Mathematics Revision of Formulae and Results: Surds Co-Ordinate Geometry

MATHEMATICS REVISION OF FORMULAE AND RESULTS
Surds
a b = ab

a
b
=
a
b

(a)
2
= a

Absolute Value

a = a if a 0
a = a if a < 0

Geometrically:

x is the distance of x from the origin on the number line
x y is the distance between x and y on the number line

ab = a.b

a + b a + b

Factorisation

x
3
y
3
= x y(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)

x
3
+ y
3
=x + y(x
2
xy + y
2
)

Real Functions

A function is even if fx = f(x). The graph is
symmetrical about the y-axis.

A function is odd if fx= f(x). The graph has
point symmetry about the origin.

The Circle

The equation of a circle with:

Centre the origin (0, 0) and radius r units is:

x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

Centre (a, b) and radius r units is:

(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= r
2

Co-ordinate Geometry

Distance formula: d = x
2
x
1
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2

Gradient formula: m =
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
or m = tan

Midpoint Formula: midpoint =
x
1
+ x
2
2
,
y
1
+ y
2
2

Perpendicular distance from a point to a line:

ax
1
+ by
1
+ c
a
2
+ b
2

Acute angle between two lines (or tangents)

tan =
m
1
m
2
1 + m
1
m
2

Equations of a Line

gradient-intercept form: y = mx + b

point-gradient form: y y
1
= m(x x
1
)

two point formula:
y y
1
x x
1
=
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1

intercept formula:
x
a
+
y
b
= 1

general equation: ax + by + c = 0

Parallel lines: m
1
= m
2

Perpendicular lines: m
1
.m
2
= 1

Trigonometric Results

sin =
opposite
hypotenuse
(SOH)

cos =
adjacent
hypotenuse
(CAH)

tan =
opposite
adjacent
(TOA)

Complementary ratios:

sin90 = cos

cos90 = sin

tan90 = cot

sec90 = cosec

cosec(90 ) = sec

Pythagorean Identities

sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1

1 + cot
2
= cosec
2

tan
2
+ 1 = sec
2

tan =
sin
cos
and cot =
cos
sin

The Sine Rule

a
sinA
=
b
sinB
=
c
sinC

The Cosine Rule

a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bcCosA

CosA =
b
2
+ c
2
a
2
2bc

The Area of a Triangle

Area =
1
2
abSinC

The Quadratic Polynomial

The general quadratics is: y = ax
2
+ bx + c

The quadratic formula is: x =
b
b
2
4ac
2a

The discriminant is: = b
2
4ac

If 0 the roots are real

If < 0 the roots are not real

If = 0 the roots are equal

If is a perfect square, the roots are rational

If and are the roots of the quadratic equation
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0

then: + =
b
a
and =
c
a

The axis of symmetry is: x =
b
2a

If a quadratic function is positive for all values of x, it is
positive definite i.e. < 0 and a > 0

If a quadratic function is negative for all values of x, it
is negative definite i.e. < 0 and a < 0

If a function is sometimes positive and sometimes
negative, it is indefinite i.e. > 0

The Parabola

The parabola x
2
= 4ay has vertex (0,0), focus (0,a),
focal length a units and directrix y = a

The parabola (x h)
2
= 4a(y k) has vertex (h, k)

Differentiation

First Principles:

f ' (x) =
lim
h

f (x + h) f (x)
h
or

f ' (c) =
lim
x c

f (x) f (c)
h

If y = x
n
then
dy
dx
= nx
n1

Chain Rule:
d
dx
f (u) = f ' (u)
du
dx

Product Rule: If y = uv then
dy
dx
= u
dv
dx
+ v
du
dx

Quotient Rule: If y =
u
v
then
dy
dx
=
v
du
dx
u
dv
dx
v
2

Trigonometric Functions:

d
dx
sinx = cosx

d
dx
cosx = sinx

d
dx
tanx = sec
2
x

Exponential Functions:
d
dx
e
f (x)
= f ' (x)e
f (x)

d
dx
a
x
= a
x
.lna

Logarithmic Functions:
d
dx
log
e
f (x) =
f ' (x)
f (x)

Geometrical Applications of Differentiation

Stationary points:
dy
dx
= 0

Increasing function:
dy
dx
> 0

Decreasing function:
dy
dx
< 0

Concave up:
d
2
y
dx
2
< 0

Concave down:
d
2
y
dx
2
> 0

Minimum turning point:
dy
dx
= 0 and
d
2
y
dx
2
> 0

Maximum turning point:
dy
dx
= 0 and
d
2
y
dx
2
< 0

Points of inflexion:
d
2
y
dx
2
= 0 and concavity changes
about the point.

Horizontal points of inflexion:
dy
dx
= 0 and
d
2
y
dx
2
= 0 and
concavity changes about the point.

Approximation Methods

The Trapezoidal Rule:

f xdx =
h
2
y
0
+ y
n
+ 2y
1
+ y
2
+ y
3
+ + y
n1
b
a

Simpsons Rule:

f xdx =
h
3
y
0
+ y
n
+ 4y
1
+ y
3
+ + 2y
2
+ y
4
+
b
a

In both rules, h =
b a
n
where n is the number of strips.

Integration

If f (x) 0 for a x b, the area bounded by the
curve y = f (x), the x-axis and x = a and x = b is given
by f x dx
b
a
.

The volume obtained by rotating the curve y = f (x)
about the x-axis between x = a and x = b is given by

f x
2
b
a

If
dx
dx
= x
n
then y =
x
n+1
n + 1

If
dx
dx
= ax + b
n
then y =
ax + b
n
a(n + 1)

Trigonometric Functions:

sin x dx = cosx + C

cos x dx = sinx + C

sec
2
x dx = tanx + C

Exponential Functions:

e
ax
dx =
e
ax
a
+ C and a
x
dx =
1
lna
.a
x

Logarithmic Functions:

f ' (x)
f (x)
dx = log
e
x + C

Sequences and Series

Arithmetic Progression

d = U
2
U
1

U
n
= a + n 1d

S
n
=
n
2
[2a + n 1d]

S
n
=
n
2
[a + l] where l is the last term

Geometric Progression

r =
U
2
U
1

U
n
= ar
n1

S
n
=
ar
n
1
1
=
a1 r
n
1 r

S
=
a
1 r

The Trigonometric Functions

radians = 180

Length of an arc: l = r

Area of a sector: A =
1
2
r
2

Area of a segment: A =
1
2
r
2
( sin)
[In these formulae, is measured in radians.]

Small angle results:

sinx 0
cosx 1
tanx 0

lim
x 0

sinx
x
=
lim
x 0

tanx
x
= 1

For y = sin nx and y = cos nx the period is
2
n

For y = sin nx the period is
n

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

The Index Laws:

a
x
a
y
= a
x+y

a
x
a
y
= a
xy

a
x
y
= a
xy

a
x
=
1
a
x

a
x
y
= a
x
y

a
0
= 1

The logarithmic Laws:

If log
a
b = c then a
c
= b

log
a
x + log
a
y = log
a
xy

log
a
x log
a
y = log
a
x
y

log
a
n
+ nlog
a
x

log
a
a = 1 and log
a
1 = 0

The Change of Base Result:

log
a
b =
log
e
b
log
e
a
=
log
10
b
log
10
a

Mathematics Revision of Formulae and Results: Surds Co-Ordinate Geometry

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