WILDLIFE MAN STRUGGLE IN WEST BENGAL A

Serious Social Issue!

Raju Das, IFS
Office of the PCCF HoFF,
Aranya Bhavan, Saltlake, Kolkata, West Bengal
Abstract:
Human and Wild Animal casualties are on the rise in the State of West Bengal. Human
injuries and damage to crop and properties are also on the rise. The increase in the
population of Wildlife and the migration of Wild Elephants in the fragmented forest tracts
of North and South Bengal has given rise to serious man animal conflict issues. Analysis of
the conflict between human and tigers, elephants, leopards and bisons has been attempted
to give the latest trend in the wildlife and man conflict. Data for the past five years has
been analyzed and the trend in the quantum of crop damage, human casualties, human
deaths, wild animal deaths, wild animal injury etc. has been projected. The new method in
combating and mitigating this issue has also been pointed out.
Keywords:
Elephants, Crop, Raid, Tiger, Leopard, Bison, Conflict, Casualty, damage, death,
injury.
Introduction:
The conflict between man and wild animals has existed in the Northern and Southern parts
of West Bengal form the beginning of the twentieth century. There is report in the forest
rest house guest registers of Khutimari Forest Rest House that elephants raided and
damaged crops in the adjoining areas of Moraghat Forest Range in Jalpaiguri District in the
year 1905. There are similar reports in range office inspection registers in North Bengal
pertaining to the period 1920-1940. These conflicts were in the beginning confined
between Man in forest fringe villages and Elephants. Later when tea gardens were
established in North Bengal Forests tracts it resulted in fragmented forest patches and huge
pockets of plantations came up adjoining forest areas. The labour lines were established in
these tea gardens by bringing in people to work in the tea gardens from Assam, Nepal and
the Chotanagpur Plateau. Leopards started utilizing the Tea Gardens as breeding areas and
in the process during tea plucking conflict between leopards and tea garden labourers is a
common occurrence. Later in the 1990s the Bison population of Gorumara National Park

Page 1 of 21

and Jaldapara National Park has multiplied many folds. Straying from these P.A.s into
human habitation and Tea Garden Labour Lines is a common sight. This has resulted in
large number of human and bison casualties. Rhinoceros population despite huge increase
in its population in Gorumara National Park and Jaldapara National Park stays mostly
confined within the P.A.s. However some human casualties has arisen due to its
occasional aggressive behavior.
The scenario is somewhat different in South Bengal. Elephant population (80-140
individuals) migrates from Dalma Hills in the State of Jharkhand to the Districts of East
Medinipur, West Medinipur and Bankura in West Bengal during the months of June-July
to November-December. In the process it leaves behind a trail of death and destruction in
its path. The Tigers of Sundarban are an unfathomable lot. Tiger straying in Sundarban,
given its extreme hostile habitats, is a nightmare in itself. Human casualties due to tiger
attack within the forest areas and outside are a common occurrence.
Materials, Methods Results and Discussion:
ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus indicus) MAN CONFLICTS:
Man elephant conflict is the most severe of the man wildlife conflict in the state of West
Bengal. In recent times it has reached frightening proportions. The depredation in North
Bengal is caused by the herds of elephant, which resides in the forests of the plains of
North Bengal Forests. The Maljhurias and the Loners cause most of the damage. However
in South Bengal (Districts of East Medinipur, West Medinipur and Bankura) the
depredation is caused by the migrating elephant herds from the hills of Dalma in the State
of Jharkhand. Theses herds reside in the forests of South Bengal for a period of five to six
months. These elephants prior to the 1980s did not usually migrate to South Bengal. Post
1980s after the success of the Joint Forest Management in degraded forests of South
Bengal forests cover in these tracts drastically improved and forest cover also became
denser. However due to most of the forests being composed mostly of Sal, Acacia

auriculiformis and Eucalyptus trees does not provide enough fodder to the
migrating elephants. They resort to raiding crop fields in the rich and fertile crop
areas of Medinipur Districts and Bishnupur Sub Division of Bankura District. Its
an established practice of these elephants in the herd to move on to paddy fields
every night and thus cause severe conflict with the human population.
Data for the past five to seven years have been analyzed on parameters such as:
1. Human Deaths by Elephants
2. Elephant Deaths by Man (other than poaching)
3. Crop Damage by Elephants

4. House Damage by Elephants

Page 2 of 21

TABLE: 1[1]
HUMAN ELEPHANT CONFLICT
YEAR
ELEPHANT
DEATH (Nos.)
HUMAN
DEATH (Nos.)
CROP
DAMAGE (Ha)
HOUSE
DAMAGE
(Nos.)

