63 1.49 74lS352 1.19
74lS38 .39 74lS164 1 49 74LS353 1.19
74lS4Q .25 74l$165 1.49 74lS363 1.49
74lS42 .59 74l$166 2.48 74lS365 99
74l$47 .79 7415 168 U S 74lS366 .99
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74l$51 25 74l$1 70 1.99 74lS368 .99
74lS54 29 74l$173 89 74lS373 2.99
74LS55 29 74l$174 89 74lS37" 299
74l$73 .39 74l$175 89 74lS375 .69
74l$74 .99 7415 181 220 74lS3 n 1 95
741575 .39 74l$190 1.15 74lS365 1 95
74L576 39 7415 191 1.15 74lS386 65
74157 8 45 74l$192 98 74LS390 195
74LS83 .59 74LS193 98 74lS393 1 95
74LS85 .69 74L5194 1.15 74LS395 1.70
74lSB6 .39 74l$195 .95 74lS399 2 35
74LS90 .57 74l$196 89 74lS42" 2.95
74L592 .49 74LS197 B9 74lS668 1.75
74LS93 69 74lS221 1.15 74lS670 229
74l$95 .79 7" lS240 1.99 81LS95 169
74 LS96 .89 74L$242 1.99 811596 1 69
7415 107 .39 74lS2043 199 811597 1 69
74l$109 .39 74L$2 44 ' 99 81LS96 169
74L511 2 .39 25LS2521 2.95 25L$2S69 4 95

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4002 24 404 1 .75 4094 2 95
4006 .zs 4042 65 4098 229
4007 25 4043 es 4099 1.85
4008 .95 4044 69
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4009 .39 4046 80 14409 12,95
4010 39 4047 89 14410 12,95
4011 24 4048 99 14412 12.95
4012 24 4049 35 14415 895
40 13 35 4050 34 14419 4.95
4014 .75 4051 .75 450 1 39
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40'8 35 4053 .75 4503 62
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40 18 .zs 4056 2.95 4506 .75
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4023 .25 4070 .35 4512 .79
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4025 .25 4072 28 4515 1.'"
4027 .45 4073 28 45 16 1.45
4028 65 4075 28 -4518 85
4029 .75 4078 .75 4520 .75
4030 .45 4077 35 4555 95
4031 325 4078 35 4556 99
4032 2.15 4081 29 4566 2 25
4034 1,91 4082 29 SOC95 1.50
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78H05K $595 l M1414N $1.90
7.MOO 1.49 l M1458CN N 49
78M.G 1,49 MC1488N 99
l Ml 08AH 2.95 MC1489N 99
l MJOOH 99 l Ml"96M .89
l MJ0 1CN 35 lM 1556N 1.50
lM304H 198 LM1820 N 95
LM305H 189 LM1850N 95
lM306H 3 25 LMl 889 N 310
LM3Q1CN .29 lM2 111N 1.75
LM308CN 98 l M2900N 99
lM309K 1 49 LM2901 N 250
LM31QCN 125 lM29 17N 2,95
l M311DCN 89 CA3013T 2.19
lM3 12H 1.75 CA30 18T 199
lM31 7T 1.70 CA3021T 349
LM318CN 149 CA3023T '99
LM319N H 1.25 CA3035T 2.75
l M320K-XX' 135 CA3039 T 1.29
lM320T-XX' 139 CA30<46N 129
l M320H-XX' 1.25 LM3053N 1.49
Ub 23K 495 CA3059N 3.19
l M324N .95 CA306QN 3.19
l M337K 595 CA3062N 495
LM338K 695 lM306 5N 149
lM339N 95 CA308QT 129
lM340K XX 1.75 CA3081 N 169
It.1340T-XX 1.25 CA3082 N 1.69
lM340HXX 1.25 CA3083 N 1 55
LM344H 1,95 CA3086 N 80
LM348N 120 CA3Q89N 299
LM350K 5SO CA3096 N 3.49
LM358CN 98 CA3097N 199
l.M36ON 1 49 CA3130T 130
LM372N 1.95 CA3140T 1.19
LM376N 375 CA31046N 249
lM377N 2,75 CA3160T 1.19
l M380CNN >25 CA3190N 1.95
l M381N 1.79 CA3410N .59
LM383T 1.95 MC34 23N 1.49
lM386N 1.25 MC3460N 3,95
lM387N 1.40 SG3524 N 3,95
LM390N 1.95 CA3600N 339
NE531VIT 375 l M3900N 59
NE555V 39 l M3905N 1.19
NE556N .98 LM3909N .98
NE561T 19 95 LM3914N 3.75
NE565NH 1 25 LW915N 3.95
NE566HV 1.75 lM3916N 3.75
NE567V.H 150 RC4131N 2,95
NE592N 2.75 RC4136N 1.10
l M702H 1.99 RC4151N 3.70
l M709N H 29 RC419-HK 4,95
lM 710 NH .75 RC4195TK 540
lM711N H .39 Ul N2001 1.25
l M715N 1.95 ULN20Q3 1.50
LM723N H 65 S N75450N 59
lM 733N H .98 SN75451N .35
l M739N 1.15 5 N75452N .49
l M7-41CN H .33 5 N75453N 49
lM 74 1CN-14 .19 SN75454N .49
lM747N H .75 S N7549 1N .89
LM748N H 39 5 N75492 N 89
lM760CN 2,95 SN75493N 89
l M1310N 1.90 S N7S494N .89
MC1330 195 Tl 494CN 4 20
MC1350 195 Tl 496CP 165
MC1358 1.75 TL497 4.95
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74500 S .39 74512 4 $3_69 74$244 52.99
74502 43 74$133 54 745251 1,35
74503 45 745134 ... 745253 1.35
74504 89 745 135 1.15 745257 1.29
74505 .52 7451 36 1.69 745258 1.29
74508 49 745138 1.99 745260 .75
74509 49 74$139 1.29 7452 80 2 79
745 10 42 745140 .73 745287 2.99
745 11 .42 745151 1.29 745288 2.55
74515 42 745 153 1.29 745373 3.10
74520 42 745157 129 745374 3.10
74522 4' 745 158 1.29 745387 2.75
74530 42 745 160 2.79 7450471 7,95
704532 49 74$174 149 745472 7.95
7" 538 1.19 745 175 1.49 745473 7,95
745"0 49 745 188 2.69 745474 995
74551 .42 74$194 1.89 7450475 995
74564 46 745195 189 745570 5.75
74$65 46 745 196 1.89 745571 5.75
74574 99 745240 2.75 745572 8.95
74586 .72 745241 2.75 74$573 8 95
745112 .72 745242 299 745940 2.90
745 113 .72 7452043 299 745!H1 2.90
7451 14 .72
DIP

