PROBLEM 11.27: PH P H

PROBLEM 11.
27
The vapour pressures of n-pentane and of n-hexane are:
Pressure (kN/m
2
) 1.3 2.6 5.3 8.0 13.3 26.6 53.2 101.3
(mm Hg) 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 760
Temperature (K)
C
5
H
12
223.1 233.0 244.0 257.0 260.6 275.1 291.7 309.3
C
6
H
14
248.2 259.1 270.9 278.6 289.0 304.8 322.8 341.9
The equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure are:
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
y 0.21 0.41 0.54 0.66 0.745 0.82 0.875 0.925 0.975
(a) Determine the relative volatility of pentane to hexane at 273, 293 and 313 K.
(b) A mixture containing 0.52 mole fraction pentane is to be distilled continuously to
give a top product of 0.95 mole fraction pentane and a bottom of 0.1 mole fraction
pentane. Determine the minimum number of plates, that is the number of plates
at total reux, by the graphical McCabeThiele method, and analytically by using
the relative volatility method.
(c) Using the conditions in (b), determine the liquid composition on the second plate
from the top by Lewiss method, if a reux ratio of 2 is used.
(d) Using the conditions in (b), determine by the McCabeThiele method the total
number of plates required, and the position of the feed.
It may be assumed that the feed is all liquid at its boiling-point.
Solution
The vapour pressure data and the equilibrium data are plotted in Figures 11u and 11v.
(a) Using:
PH
= P
0
p
/P
0
H
The following data are obtained:
Temperature
(K)
P
0
p
P
0
H

PH
273 24 6.0 4.0
293 55 16.0 3.44
313 116 36.5 3.18
Mean = 3.54
(b) The McCabeThiele construction is shown in Figure 11v where it is seen that
4 theoretical plates are required at total reux.
Using Fenskes equation at total reux:
n +1 = log[(0.95/0.05)(0.90/0.10)]/log 3.54 and n = 3.07
139
210
1.0
10.0
100.0
230 250 270 290 310 330 350
Temperature (K)
V
a
p
o
u
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
m
m

H
g
)
pentane
n-hexane
Figure 11u. Vapour pressure data for Problem 11.27
0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0
x
w
x
F
x
D
Mole fraction pentane in liquid
M
o
l
e

f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

p
e
n
t
a
n
e

i
n

v
a
p
o
u
r
6 4
5
3
4
2
3
1
2
1
Figure 11v. Equilibrium data for Problem 11.27
140
The discrepancy here is caused by using a mean value of although does in fact vary
considerably.
(c) From a mass balance it is found that for 100 kmol of feed and R = 2:
D = 49.4, W = 50.6, L
n
= 98.8, V
n
= 148.2
Then: y
n
=
L
n
V
n
x
n+1
+
D
V
n
x
d
(equation 11.34)
and: y
n
= 0.67x
n+1
+0.317
The vapour leaving the top plate has the composition of the distillate, that is:
y
t
= x
d
= 0.95.
The liquid on the top plate is in equilibrium with this vapour and from the equilibrium
curve has a composition x
t
= 0.845.
The vapour rising to the top tray y
t 1
is found from the operating line:
y
t 1
= 0.67 0.845 +0.317 = 0.883
x
t 1
= from the equilibrium curve = 0.707
y
t 2
= (0.67 0.707) +0.317 = 0.790
and: x
t 2
= 0.56
(d) From Figure 11v, 6 theoretical plates are required and the feed tray is the third from
the top of the column.
PROBLEM 11.28
The vapour pressures of n-pentane and n-hexane are as given in Problem 11.27. Assuming
that both Raoults and Daltons Laws are obeyed,
(a) Plot the equilibrium curve for a total pressure of 13.3 kN/m
2
.
(b) Determine the relative volatility of pentane to hexane as a function of liquid com-
position for a total pressure of 13.3 kN/m
2
.
(c) Would the error caused by assuming the relative volatility constant at its mean
value be considerable?
(d) Would it be more advantageous to distil this mixture at a higher pressure?
Solution
(a) The following equations are used where A is n-pentane and B is n-hexane:
x
A
=
P P
0
B
P
0
A
P
0
B
(equation 11.5)
y
A
= P
0
A
x
A
/P (equation 11.4)
141
At P = 13.3 kN/m
2
:
Temperature (K) P
0
A
P
0
B
x
A
y
A
= P
0
A
/P
0
B
260.6 13.3 2.85 1.0 1.0 4.67
265 16.5 3.6 0.752 0.933 4.58
270 21.0 5.0 0.519 0.819 4.20
275 26.0 6.7 0.342 0.669 3.88
280 32.5 8.9 0.186 0.455 3.65
285 40.0 11.0 0.079 0.238 3.64
289 47.0 13.3 0 0 3.53
Mean = 4.02
These gures are plotted in Figure 11w.
(b) The relative volatility is plotted as a function of liquid composition in Figure 11w.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Values at a = 4.02
Equilibrium curve at 13.3 kN/m
2
Equilibrium curve at 100 kN/m
2
M
o
l
e

f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

n
-
p
e
n
t
a
n
e

i
n

v
a
p
o
u
r
Mole fraction n-pentane in liquid
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

v
o
l
a
t
i
l
i
t
y
,

a
3.0
4.0
5.0
Figure 11w. Equilibrium data for Problem 11.28
(c) If is taken as 4.02, y
A
may be calculated from:
y
A
=
x
A
1 +( 1)x
A
(equation 11.15)
Using equation 11.15, a new equilibrium curve may be calculated as follows:
x
A
0 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0
y
A
0 0.174 0.308 0.500 0.727 0.857 0.941 1.0
142
These points are shown in Figure 11w where it may be seen that little error is introduced
by the use of this mean value.
(d) If a higher pressure is used, the method used in (a) may be repeated. If
P = 100 kN/m
2
, the temperature range increases to 309341 K and the new curve is
drawn in Figure 11w. Clearly, the higher pressure demands a larger number of plates for
the same separation and is not desirable.
PROBLEM 11.29
It is desired to separate a binary mixture by simple distillation. If the feed mixture has a
composition of 0.5 mole fraction, calculate the fraction which it is necessary to vaporise
in order to obtain:
(a) a product of composition 0.75 mole fraction, when using a continuous process, and
(b) a product whose composition is not less than 0.75 mole fraction at any instant,
when using a batch process.
If the product of batch distillation is all collected in a single receiver, what is its mean
composition?
It may be assumed that the equilibrium curve is given by:
y = 1.2x +0.3
for liquid compositions in the range 0.30.8.
Solution
(a) If F = number of kmol of feed of composition x
f
,
L = kmol remaining in still with compositionx, and
V = kmol of vapour formed with compositiony, then:
F = V +L and Fx
f
= Vy +Lx
For 1 kmol of feed:
x
f
= Vy +Lx and y =
x
f
V
L
V
x
This equation is a straight line of slope L/V which passes through the point (x
f
, x
f
),
so that, if y is known, L/V may be found. This is illustrated in Figure 11x where:
L/V = 5.0
As: F = 1, 1 = V +L
and: V = 0.167 kmol/kmol of feed or 16.7 per cent is vaporised
(b) For a batch process it may be shown that:
y x
y
0
x
0
S
S
0
m1
(equation 11.29)
143

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