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

16

12

12

21

12

63

68

63

82

96

NA

3565

3724

3358

3546

4831

5285

NA

2975

4091

4259

3491

4566

4283

NA

The following graphs give us a very clear trend in the various types of depredation
by Elephants.
Chart: 1.1 (Human killed by Elephants in West Bengal0

HUMAN DEATH (Nos.)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30

63

68

82

96

63

20
10
0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

Page 3 of 21

Chart 1.2 (Elephant Killed by Man (other than poaching) in West Bengal.)

ELEPHANT DEATH (Nos.)

25
20
15

21

10

16

12

12

12

0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

Chart 1.3 (Crop Damage by Elephants in West Bengal)

CROP DAMAGE (Ha)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000

3565

3724

3358

3546

4831

5285

1000
0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Page 4 of 21

Chart 1.4 (House Damaged by Elephants in West Bengal)

HOUSE DAMAGE (Nos.)

5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500

4091

2000
1500

4566

4259

4283

3491

2975

1000
500
0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Mitigation Measure taken up the Department of Forests of West Bengal:

1) Installation of Power Fencings along depredation prone areas to prevent elephants from forest
areas entering the crop areas and adjoining villages.
2) Establishing Permanent Wildlife/Elephant Squads with appropriate equipment to control the
migrating elephant population and drive them back into forests.
3) Creating voluntary elephant squads in the affected villages.
4) Engaging Hulla Parties (Elephant Driving Parties comprised of villagers) in South Bengal
areas of elephant depredation areas.
5) Awareness generation among the villagers and frequent meeting with stakeholders and
political representatives.
6) Tranquilizing and capturing of rogue elephants in serious cases.
7) Veterinary care to injured elephants.
8) Paying compensation to the affected parties for Human Deaths, Human Injury, Crop Damage
and bearing the medical cost for human injury.
9) Planting species in forests, which support elephant population.
10) Creation of grasslands in blank and degraded areas.
11) Relocation of Forest villages from affected forest areas.

Page 5 of 21

PIC: 1

PIC: 2
PIC 1: 2002, A Male rogue
elephant which killed 16
people in 48 hours being shot
dead by Raju Das, IFS and
Major Amarjit Chauhan at
Bamanpokhri
Forest
of
Kurseong Forest Division, PIC
by Raju Das, IFS on self timer.

PIC: 3

PIC 2: 2002, Elephant

mentioned in PIC 1 shot dead,
PIC by Raju Das, IFS
PIC 3: 2000, At Chapramari,
Elephant found dead along
railway line. PIC by Raju Das,
IFS
PIC 4: 2004, Elephant captured
in Bangladesh being treated
and released in Mahananda
Wildlife Sanctuary. PIC by Raju
Das, IFS

PIC: 4

Page 6 of 21

TIGER (Panthera tigris) MAN CONFLICTS:

After elephants the second most serious type of man animal conflict is between tigers and
man. Tigers in West Bengal are found in Jaldapara National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve,
Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary and Neora Valley National Park in North Bengal and in the
Sundarban in South Bengal. Man Tiger conflict takes place only in the Sundarban. The
severity of the conflict is nothing like the man elephants conflicts in quantum. Most of the
Man Tiger conflicts take place when humans venture into its territory mostly for fishing
and honey collection. Certain cases are reported when tigers stray into adjoining villages of
Sundarban. Tigers of Sundarban are historically prone to attacking humans in wilderness.
Data for the past five to five to eight years data have been analyzed on parameters such as:
Human Death by Tigers in Indian Sundarban
TABLE: 2.1[2]
HUMAN DEATHS BY TIGERS IN INDIAN
SUNDARBAN
Year
STR 24 PGN S DIV
Total
2002-03
14
1
15
2003-04
8
1
9
2004-05
2
2
4
2005-06
0
1
1
2006-07
0
0
0
2007-08
6
3
9
2008-09
4
2
6
2009-10
7
0
7
2010-11
6
1
7

CHART: 2.1 (Human killed by Tigers in Indian Sundarban)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0 1

STR

14
8
1

1
0

6
3

4
2

24 PGN S
DIV

Page 7 of 21

Humans Injury by Tigers in Indian Sundarban.