SWITCHES
2 POM"," s .99 7 Posrton $1.39
4 POS.tlOn 1.19 8 POSo! "'n 1.49
5 POSll IOn 1 29 9 Pos,l",n 1.65
6 POSItIon 1 35 10 POSItion 169
MUFFINFAN
The dep end abl e, l ow
cost, largest selli ng fan
for c ommerc ia l c o oling
applications .
105cfm free 3Ir de hvery
4 68- sq x 1.SO- deep
We.ght 17 oz.
SPECIAL PURCHASE
$9.50 ea.
.14
.18
20
27
30
24
38
43
58
49
58
67
.70
81
99
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1-2" 24-49
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11 50 8087 199 00 1802 595
2195 8088 2995 800S. , 161)5
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6 50 874' 3U5 2i01A 1150
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2102 l-4 1.29 20 16-150 595 61 16-2 8.75
2102l -2 1.49 20 16- 100 6.95 61 16LP-4 590
2111 2.75 4044-4 3.95 6116lP2 10 95
2112 2.89 4044 2 650 Z613 2 32.50
2114 1.49 4118 9 50 HM6264 47.50
2114l2 1.89 55 14 3 50 6167 995
8 '55 $9.95 8238 827 1 $7495
8156 995 8243 550 8272 37.SO
8202 2350 8250 10.SO 8275 3495
8203 3650 8251 5.95 82'" 895
8205 325 8251A 9.95 8279-5 9.95
82 12 1.95 8253 6.50 8282 7.95
8214 4.50 8253-5 9.95 8283 7.95
8216 1.95 8255 5.95 8284 7.95
822 4 2 20 8255A 9,95 82.. 7.95
8 226 2.75 8257 7.25 8287 7.95
82 28 3 35 8257-5 9.95 6288 24.95
8237 18 50 8259 7.25 8289 4850
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6522 675 6532A 11.75 655 1 11.SO
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10 95
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10.95
10 95
1095
24PIN21F $7.95
28PIN21F 950
4OPIN21F 10.75
6-4PIN21F 1995
3LWIREWRAP
8T95 s 85
SOCKETS (GOLD)
8T98 85
1-24 2549
8T97 85
8TOB 85
8 pln WN .55 "4
75150 1 50
10 Pin WN (TIn) 85 63
75154 1 50
14 pin WN .75 .73
16p.nWW 80 .77
18 ponWN .95 90
2Op.nWW 1.15 1 08
MM58174 $1095
22 pin WN 1.45 1.35
M5M5832 395
24 pin WN 1.35 1 26
28 pm WN 1.SO 1.53
.. 40pinWW 220 2.09
CIRCLE 80 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

