Abstract In this paper, an implanted CPW fed slot

monopole antenna for ISM band applications is proposed.

The antenna has a simple structure with low profile and is
placed on human tissues like Muscle, Fat and Skin. The
designed antenna is made compatible for implantation by
embedding it in a FR4. The proposed antenna is simulated
with help of method of moments software IE3D by
assuming the predetermined dielectric constant for the
human muscle tissue, fat and skin. The antenna works in
the short distance communication band (Electronic
Communications Committee approved the frequency band - 688
MHz) and Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM Bands,
2.43GHz). Simulated maximum gains attain -18dBi and -
14.77dBi in the two desired frequency ranges, respectively.
The return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern, Z-parameter
and current distribution of these antennas were examined
and characterized.

Index TermsISM Band (2.4 2.48 GHz), Coplanar Wave
Guide Structure, Biomedical Applications.

I. INTRODUCTION
The implantable antennas promise large improvements in
patients care and quality of life. Pacemaker communication,
glucose monitoring, endoscopy and insulin pumps are just a
few examples of medical treatments that could take advantage
of wireless control [1]. The Medical Implant Communication
Service band (MICS, 401406 MHz) has been recently
allocated to this purpose [2]. Among all the components
necessary for implanted telemetry applications, the antenna
plays a key role in obtaining robust communication. Modern
technological advances in wireless networking,
microelectronics integration and miniaturization, sensors, and
the internet allow us to fundamentally modernize and change
the way health care services are deployed and delivered. The
range of medical devices being used on and into the human
body are increasing rapidly and implanted device are of
special interest in new sensing and monitoring device for
healthcare. During the last few years there has been a
significant increase in the number of wearable and
implantable health monitoring devices, activity monitors and
portable Holter monitors, to refined and expensive implantable
devices.
In most cases, implanted devices interface with the outside
world in terms of both powering and telemetry. Powering is
the delivery of useful energy to the implant from the external
world in order to make it operate. Telemetry includes sensed


data transmission from the implanted device to an external one
and vice versa [5].

The human body's effect on RF wave propagation is
complicated by the fact that the body consists of components
that each offers different degrees, and in some cases different
types, of RF interaction. To erect a reliable wireless
communication links from/to the human body, the body has to
be characterized as a medium for wave propagation. To
characterize the human body as a medium for radio frequency
wave propagation, the electrical properties of the body tissues
should be known for the frequency of interest. In this paper an
implanted CPW fed slot monopole antenna for the human
body medical device, their characteristics, and human body as
a medium for radio frequency propagation at 2.43GHz are
studied. All the results in this work were obtained with the
Method of Moments by IE3D Simulator ver.15.

II. DESIGN OF ANTENNA

Fig. 1 shows the geometry of Implantable CPW-fed slot-
monopole hybrid antenna for 688MHz and 2.43GHz dual-
band biomedical applications. The antenna is printed on a 50
30 mm FR4 substrate with thickness of 1.6 mm and relative
permittivity of 4.4. A 50 CPW transmission line of a signal
strip width of 3mm, with a gap distance of 0.9mm between the
strip width and the coplanar ground plane is used for feeding
the antenna. L-shaped monopoles with slots are designed for
dual-band biomedical operations.





Fig.1 Antenna Structure (All dimensions are in mm)

Implantable CPW fed Slot Monopole Antenna for Biomedical Applications

S. Ashok Kumar
1
and T. Shanmuganantham
2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry
ashokape@gmail.com shamuga.dee@pondiuniv.edu.in


30
0.9
3
3.1
4
16
6
0.1
50
4.5
0.1
20
978-1-4673-1344-5/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

III. SIMULATION RESULTS

A. Return Loss

Fig. 2 shows the simulated return loss against frequency
with different monopole length. It is seen that dominantly
affects the lower frequency. The lower band of the proposed
antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 75 MHz (660735
MHz). Moreover, the upper band has an impedance bandwidth
of 200MHz (22902490MHz), which is sufficient for the
biomedical application.


Fig.2 Return Loss vs. Frequency
B. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

The calculated 2:1 VSWR bandwidths cover a frequency
range from 660 MHZ to 725MHz and 2.29GHz to 2.49GHz
with a bandwidth of 75MHz and 200MHz respectively as
shown in fig.3.