TABLE: 2.2[3]
HUMAN INJURED BY TIGERS IN INDIAN SUNDARBAN
Year
Nos.
2006-07
0
2007-08
2
2008-09
7
2009-10
0
2010-11
0
CHART: 2.2 (Humans Injured by Tigers in Indian Sundarban)
8
7
6
5
4

HUMAN INJURY

3
2
1
0
1

Tigers straying in Indian Sundarban.

TABLE: 2.3[4]
TIGER STRAYING IN INDIAN SUNDARBAN
Year
STR
24 PGN S DIV
2002-03
26
5
2003-04
23
2
2004-05
12
5
2005-06
2
4
2006-07
10
5
2007-08
10
5
2008-09
12
8
2009-10
23
7

Total
31
25
17
6
15
15
20
30

Page 8 of 21

CHART: 2.3 (Tigers straying in Indian Sundarban)

35
30

25

20
15
10

26

23

12

4
2

10

10

23

24
PGN S
DIV
STR

12

Tigers captured in Indian Sundarban.

TABLE: 2.4[5]
TIGERS CAPTURED IN INDIAN SUNDARBAN
Year
STR
24 PGN S DIV
2002-03
11
0
2003-04
2
2
2004-05
3
1
2005-06
1
0
2006-07
1
0
2007-08
2
2008-09
1
2
2009-10
10
3

Total
11
4
4
1
1
2
3
13

CHART: 2.4 (Tigers captured in Indian Sundarban)

14
12
10

8
6
4
2
0

11

10
2
2

24 PGN S
DIV

1
3

0
1

0
1

2
0

STR

Page 9 of 21

PIC: 5

PIC: 6
PIC 5, 6 & 7: 2009,
RBT treated at
Zoological Garden ,
Alipore and b eing
released in Indian
Sundarban.
PIC by Raju Das, IFS

PIC: 7
PIC 8: 2012, Members of
Sukna Wildlife Squad being
attacked by a leopard while it
was being rescued from a
residential area in Salugarah,
Siliguri.
PIC by: S alil Bera,
Source:
http://www.theatlantic.com/i
nfocus/2012/09/national-
geographic-photo-contest-
2012/100373/#img12

PIC: 8

Page 10 of 21

Mitigation measures taken up by the Department of Forests of West Bengal:

1) Setting up of traps to capture straying tigers.
2) Awareness generation among honey collectors, fishermen and fringe villagers.
3) Asking fishermen and honey collectors entering forest areas to wear a mask of human face
at the back of their head as the tigers of Sundarban have a tendency to attack from the back
and target the back of the neck.
4) Setting up of a Tiger Rescue center at Jharkhali.
5) Having arrangement with Zoological Garden, Alipore to treat injured and sick tigers for
rehabilitation in the wild.
6) Paying adequate compensation for human death and providing for all treatment cost of
injured humans due to attacks by tigers.
7) Paying compensation for loss of cattle due to attack by tigers.

LEOPARD (Panthera pardus fusca) MAN CONFLICT

Leopard man conflict is confined to the forest of the foothills of the district of Darjeeling and
Forests of Jalpaiguri District. Leopards use tea gardens adjoining forest as breeding areas and
thus come into direct conflict with tea garden workers when they come to pluck tealeaves. These
conflicts result in human deaths and serious injuries. Incidents of leopards stalking villagers or
entering their house to attack humans are rare. There are incidents of leopard lifting poultry,
goats and calves of bovines in fringe forest villages. The labourers in tea gardens are by nature
more aggressive than the original ethnic inhabitants and migrants of the area, resulting in
leopards being beaten to death or being poisoned.