8000
10,000
12000
18000
18432
196E06
20000
221184
ADC0800 $1525
AOCOB04 395

AOCOOO9 4.95
ADC0817 9.95
MC3470 495
140616 1.50
1406lB 2.95
OACB6EX 895
8 pn lP
... 14 pin l P
16 pn l P
2"" $4950
18 p n l P
2793 49.50
20 pin l P
2795 55 ,50
22 Pin l P
2797 5550
24 pm lP
61143 31.50
28 pin l P
8272 3600
40 pin l P
UP0 765A 3600

$595
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7.50
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2.95
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6884 5 17.50 7220 8950 ZllOCTC
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D8 25P (R5 232)
08255 Female
Hood
Sot WithHood , Sale
2550 5 1' , Apple
25 50 WW , Apple
31.6251' , IBM
31.62 WW, IBM
50 '100 WW , 5- 100 Connector
50.'100 5 1' , 5 -100 Connector
STEPPER MOTOR
,
...
RS232
SIGNAL TESTER
Operates by applYIng
12VOC In one dlrod",n
and then reverSing
po la rit y (or sq ua re
wave) . Uses 12VOC,
Clock Wise Rota tion ,
Ra t e d 3 RPM a t 4
PP .S , With a 5 degr ee
ste pping angle
ACP Price
5
3
95
l]m(rj:i!ill!liI:m[l
10 for S34.95
CONNECTORS
DACOl
DACOB
DAC100
DACOllOO
DAC0808
DAC1020
DAC1022
F9708
5325.00
Popular
CORCOM
Filter
RAM UP-GRADES
64K DRAM (4164-200nS)
9 pes for $50
00
16K DRAM (4116-200nS)
8 pes for $12
95
SWITCHER
SPECIAL
CORCOM FILTER
,-.
only
UV "EPROM"
ERASER

Model
DE-4
$8995
Holds 4 EPROM's
at a nme
REPEAT OF SELL-OUT
58Key Unencoded Keyboard
_ 519
95
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'rhrs IS a new 58 key termin al Keyboard
manufactu red by a maJOfrnanvtacturor. It is
uncod od Wl th SPST keys unall ac hed 10 an y
PC board Solid molded pla stic base mea -
sure s 11- x 4- .
Madel S52T
6 amp s
S
4
95
Compat bl e l ine Cord Add . . ,.", $3.50
MM574QMC 9.95 3341FIFO 54.75
1691 $16 95
AY52376 13.75 2513..()()1UC 950
1771 16 00
AY53600 13.75 25 13-<Xl2lC 950
1791 2295
UPD7201 2995 7107CPl 11.50
1793 25 ,95
UU<2003 2 25
1795 27.95
WE STOCK 74HC & 74C CMOS
' '''7 "50
2143 18 95
PAl lOHB $3 ,75 PA114l4 $3.95
PAl12H6 3 95 PA11 6l8 9.95 75 188 $1.19
PAl 14H4 3 95 PAl 16RS 7.75 751 89 1.19
PAl l0l8 3 ,95 PAl1 6R6 7.75 8126 1.75
PA112l6 395 PA1l 6R4 7.75 8T28 1.85
8T31 2.75

