9/9/2014 Yamuna

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Yamuna
TheYamunaRiverisoneofthemostbeautifulriversofIndia.ItisthebiggesttributaryoftheGanges
(alsoknownasGanga)inNorthernIndia.ThefamousriverhasitssourceintheYamunotriGlacieratan
elevationof6,387metersonthesouthwesternsidesofBanderpoochcrestsinthelowerHimalayan
ranges.
YamunaRiver:AnOverview
Theriverrunsanoverallspanof1,376km(855miles)andhasacatchmentareaof366,223km2.This
encompasses40.2%ofthewholeGangesvalley,priortojoiningtheGangaatTriveniSangamin
Allahabad,UttarPradesh.TheTriveniSangamishometotheKumbhMela,whichtakesplaceevery12
years.
ItineraryofYamunaRiver
TheriverpassesthroughmanystatessuchasUttarakhand,UttarPradesh,Haryana,goingacross
HimachalPradesh,andthenDelhi.TheYamunajoinsmanyofitstributariesonitsitinerary,which
includeTons,thebiggestandmostextensivetributaryofYamuna,Chambal,whichhasitsindividualbig
catchmentarea,andtheBetwa,Sindh,andKen.Mostsignificantly,itformstheextremelyproductive
alluvialplain,whichisknownasYamungaGangesDoabareaamiditselfandtheGangaintheIndo
Gangeticterrain.Almost57millioninhabitantsrelyonthewatersoftheYamuna.Withayearly
dischargeofaround10,000cubicbillionmeters(cbm)andconsumptionof4,400cbm(ofwhich
irrigationcomprises96%),theriverrepresentsabove70%ofthewaterprovisionsofDelhi.Similartothe
Ganga,theYamunaholdshighrespectamongtheHindusandreveredasthedeityYamunaforitswhole
itinerary.AccordingtoHindumyths,theYamunaisthedaughterofSurya,ortheSunGodandYami,the
sisterofYama,theGodofDeath.Asmentionedinfamousfables,takingadipinitsholywaterscleanses
youfromthesufferingsofdeath.
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TheYamunawatersareoffairlygoodqualityforitsentirespanfromYamunotriintheHimalayanranges
toWazirabadinDelhi,thelengthofwhichisaround375km.Thewastewaterflowsthrough15drains
situatedamidtheOkhladamandWazirabaddam.Asaresult,thewateroftheYamunaRiverbecomes
extremelycontaminatedoncetheriverleavesWazirabad,Delhi.Becauseofitshighcontaminationlevel,
theriverhasalsobeenreferredtoasasewagedrainwithBOD(biochemicaloxygendemand)rates
varyingfrom14to28mg/l.Elevatedcoliformlevelisonemorereasonbehinditshighpollutionlevel.
Therivergetscontaminatedfromthreeprincipalsourcesi.e.municipalandhouseholdwasteareas,land
corrosionduetoremovaloftreestakingplacetofacilitateagriculturetogetherwithconsequential
chemicalwastesfrommanures,herbicides,insectkillers,andoverspillsfromcommercialoperationsand
industrialareas.
ItineraryandDrainageAreaofYamuna
TheoriginoftheYamunaissituatedintheYamunotriGlacieratanelevationof6,387metersonthe
southeasternsidesoftheBanderpoochcrests,whicharelocatedintheMussoorieRangeoftheLower
HimalayanRangeinUttarkashiDistrict,Uttarakhand,tothenorthofHaridwar.Thereisatemplenamed
YamunotriTemple,whichisaplaceofworshipdevotedtothedeityandisoneofthemostsacred
pilgrimagespotsfortheHindus.ThetempleformsaportionoftheChotaCharDhamYatratrip.The
MarkandeyaTirthaisalsosituatednearbythetempleonitstrekkingitineraryspanning13km,which
trailstherightriverbanksoftheYamuna.TheSageMarkandeyaauthoredtheMarkandeyaPuranainthis
place.
Fromthisplace,theYamunarunstothesouthforaround200kmacrosstheShivalikMountainRanges
andLowerHimalayanMountainRanges.YouwillfindglacialdepositsintheverticalUpperYamuna
basin,tintedwithgeomorphicattributeslikesharpstonebenches,interlockingspurs,andstreamterraces.
Bigterracescreatedthroughoutanextensivetimeperiodwillbefoundintheloweritineraryoftheriver
similartotheonesinthevicinityofNaugoan.Asignificantportionofitsbeginningofthedrainagebasin
(withatotalareaof2,320km2)issituatedinHimachalPradeshandamajortributarysappingtheupper
drainagebasinistheTons,whichisalsothebiggestandmostextensivetributaryoftheYamuna.The
TonshasitsoriginintheHarikiDunbasinandiscapabletocarrymorewaterthanthemainriver,with
whichitfusesbelowKalsiinthevicinityofDehradun.Thewholedrainageinfrastructureextendsallthe
wayamidtheYamunaBhilangnabasininGarwhalandGiriSutlejdrainagebasininHimachalPradesh,
definitelythesouthernrimofShimlaisalsosappedbythissystem.
OthertributariesintheareaaretheRishiGanga,Giri,HanumanGanga,Kunta,andBata,whichsapthe
UpperDrainageBasinofthehugeYamunaRiver.Subsequently,therivermovesdowntheterrainsof
DoonbasinatDakPatharclosetoDehradun,thecapitalofUttarakhand.Inthisplace,thewateris
redirectedintoachannelforthepurposeofelectricitygeneration,somewhatdownwheretheriveris
joinedbytheAssanRiver,wheretheAssanBarrageissituated.TheAssanBarrageisalsohometoa
BirdSanctuary.OnceitgoesacrosstheSikhreligiousplaceofPaontaSahib,theriverarrivesatTajewala
intheYamunanagardistrictofHaryanawhereadamwasconstructedin1873.Thisdamistheoriginof
twomajorchannelsorwatercoursesEasternYamunaCanalandWesternYamunaCanal.Theyboth
drainthestatesofUttarPradeshandHaryana.