Data for the past five years data have been analyzed on parameters such as:
TABLE: 3[6]
LEOPARD MAN CONFLICT IN WEST BENGAL
YEAR
2006-07
2007-08
LEOPARD DEATH
3
4
HUMAN DEATH
0
3
HUMAN INJURY
4
3

2008-09
8
1
1

2009-10
4
3
2

2010-11
3
3
2

Page 11 of 21

CHART: 3.1 (Leopards Killed by Humans in West Bnegal)

LEOPARD DEATH
8
8

6
4

2
0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

CHART: 3.2 (Humans killed by Leopards in West Bengal)

HUMAN DEATH

3
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

1
0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

CHART: 3.3 (Humans Injury by Leopards in West Bengal)

HUMAN INJURY
4
3

2
1
0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

Page 12 of 21

Mitigation measures taken up by the Department of Forests of West Bengal:

1) Setting up of traps to capture straying leopards.
2) Awareness generation among villagers, tea garden labourers and tea garden management.
3) Asking tea garden management to avoid plucking tea leaves in areas where leopard has
been reported.
4) Setting up of a Leopard Rescue center at Gorumara National Park, Jaldapara National
Park and Buxa Tiger Reserve.
5) Wildlife Squads in North Bengal plays an important role in laying traps and translocating such trapped leopards.
6) Paying adequate compensation for human death and providing for all treatment cost of
injured humans due to attacks by leopards.
7) Paying compensation for loss of cattle due to attack by leopards.
BISON (Bos gaurus) MAN CONFLICT
The Bison population in North Bengal has multiplied many folds in past decade. Massive fodder
plantations expansion of grassland in Gorumara National Park, Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary,
Buxa Tiger Reserve and Jaldapara National Park has shot the population of Bisons from 500-600
in the 1990s to more than few thousands. The 2009-10 census data of Gorumara National Park
(80 sq. km) and Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary (9 sq. km) alone report more than 901 numbers
of Bisons. In 2010 the Bison population in North Bengal was 2000 and 2012 it has risen to
4000[8]. Bisons are relatively harmless if lest to itself. However its rising population has resulted
in quite a few straying to forest fringe villages and into tea gardens. Once it enters a human
habitation or a tea garden it usually gets trapped and as a result panics and attacks. This results in
large number of human injuries. The forest personnel usually resort to tranquilizing them.
However very unfortunately tranquilizing usually results in heart failure of reportedly weak
hearted Bisons and its death. Bison straying into villages and tea gardens results in huge crowds
gathering around the straying bison/bisons and in the process scares the animal. The Bison tries
to dash through the crowd and the process injures/kills people with its horns. If the animal is left
alone and allowed to retreat to bamboo areas or large bushes it usually, after dusk, moves back to
the forests. Unfortunately the sight of a bison draws huge crowd of people and the unfortunately
spectacle starts.
Data for the past five years data have been analyzed on parameters such as:
TABLE: 4[7]
BISON MAN CONFLICT IN WEST BENGAL
YEAR
2006-07
2007-08
BISON DEATH
8
2
HUMAN DEATH
0
0
HUMAN INJURY
4
0

2008-09
3
0
1

2009-10
12
4
4

2010-11
4
4
12

Page 13 of 21

CHART: 4.1 (Bisons killed by Humans in West Bengal)

BISON DEATH
12
10
8
6

12

4
2
0

2006-07

2
2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

CHART: 4.2 (Humans killed by Bisons in West Bengal)

HUMAN DEATH
4
3

0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

CHART: 4.3 (Human Injured by Bisons in West Bengal)

HUMAN INJURY
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

12
4
2006-07

0
2007-08

1
2008-09

4
2009-10

2010-11

Page 14 of 21

Mitigation measures taken up by the Department of Forests of West Bengal:

Since its a localized issue concerning a few national park and sanctuaries mitigation measures
have been confined to these areas only. Out of the few that have been adopted the ones worth
mention are as follows:
1) Awareness generation among villagers and tea garden labourers to leave the straying
bison alone so that it can return to the forest areas if left undisturbed.
2) Plantation of palatable grass in the grasslands to keep the bison population confined to
the forests areas.
3) The wildlife squads that has been established as Sukna, Malbazar, Ramsai, Khunia,
Madarihat, Rajabhatkhawa and Bagdogra takes care of the tranqulizing and capture of
straying bisons if they turn to be a threat to the crowd of people surrounding the bisons.
RHINOCEROUS (Rhinoceros unicornis) MAN CONFLICT
Conflict been rhinoceros and man outside protected areas is rare. A few incidents have taken
place in North Bengal where rhinoceros have left the PAs and strayed into human inhabited areas
due to infighting among the rhinoceros population. Their straying into human population results
more of curious hoards of people following it and making it scared confused and disoriented.
Data for the past five years data have been analyzed on parameters such as:
TABLE: 5[8]
RHINOCEROS MAN CONFLICT IN WEST BENGAL
2006-07
2007-08
RHINO DEATH
0
0
HUMAN DEATH
0
0
HUMAN INJURY
0
0

2008-09
0
1
0

2009-10
0
0
0

2010-11
0
0
0

CHART: 5.1(Rhinoceros killed by humans in West Bengal)

RHINOCEROS DEATH
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0
2006-07

0
2007-08

0
2008-09

0
2009-10

0
2010-11

Page 15 of 21

CHART: 5.2 (Humans killed by Rhinoceros in West Bengal)

HUMAN DEATH
2

1
1

0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

CHART: 5.3 (Humans Injured by Rhinoceros in West Bengal)

HUMAN INJURY
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

Mitigation measures taken up by the Department of Forests of West Bengal:

Though rhinoceros straying in a very worrying issue due to rapid increase in population its
mitigation measures are more subdued than other form of man animal conflict as discussed
above. Some the measures adopted are as follows:
1. Driving of the rhinoceros back to the forest by the forest staff and wildlife squad
2. Establishing towers and camps in the fringe of rhinoceros inhabited forest areas so that
their movements can be monitored and the rhinoceros population is confined to the forest
areas.
CROCODILE (Crocodylus palustris) MAN CONFLICT
Crocodile conflict is most confined to the Sundarban and of the reported cases only a few have
resulted in human deaths. The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), also called

the Indian, Indus, Persian, or marsh crocodile, is found throughout the Indian

Page 16 of 21

subcontinent and our Bangladesh at the Sundarban. Its mostly due to villagers wading
the waters of Sundarban for collection crabs. Injuries and in extreme cases to humans arise due
to this conflict.
Data for the past five years data have been analyzed on parameters such as:
TABLE: 6[9]
CROCODILE MAN CONFLICT IN WEST BENGAL
2006-07
2007-08
CROCODILE DEATH
0
0
HUMAN DEATH
2
1
HUMAN INJURY
0
1

2008-09
1
0
0

2009-10
0
0
0

2010-11
0
0
0

CHART: 6.1 (Crocodile killed by Humans in West Bengal)

CROCODILE DEATH
1

1
0.5

0
0

0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

0
2009-10

2010-11

CHART: 6.2 (Humans injured by Crocodiles in West Bengal)

HUMAN INJURY
1

1
0.5

2006-07

0
2007-08

2008-09

0
2009-10

2010-11

Page 17 of 21

CHART: 6.3 (Humans killed by Crocodiles in West Bengal)

HUMAN DEATH

2
2

0
2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

0
0
2009-10

2010-11

Mitigation measures taken up by the Department of Forests of West Bengal:

1. Awareness generation among the villagers in fringe areas of Sundarban.
2. Treatment of injured people are provided free of cost at Government hospitals at
Government expense.
OVERALL COMPENSATION PAID BY GOVERNMENT ANUALLY:
TABLE: 7[10]

OVERALL SCENARIO IN WEST BENGAL REGARDING HUMAN DEATH, HUMAN

INJURY AND COMPENSATION PAID (RS.LAKHS) BECAUSE OF MAN ANIMAL
CONFLICT

YAER

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

HUMAN INJURY (Nos.)

188

219

273

359

422

317

HUMAN DEATH (Nos.)