9636 375
t.lC4Q24 $3 ,75
9637 375
lM 566 $1.95
8038 375 XR2206 3.75

MM5369 $350
MM58167 11,95
AY5-1013A $395 2350 $9.75
AY5-1014A 6.75 8250 12.50
AY5- 1015 6.75 IM6402 7.75
TR1602A 3 ,75 IM6403 8.75 1.000 $10 95

..
1.8432 10,95
: .
2000 10 95
4000 10,95
Mel 441 1 $11 .50 COM5016 $15 .95
5000 10.95
BR19041 1050 COM8116 11.95
50688 1095
34702 12.75 MM530 7 11.95
6000 10 95

6144 10.95
..
78477 $3 50 MC3340 $1.95
7.... 590 SC<!lNotrax 39.95
14 PIN21F $5.75
76489 850 On05O
' 16 PIN21F 5 95
AY3891 0 8 95 [hg lta lker 3495 18 PIN21F 7.75
AY38912 12.50 MM54104 14 95
2OPIN21F 7.95
ADVANCED


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68IlO2
""" 6800
6809E
seecss
....
68llO9
esca
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o COM ... UNICATlONS.
$7.50. Covers most
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D ARST BOOK OF
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Everyt hlng you always
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$4.25.
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$4.50. Features ap-
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USing vercus types Ql
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TimIng cucurts lor
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o ALTERNATI NG
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o THE SIMP LE
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and Its components
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CONSTRUCTIO N.
$4. 50. ConstrudlOn de-
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o RE"'OTE CON-
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o CRYSTAL SET
CONSTRUCTlON.
$4.50. Packed lutl 01
easy 10duplicate de-
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recewers
--
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o CB PROJECTS.
$5.00. A number of
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accessories. Speec h
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o AN INTRODUC-
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$5.00. Perfect for the
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pros & cons 01 the var-
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.. - .. ......
o THE PRE-
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$5. 00. Nned at the
absol ute begin ner wit h
no knowledge com-
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dlscussion ttrat helps
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D LONG DISTANCE
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Practear & au-
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o BASIC" PASCAL
$4.00. Takes BASIC &
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o RADIO STATIONS
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MUSK: PROJECTS .
$4.50.
o PRACTlCAL ELEC -
TRONIC BUILDING
BLOCKS-Book 2.
$5.00. CiraJi ts thai pro-
ce ss ltignals. Combine s
wi th those in Book 1.
o RADIO CIRCUITS
USING IC'S. $4.50.
o SINGLE IC PRO-
JECTS . $4.25 .
o RADIO CONTROL
FOR BEGINNERS.
$4.SO.
o ELECTRONI C
GAM ES $4.50.
o SPECIAL OFFER Book 1 & Book 2
PRACTlCAL ELECTRONtc BUILDING BLOCKS.
$9.00. Shipping Incluct.d. Save $1.75.
o LINEAR IC EQUIV-
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CONNECTIONS. $8.25.
Shows equivalents & pin
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o HOW TO MAKE
WA LKIE TALKIES.
$5. 00. Descnt:es equip-
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112 pages of must
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[j ELECTRONIC
CALCULATOR US-
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$3.95. Presents formu-
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factors & mo re from the
view of the calCulator
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[j INTERNAT I ONA L
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$7.SO. Products 01
more than 100 man-
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o INTERNATIONAL
DIODE EQUIV ALENTS
GUIDE . $5.75. Hel ps
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diodes In use lOday.
o PRACTICAL ELEC-
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I
o 30 SOLDERlESS ;:] MODE RN OP-AMP Q ART OF PRO- D ART OF PRC).
BREADBOARD PRO- PROJECTS. $5.00 . GRAMMING THE 16K GRAMMING THE 1K
JECTS BOOK 1. Wid e range of specia l. ZX81. $&.25. r opes In - ZX81. $5.00. How to
$5.75. Whe never POSSI- ceo op-amp CIrcuit s 1I'l . elude full screen. scrol l- use the featur es of the
ble the same parts are eluding o-roise. 10- Ing. PEEK & POKE , ZX81 In programs that
used in seve ral pro- orstomco. ultra- hi input plus actual wo rki ng ht the 1K machin e and
jeers. even a hrst -time snpeoeoc e. etc programs. are suu fun to use
bt.ulder can compl ete
tnese circuits I
D MULTI-CIRCUIT D THE 6809 COM- [J INTRODUCTI ON
BOARD PROJECTS. PAN ION. $5.00. Wnt- TO BASIC PRO-
D HOW TO GET $5.00. 2 1 fairly simpl e ten for the average GRAMMING TECH-
YOUR ELECTRONIC projects that can all be assembly language NIQUES. $5.00. Based
PROJECTS WOR K- bUilt on a SIngle programmer. A diSCUS on au1hor"s own expert-
ING. $5.00. Helps you. ccntec-ceccn board. All SIOn01 6809 feat ures & once In lear ning BASI C
troubleshoot and repai r are POWOfed by a 9V reference work for the and helpIng others to
rcrne-txntt projects of batt ery . 6809 progra mmer . learn to program
tYVeryoescn oton.
'CJ IC PROJECTS o PRACTICAL COM- O A ...,CROPROCES-
o ... INl- MATRIX FOR BEGINNERS. PUTER EX- SOR PRIMER. $4.SO.
BOARD PROJECTS. SS.OO. Inexpensrve dlgi- PERIM ENTS. $4.50. Painl ess approach to
SS.OO. A vanely Of pre- tal and linear ICs are FlUs in background to computing for the be-
rects that can all be used to assemble thiS rmcrccrccessce by con- ginner. Step- by-step
built upon a rom-matnx seiecnoo 01CircuIts m- Structlng typtcaj compu- explai ns computer op-
beard thai has 10 stnps tended to- the be - ter circurts USing diS- erenons and assembly.
and IS24 holes long . ginner. crete logIC components
o PRACTICAL ELEC-
TRONIC BUIlDING
BLOCKS-Book 1.
$5.00. All electronics
circurtsccoset of sim-
I
pie building blocks .
When you knowhow to
mak e the bloc ks you
can eaSIly cr eate your
own Protect s.