TheWesternYamunaCanal(WYC)traversesKarnal,YamunaNagar,andPanipatpriortoarrivingatthe
Haiderpurwatertreatmentplant,whichprovidesaportionofthemunicipalwaterprovisiontoDelhi.
Additionally,itgetswastewaterfromPanipatandYamunaNagarcities.Yamunaisrefilledforasecond
timefollowingthisbyseasonaltorrentsandgroundwateraccumulation,essentiallyduringthearid
season.TheriverkeepsdehydratedinseveralareasfromTajewalatillDelhi,wheretherivercomesinto
inthevicinityofPallavillageaftertraveling224km.
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TheYamunaalsoformsnaturalstateboundariesbetweenthestatesofUttarakhandandHimachal
Pradesh,andalsoamidthestatesofUttarPradeshandHaryana.TogetherwiththeGangatowhichit
flowsalmostparallelyonceitmeetstheIndoGangeticplateau,thebiggestalluvialproductiveareainthe
world,itformstheGangesYamunaDoabareastretchedacross69,000km2,whichis33%ofthewhole
area.Thisareaiscurrentlyfamousforitsfarmingproductions,importantamongtheharvestsisthe
farmingofBasmatiRice.TheDoabareaitselfassistsonethirdofthepopulationofIndiawithits
agriculturalproduces.
State Drainagebasin(km2) %ofDrainagebasin
HimachalPradesh 5,799 1.6%
UttarPradeshandUttarakhand 74,208 21.5%
Rajasthan 102,883 29.8%
Haryana 21,265 6.5%
Delhi 1,485 0.4%
MadhyaPradesh 14,023 40.6%
Afterward,theriverrunsacrossthestatesofDelhi,Haryana,andUttarPradesh,priortofusingwiththe
GangaataholyplacenamedasTriveniSangaminAllahabadaftercoveringaspanof1,376km(855
miles).Inthisplace,religiousdevoteestourbyferriestostandsbuiltinthemiddleoftherivertoprayto
god.AtthetimeoftheKumbhMela,heldevery12years,theghatsclosetotheSangamaresitesofhuge
gatheringsofpeopleattendingworship,whobatheintheholywatersoftheconflux.CitieslikeDelhi,
Baghpat,Mathura,Noida,Firozabad,Agra,Kalpi,Etawah,Allahabad,andHamirpuraresituatedonthe
riverbanksoftheYamuna.Theriverjoinsanothermajortributary,Chambal,atEtawah,and
subsequentlyaslewoftributariesasitdescends,whichincludetheBetwa,Sindh,andKenRivers.
MajortributariesofYamuna
TheimportanttributariesoftheYamunaRiverareasfollows:
TonsRiver
TonsRiveristhebiggestandmostextensivetributaryoftheYamuna.Itspringsinthe6,315m(20,720
ft)tallBandarpoonchMountain.TheriverhasahugecatchmentareainHimachalPradesh.TheTons
RiverjoinsYamunabeneathKalsiclosetoDehradun,Uttarakhand.
HindonRiver
TheHindonRiverisawhollyrainfedriver.TheriverhasitssourceintheSaharanpurDistrictfrom
UpperShivalikinLowerHimalayanRange.TheHindonRiverhasadrainagebasinof7,083km2and
passesalengthof400kmthroughMeerutDistrict,MuzaffarnagarDistrict,Ghaziabad,BaghpatDistrict,
Noida,GreaterNoida,priortomeetingYamunajustexteriortoDelhi.
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KenRiver
TheKenRiverrunsthroughtheBundelkhandareaofMadhyaPradeshandUttarPradesh.Theriverhas
itssourceclosetotheAhirgawanvillageinJabalpurdistrictandrunsalengthof427km,priortofusing
withtheYamunaatChillavillageinthevicinityofFatehpurinUttarPradesh.Thetotalcatchmentarea
oftheKenRiveris28,058km2.
ChambalRiver
TheChambalRiverisalsonamedasCharmanvatiinprehistoricperiods.TheriverrunsacrossMadhya
PradeshandRajasthan.Theriverhasacatchmentareaof143,219km2andnavigatesanoveralldistance
of960km.TheriverhasitsoriginintheVindhyaRange,closetoMhowandassistinhydroelectric
powercreationatRanaPratapSagardam,GandhiSagardam,andJawaharSagardam,priortofusing
withtheYamunatothesoutheastofSohanGoaninEtawahdistrictofUttarPradesh.Soonafterthat,the
ChambalRiverispursuedbyanothertributary,theSindhRiver.
GeographyandWildlifeofYamunaRiver
Thedrainagebasinoftheriver,particularlytillitmeetstheplateaus,isfilledwithsemialpine,alpine,
subtropicalandtemperatefoliage,andhugestretchesarecoveredbyjungles.Thisaidsinsurvivalofa
varietyofwildlife.
YamunaishometotheAsianElephant.However,youwillnotfindanyelephantsthroughout900kmof
theWesternHimalayanrangesandtheirbases.LocatedtothewestoftheYamuna,thejunglesofthe
lowerYamunaprovideperfectpassagesforelephanttraffic.Themajorjunglestobeseenhereareof
Khair(Acacia),Sal,andRosewood(Sissoo)treesandtheChirPinewoodlandsoftheShivalik
Mountains.
LastUpdatedon02February2011
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