Abstract References - Physio
Abstract References - Physio
Abstract References - Physio
INTRODUCTION
The most well-known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group.
They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner
in the process of trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at
other times save a patient. In 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for his
discovery of blood types. Landsteiner observed two distinct chemical molecules present
on the surface of the red blood cells. He labeled one molecule "A" and the other
molecule "B." If the red blood cell had only "A" molecules on it, that blood was called
type A. If the red blood cell had only "B" molecules on it, that blood was called type B. If
the red blood cell had a mixture of both molecules, that blood was called type AB. If the
red blood cell had neither molecule, that blood was called type O Dennis ONeil (2013).
All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group.
There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two
antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of
these four components determines an individual's type in most cases Saunders Elsevier
(2007).
antigen/serum was put in the blood the reactions were occurred. The observations and
results were noted and photographed by each group.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
no reactions in
Anti A and Anti B.
Figure 1 shows the type O blood coming from different tester. The type O blood is
considering the major donor in any type of blood. The antigen chemical indicator is use
in determining the blood type of each individual. If an individuals belong in blood group
0 It have neither A or B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells but it has a both A
and B antibodies in the blood plasma.
Figure 2 shows the result of an individual having a blood type B. This is also
indicating by the use of the antigen chemicals. Type B is second among blood group
that is rare. If an individual belong to the blood group B, It has B antigens on the surface
of the red blood cells and A antibodies in the blood plasma.
The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's blood
group. The main two blood groups are called ABO (with blood types A, B, AB, and O)
and Rh (with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types).The functions of many of the
blood group antigens are not known, and if they are missing from the red blood cell
membrane, there is no ill effect. This suggests that if the blood group antigens used to
have a function, e.g., one particular blood group antigen made red blood cells more
resistant to invasion from a parasite, it is no longer relevant today.But the presence or
absence of red blood cell antigens becomes extremely important when blood from
different people mixes, e.g., when a patient receives a blood transfusion from a blood
bank. This also happens when a mother becomes pregnant because during labor, a
small amount of fetal blood enters her circulation. In these circumstances, exposure to
the foreign antigens on the red blood cells can trigger immune reactions (Garratty,
2012).
The A and B antigen molecules on the surface of red blood cells are produced by
two different enzymes and these two molecules are encoded by two different versions
or alleles of the same gene. The allele A and B allele code for enzymes that produce
type A and B antigens respectively. Another allele is the O allele that codes or the
protein that is not functional and does not produce surface molecule (Goodnough,
2007).
REFERENCES
Bloodbook.Com, Racial & Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types Cited 15th March,
2005.
Garratty G, Glynn SA, McEntire R. 2012.ABO and Rh(D) phenotype frequencies of
different racial/ethnic
groups in the United States. Transfusion. 2004;44:7036.
[PubMed]
Goodnough LT. Transfusion medicine. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine.
23rd ed.
Reid ME and Lomas-Francis C. The Blood Group Antigen Facts Book. Second ed.
2004, New York: Elsevier Academic Press.