: Electronics Paperback Books :
: Quality Paperbacks at Affordable Prices .:
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CABLE TV CONVERTERS
TV Remote Controller
LCC-58 IF."",.., M..,I ORX I05)
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B. JERROlD LCC-58
Remote Control Lets You Change TV
Channels From the Comfort of Your
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Turn Your TV Set On and Off Without
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58 Channel Capaci ty
Lighted Digital Display On the Con-
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Simple Do It Yourself Installation In
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Guaranteed One Year By More Than
300 General Instrument Warranty
Stations
c.JERROLD # JRX-3
37 Channel Capability
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Remote Channel Selection
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MANUFACTURE MOOEl # RETAil
A JERROLD lCC-91 129.00
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CIRCLE 26 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
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HOW YOUAND THE COMPUTER
CAN BEFRIENDS . . .
Getting Started
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NEW AUDIO DIMENSIONS
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Noise-Reduction Devices
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Extra Add-On
Ht-Fi Accessories
New Technology
TV WONDERSFOR YOUR
FUTURE ...
Latest Receivers and
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The Home Entertainment
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Projection TV Today
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Jack Dcrrs Monthly
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Allow 6-8 weeks for delivery of first issue All other countries- Add 57,50 per year
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H8-1000
Socket
With HANDY sockets,
breadboardingiseasy
becauseyou alwaysknow
whereyou're at. Each group
of5cont actsislabeled from
1-64 andeachposition withina
group islabeledfroma-j. With64
groupsof5contactseach you have
more then enough room for infield
andlab mock-upsthat alwayscome
up when youleast expect them.
Competition Price: $12.50!