Fig.3 VSWR vs. Frequency
C. Reflection Gain

Fig.4 shows simulated antenna gains against frequencies.
The simulated gain of the lower band varies in a range of
-18.99 to -18.51 dBi and upper band varies in a range of
about -15.30 to -15.77 dBi. The result that the proposed
antenna has larger gain in the high band is mainly because
the antenna gain is a function of its electrical dimensions
relative to the wavelength of interest, current/field
distribution and radiation pattern.[3]


Fig.4 Reflection Gain vs. Frequency
D. Effective Quality Factor

The effective quality factor is defined as the ratio of
imaginary part of input impedance to the real part of input
impedance.
Im( )
Re( )
in
eff
in
Z
Q
Z
(1)

This definition leads to
eff
Q becomes zero at resonance. In
this paper the quality factor of 688MHz and 2.43GHz is 0.51
and 0.08 respectively. The effective quality factor is shown in
the fig.5.


2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research


Fig.5 Quality Factor vs. Frequency


E. 3D Current Distribution

Fig.6 shows 3D current / field distribution as shown. The
green colour shows maximum current distribution in
antenna structure.



Fig.6 3D Current Distribution

F. Radiation Pattern

Fig.7 and Fig.8 shows the simulated radiation pattern of
elevation pattern and azimuth pattern at 688MHz and
2.43GHz respectively. At low band, the radiation pattern is
obtained in the E-Plane and a nearly omnidirectional
radiation pattern in the H-plane.




Fig.7(a) Elevation Pattern at 2.43GHz





Fig.7(b) Azimuth Pattern at 2.43GHz


2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research



Fig.8(a) Elevation Pattern at 688MHz





Fig.8(b) Azimuth Pattern at 688MHz




IV. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

An implantable CPW fed slot monopole antenna for
biomedical applications is presented. The proposed antenna
was analyzed by mentor graphics software. The antenna
occupies a surface area of
3
50 30 1.6mm and has a
impedance bandwidth of 1.07% and 8.33% of frequency at
688MHz and 2.43GHz within 2:1 VSWR. The antenna
simulated results of lower return loss (-12dB and -25dB for
688MHz and 2.43GHz respectively), better impedance
matching (around 50) and maximum gain -18dBi and
14.7dBi for 688MHz and 2.43GHz respectively. It should be
noted that while a homogeneous tissue model is sufficient for a
basic design, a more realistic model of the human body will
give more exact representation of the actual operating
scenario. In future, experiments will be conducted to validate
these numerical calculations.

REFERENCES

[1] S.Ashok Kumar and T.Shanmuganantham Implanted CPW fed
Monopole Antenna For Biomedical Applications AIAA-2012 (Springer
Book Series)Springer InternationalConference, vol-178, pp. 97-105,
2012.
[2] W. C. Liu, F. M. Yeh, and M. Ghavami, Miniaturized implantable
broadband antenna for biotelemetry communication, Microwave Opt
Techno Lett... Vol. 50, pp. 24072409, 2008.
[3] Chih-Yu Huang and En-Zo Yu, A Slot-Monopole Antenna for Dual-
Band WLAN Applications IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation
Letters, Vol. 10, 2011.
[4] H.Jasik, Antenna Engineering Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1961, pp. 13.
[5] A.Kiourti, Biomedical telemetry: Communication between implanted
devices and the externalworld,Opticon1826, no.8, pp. 17, 2010.
[6] Inder Bahl, Lumped Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits Artech
House Microwave Library, 2003.
[7] Fu-Jhuan Huang, Chien-Ming Lee, Chia-Lin Chang, Liang-Kai Chen,
Tzong-Chee Yo, and Ching-Hsing Luo, Rectenna Application of
Miniaturized Implantable Antenna Design for Triple-Band Biotelemetry
Communication IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.
59, no. 7,July2011
[8] Tutku Karacolak, Robert Cooper, James Butler, Stephen Fisher, and
Erdem Topsakal, In Vivo Verication of Implantable Antennas Using
Rats as Model Animals IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation
Letters, Vol. 9,2010
[9] Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) within the European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
Cluj Napoca, September 2010.



2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research