70

84

94

98

105

71

88

163

257

291

435

320

COMPENSATION
(Rs.In Lakhs)

PAID

Page 18 of 21

CHART: 7.1 (Humans injured by Wildlife in West Bengal)

HUMAN INJURY (Nos.)

317

2011-12

422
359

2010-11
2009-10

273
219
188

2008-09
2007-08
2006-07
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

CHART: 7.2 (Humans killed by Wildlife in West Bengal)

HUMAN DEATH (Nos.)

71

2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08

70

2006-07
0

20

105
98
94
84

40

60

80

100

120

CHART: 7.3 (Compensation paid by Govt. in West Bengal due to Man Animal Conflict)

COMPENSATION PAID (Rs.In Lakhs)

320

2011-12

435

2010-11

291
257

2009-10
2008-09

163

2007-08

88

2006-07
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Page 19 of 21

CONCLUSION:
Though there are a number of wild animal species that come into conflict with humans its the
four species, namely elephants, leopards and to some extent bisons that causes much of the
damage, deaths and injuries. Of these species the Elephants cause the majority of the human
deaths, injuries and property damages. As a result a number of elephants are also killed in the
process. The number of human deaths, crop damage and house damage are on the rise. It is a
very worrying figure that on an average about 80 to 90 people are killed by elephants in West
Bengal alone. The animosity towards elephants has risen in recent times and people ruthlessly
drive the elephants ways from their crop fields and as a result causes sever injuries to the
elephants. Crop damage is also on the increase. The mitigation measure adopted by the Forest
Department has not had much of an impact in curtailing the depredation by the elephants and
also has not been able to prevent the people from being aggressive towards the elephants. Overall
the mitigation measures adopted by the Forest Department in combatting this severe social issue
has mostly failed.
The leopard and tiger conflict with man is mostly localized in pockets and is not so wide spread
as the man elephant conflict as concluded above. In comparison to the deaths caused by
elephants the deaths caused by these two feline species is in single digit and is usually confined
to when its habitat is directly intruded upon or disturbed. Seeing the trend in the number of
human deaths by these two species it appears that the problem is not so severe and the mitigation
measures adopted by the Forest Department has contained the problem and not reduced it. The
nature of the conflict in Sundarban is such that it is difficult to prevent villagers entering forest
areas for fishing as these very poor villagers mostly survive on subsistence agriculture and
fishing. Containing the conflict is the major concern of the Forest Department and it has largely
succeeded in it.
Bison man conflict can be attributed to the sharp rise in the bison population. Here the efforts of
the Forest Department has largely failed in sensitizing the people in giving these animals the
right of way to return to the forests. The complicated ethnic diversity in the human population in
the affected areas of North Bengal is so diverse that much more resources and effort will have to
be engaged to sensitize the people to reduce such conflicts.
Conflict between man and rhinoceros and crocodile has been successfully contained by the
Forest Department and in the near future there is not much of a possibility of its increasing
further.
However the overall scenario of man animal conflict is very worrying seeing the overall trend of
rise in compensation payment to people and the human and animals deaths its resulting into.
Injuries, which are often fatal, are also a very concerning issue. If the projected human and
animal casualty figures in case of elephants, tigers and leopards are taken into consideration then
the future of these species is gravely endangered by the growing animosity towards these animals
by the people.

Page 20 of 21

References:

1. Data source, PCCF WL/CWLW West Bengal and Sate Forest Report 2006-07 to 2010-11,
Table 11.
2. Data source, PCCF WL/CWLW West Bengal and DFO 24 Pargana South Division in 2009.
3. Data source, Sate Forest Report 2006-07 to 2010-11, Table 11.
4. Data source, Sate Forest Report 2006-07 to 2010-11, Table 11.
5. Data source, Sate Forest Report 2006-07 to 2010-11, Table 11.
6. Data source, Sate Forest Report 2006-07 to 2010-11, Table 11.
7. Data source, Sate Forest Report 2006-07 to 2010-11, Table 11 and CF Wildlife HQ on
03.07.2013.
8. The Telegraph, Kolkata, 09/01/2013, Census Data of Bison, CWLW Press Release.

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