......
H8-1110
One socket andtwo bussstrips /k l h j} .:ff/,f
withself-adhesivebacking and s.. f::::/:
metal ground plate. ! .:; /::.://:' //:.:.:j!
Bignine14-pinDIP capacity. -: .::' .::'.: :':' , .:,.:.::}
; : : :.::..:.:. : .:.: : : :'..
Price: $15.49! .' /.::>.... .... :/'.... f
$11 95 !.: F:i/:If/HI
HB-1110 .-/.:/ P// /!;i/!
.", /A/ -
H8-4714
Largest HANDYbreadboard avail abl etoday. Complete PCB oreven
systemmock-upscan easily fit on thisbreadboard. Thishigh capacity,
heavy duty board isamustfor industrial userswheretimeismoney
...Greatfor advanced educational and hobbyi stapplications.
Includes: 4sockets 7 bussstrips 4bindingposts
and ismounted on a10.3"x9.5"aluminum ground plate.
Giant 3614-PinDIP capacity. Competition Price: $89.00!
HB-4714 $63
95
.----------
To order ... caIl1-800-34-HANDY
.. . charge with VISA, MasterCard or American Express.
All Items off-the-shelf for Immediate Shlpmentl
H8-2112
Acompact breadboard idealforbeginners, students, professionalsand hobbyi sts. It's
Quick andeasy touseand immediately becomesthe most useful tool on your
workbench. lncludes.> 2sockets 1 bussstrip $24
95 2binding postsand ismounted on an 8.7"x5.4" HB-2112
aluminum groundplate. 18 14-Pin DIP capacity.
......._, a division of RSP Electronics Corp.
7 Business Park Drive. PO. Box 699 Branford, CT 06405 (203) 488-6603 TWX: (910) 997-0684
Easy Link Mail Box : 62537580 CompuServe: 71346, 1070
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C (516) 499-9500
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Commack, N.Y. 11725
ADVERTISING INDEX
RADIO-ELECTRONICSdoes not assume any responsibility for errors that may appear
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zip code
(please pr int)
st ate
Phoenix Systems . . . . . 30
Professional Video . . 118
PTS 40
Radio Shac k . . 105
Ramsey IOI
Ra ndom Access 30
RCA Dis. and Special Prod 38
RF Electro nics I ()(}
RL Drake 46
Rodcar Electro nic Sales 30
RSP Hand y 127
Sams Book Store . . . . . . . . . . . Cover 4
Satellite T. V. Week 74
Scientific Systems 104
SEI . 120
Sintec 26
Solid State Sales 114
Spartan Electro nics 128
Tektro nix _ 5
Test Probes Inc 23
Texas Instruments . . . . 29
I
TransAmeric an Cab le 99
Tubergen and Assoc 15
Vector Electronics 15
Westech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
WM B Allen . . . . . . . . . . . 118
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31
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name
address
city
Page Free Information Number
-l6 Acor n .. .. .. .. . .. . . 30
77 . Active Elect ronics 102
80 Advanced Computer Products 121
Advance Electro nics 10-13
12 All Electronics 103
67 AMC Sales 87
87 AP Products 2
17 AWSper ry "27
100 Beckman Instrument s Cover 2
16 B&K . . . . Cover 3
C&D .. .. . 89
18 CEI. 22
Cha ney 120
CIE . 34-37
23 Command Productions 87
35 Communications Electro nics 24-25
50 Contact East. 31
68 CPU 33
89 CRT 31
10 Dal bani. 123
65 Digikey ' 112-113
II Digitron .. . .. .. . 122
53 Direct Video. . 89
99 Dokay 119
54 DTI . . . . 33
20 Electro nic Rain bow. . . . . . . . . . 60
6 Electro nic Specialists . . . . . . . . . . 120
97 Ente rpr ise Development . . . . . . . 89
39 Etronix 110
40 Firestik 87
Fluke Manufactu ri ng 7
For dham Radi o .. .. . . 20.21
76 Formula . . . . . . . . . . . .. I II
33 Global Specialties 91
26 GM Highteck . .. 125
Grantham College of Engineer ing I
GTE Electronic Supply. . 114
Hali x . . 96
75 Halt roni x . . . . . . . . . 104
15 Heath . . . 52-55
85 Hickok 40
38 HMR Sales 30
28 Instrument Mar t 32
51 Iwat su 9
41 Jarneco 116. 117
5 Jan Crys ta l 110
42 Javanco , . . . . . . . . . . . 122
49 J DR . . . . . . . 106-107
4 . %
63 Kas hiwagi 30
KCS ln
93 Mci ntos h La bs 23
66 MFJ 96
94 Mouser 118
84 Nemal 30
90 Network Sales 110
Newtone Electro nics . . . . . . 93
NRI 16-19
NTS. . . 70-73
14 Pacific One . . .. 30
52 Paia . . .. .. . . ... .. 109
29 Philips Tech Electronics 122
S250
$450
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$1200
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9:30-5
$335.95
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DG115S
(6 Outlet!
545.95


