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Decision Making

This document discusses ethical decision making and provides several models for making ethical decisions. It outlines factors that influence ethical decision making such as context, values, and principles. It also describes four main ethical systems - teleological, deontological, virtue, and relativism. The document then presents five models or strategies for solving moral problems and making ethical decisions, including steps to define the problem, consider alternatives and consequences, and evaluate outcomes.

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Leslie Noelle Garcia
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97 views

Decision Making

This document discusses ethical decision making and provides several models for making ethical decisions. It outlines factors that influence ethical decision making such as context, values, and principles. It also describes four main ethical systems - teleological, deontological, virtue, and relativism. The document then presents five models or strategies for solving moral problems and making ethical decisions, including steps to define the problem, consider alternatives and consequences, and evaluate outcomes.

Uploaded by

Leslie Noelle Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

Ethics/Morality
the discipline dealing with what is good and bad
and with moral duty and obligation.
What makes an agent moral in doing an act?
freely acting - acceptance that one is a moral agent
motives
a morally right action

Moral Dilemma
conflicts between moral requirements
conflict between values and ethical principles that
support different courses of action

ETHICAL DECISION MAKING


Criteria and Resources:
Reason
Experience
Tradition/Culture
Experts
Religion/Scripture/Holy Spirit

Factors Influencing Decision Making


1. Context - the circumstances surrounding the
issue
2. Values - derived from personal beliefs, are
grounded in traditional sources such as family,
religion and school
3. Principles - sometimes derived from external
sources such as institutions or ethical theories,
provide guidance.

Factors Influencing Decision Making


4. Ethical Systems - important part of the process
of justifying a particular action. Right and Wrong,
Bad and Good are determined by a particular
philosophical foundation.
5. Perspective a way of viewing the world a
particular frame of reference or lens through
which certain principles are filtered and applied to
relationships between self and others

Ethical Systems
1. Teleological Theory - "teleos" = purpose
Focus is on the consequences or end
One example is utilitarianism which advocates
maximizing the amount of "good" for the largest group.
2. Deontological Theory - deonto = duty
inherently right or wrong
often defined by religious tenets or professional codes of
behavior

Ethical Systems
3. Virtue Theory
system focuses on the motives and intentions of the
individual,
asks what a "good person" would do
Ancient Greeks, Thomas Aquinas and Kant 4. Relativism
no universal truths,
only codes that vary from on group to another

An Ethical Decision-Making Model


Corey et al. (1998)
Step 1: Identify the problem.
Step 2: Identify the potential issues involved.
Step 3: Review relevant ethical guidelines.
Step 4: Know relevant laws and regulations.
Step 5: Obtain Consultation.
Step 6: Consider possible and probable courses of action.
Step 7: List the consequences of the probable courses of action.
Step 8: Decide on what appears to be the best course of action.

Strategy For Solving A Moral Problem


Ernle W.D Young
Step 1. Define the problem so the dilemma is clearly understood
by all parties
Step 2. Collect as much information about the problem as you can
before beginning to think about a solution
Step 3. Identify the important values and principles for you and
the others who are involved
Step 4. Reflect on personal motives and intentions in light of
different courses of action and consequences to self, others and
society
Step 5. Prioritize conflicting values and make a responsible
decision

Ethics Manual
American College of Physicians
1. Define the ethics problem as an "ought" or "should" question
2. List significant facts and uncertainties that are relevant to the question
3. Identify a decision maker
4. Give understandable, relevant, desired information to the decision maker
and dispel myths and misconceptions
5. Solicit values of the patient that are relevant to the question
6. Identify health professional values
7. Propose and critique solutions, including multiple options for treatment
and alternative providers
8. Identify and remove or address constraints on solutions

Ethics in Emergency Medicine


Eric Isaacs, MD, San Francisco General Hospital
1) Assess the issues.
What is the medical situation? medical intervention? benefit to patient?
What are the patient's preferences?
What are the consequences of accepting or refusing the intervention?
What are issues outside of medical fact
2) Name the dilemma.
Clearly identify the issues in conflict that have lead to the dilemma
Look over a list of basic ethical terms and issues.
3) Consider alternative courses of action. Focus on the pros and cons
4) Implement the action.
Once a plan of action is created, it must be implemented.
5) Evaluate the outcome.

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