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$35.95
DG115P
WINEGARD FM CAR
ANTENNA BOOSTER
10 7500
7600to 25000
2510010 50000
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Over 1000 00
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REFURBISHED MONITORS
9" and 12" Bell & Howells
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SGL WABER
Protect your
computer and
electronic equipment
from voltage spikes
.5% basic VdcAccuracy $63 95
probe-Sized dmm
4 ac dc voltageranges (autoranging)
4 resistance ranges (autoranging)
continuity beeper ......
"touch hold" button
Other Curcuitmate Meters Avai lable.
BEFORE YOU PAY SSFOR ATELEPHONE
SERVICE CALL, TEST ITYOURSELF
BJ11/1l!I1I!1I
Amplilir sFMra lllOSIQnalsan avm ge of1 8dB (8
limes) Improves car radiO recectmn mc extends
f,1 ngtlOallo..... oru terselec!lOnolst.\IOns
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40 Channel VHF to UHF
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28.95 Ea.
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Deluxe Version - Features fine tuning knob,
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PROFESSIONAL
TELEPHONE PRODUCT TESTER
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Features: MODEL 1045
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Discounts COD money order checkAdd for
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499-9500
Jerrold 58 Channel Wireless
Remote Converter $109.95
Jerrold 36Channel Remote
CATV Conver t er w/ 0 n/ 0 If Fin e
Tu ning $94.95
en
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the telephone product tester
An in-shop or in-store tester that can be a profit
source when you charge for telephone testing. A
great way to instantly check-out customer returns.
Tests corded and cordless phone operation and
automatio phone dialers for all basic functions;
defects in line and hand set cords, tone or pulse
dial operation, ringing circuit operation, sound
volume and voice quality. Can also be used by
non-technical personnel to screen returns before
giving them to repair technicians. Statisticsshow
that over half Ihe returnsare good.

CIRCLE 16 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
Sams IBM Books. Programming
Guides That SpeakYour Language,
Whatever LanguageYou Speak.
ha rdware. Contains ma chine-l a ngua ge
tutorial , exploitat ion hints and sample
!, rograms. No. 22360, $12.95. (NOT
SHOWN)
8088 ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
PROGRAMMING: THE IBMPC
expl ai ns assembl er la ngua g e
proqrornrninq , PC syste m hardware, the
8088 microprocessor, PC archi tecture,
and mo re. No. 22024, $15.95.
PC DOS COMPANION basic
hardware and software concepts, PC
DOS/.,the computer term s and shows
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di sks, ond mo re . No. 22039, $15.95.
INTERFACING TOTHE IBM
PERSONAL COMPUTER presents
detoiled technical ond operational
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subrout ines a nd exam!, le proqrcrn
functio ns. No. 22027, $15.95.
AVAILABLE SOON
USER'S GUIDE FOR THE IBMPCj r,
No. 22302, $14.95.
What Technology Is All About
-, "\ '
So for IBMprogramming guides
that speak your language, get the
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Visit yourm - S- ms.dealer.'Or call
OPEJl4lQIt te'O 17-298"'5566 or
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Ifyou' re 0 co mputer nov ice curious about
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Becouse when It comes to programming
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So if you wont to learn more about
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BASIC PROGRAMMING WITH THE
IBM PCjr that shows ho w to p rogram the
PCjr in BASIC and how to use the many
advanced BASIC features un ique to the
computer. Contains a BASIC tutoria l,
programming hints and many useful
programs.
No. 22359 $12.95.
ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
PROGRAMMING: THE IBMPCjr shows
how to program Junior in 8088
assembler language, how to control its
video, keyboard, disk, and othe r
HOWARDW. SAMS & CO., INC.
4300 West 62nd Street, P.O. Box 7092,
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Offe r good in USA onl y. Pric e s and ava ilability sub je ct to change without natice . In Ca nada , co nta ct Lenbrook Elect ronics, Mar kham,
Onta r io L3R 1H2. IBM is a registered t rademark of Int e rna tional Bus iness Mac hines Corporatio n. PCjr is a t rademar k of
Inte rna ti o na l Busin ess Machine s Co rporation.
CIRCLE 25 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD