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ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted in Animal Physiology laboratory to


determine the ABO blood groups. Blood of each student of BS-Biology, 3 rd year
was used to know the blood type of the tester. Anti-A and Anti-B were dropped in
the blood of two different slides. The results were, those who had a blood type A
reacts with the Anti-A; those that reacts in Anti-B were noted as Blood type B. the
students with no reaction with the two Antigens were said to be the universal type
of blood, type O. when both reactions were occurred the blood type of the
individual was considered as type AB.

INTRODUCTION
The most well-known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group.
They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner
in the process of trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at
other times save a patient. In 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for his
discovery of blood types. Landsteiner observed two distinct chemical molecules present
on the surface of the red blood cells. He labeled one molecule "A" and the other
molecule "B." If the red blood cell had only "A" molecules on it, that blood was called
type A. If the red blood cell had only "B" molecules on it, that blood was called type B. If
the red blood cell had a mixture of both molecules, that blood was called type AB. If the
red blood cell had neither molecule, that blood was called type O Dennis ONeil (2013).
All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group.
There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two
antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of
these four components determines an individual's type in most cases Saunders Elsevier
(2007).

It is easy and inexpensive to determine an individual's ABO type from a few


drops of blood. A serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood.
Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample. Whether or
not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type. It is a simple process
of elimination of the possibilities. For instance, if an individual's blood sample is
agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not the anti-B antibody, it means that the A
antigen is present but not the B antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A (Thompson,
2011).
The experiment was conducted in the laboratory to examine the ABO blood types
by applying the anti- A and Anti B. The study was done in the laboratory on January 23,
2014.

MATERIALS and METHODS


The experiment was conducted to examine the ABO blood types. Students of
BS-Biology, 3rd year were the subjects for the blood type testing. The subject teacher
gave some background about blood typing and it was done correctly. Alcohol was
applied to each finger as an aseptic technique to avoid infection before pricking. Blood
lancelets were provided by the students for pricking. Sharing of blood lancelet was
prohibited by the students to avoid transmission of possible disease.
In preparing the slides, two glass slides were used by each student. Blood was
placed in the glass slides for the testing of antigen A and antigen B respectively. The
first slide was for antigen A and the second slide was for antigen B. After the

antigen/serum was put in the blood the reactions were occurred. The observations and
results were noted and photographed by each group.
RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Fig 1. Bloods with

no reactions in
Anti A and Anti B.

Figure 1 shows the type O blood coming from different tester. The type O blood is
considering the major donor in any type of blood. The antigen chemical indicator is use
in determining the blood type of each individual. If an individuals belong in blood group
0 It have neither A or B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells but it has a both A
and B antibodies in the blood plasma.

Fig 2. Blood reacts with Anti B

Figure 2 shows the result of an individual having a blood type B. This is also
indicating by the use of the antigen chemicals. Type B is second among blood group
that is rare. If an individual belong to the blood group B, It has B antigens on the surface
of the red blood cells and A antibodies in the blood plasma.
The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's blood
group. The main two blood groups are called ABO (with blood types A, B, AB, and O)
and Rh (with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types).The functions of many of the
blood group antigens are not known, and if they are missing from the red blood cell
membrane, there is no ill effect. This suggests that if the blood group antigens used to
have a function, e.g., one particular blood group antigen made red blood cells more
resistant to invasion from a parasite, it is no longer relevant today.But the presence or
absence of red blood cell antigens becomes extremely important when blood from
different people mixes, e.g., when a patient receives a blood transfusion from a blood
bank. This also happens when a mother becomes pregnant because during labor, a
small amount of fetal blood enters her circulation. In these circumstances, exposure to
the foreign antigens on the red blood cells can trigger immune reactions (Garratty,
2012).
The A and B antigen molecules on the surface of red blood cells are produced by
two different enzymes and these two molecules are encoded by two different versions
or alleles of the same gene. The allele A and B allele code for enzymes that produce
type A and B antigens respectively. Another allele is the O allele that codes or the

protein that is not functional and does not produce surface molecule (Goodnough,
2007).
REFERENCES
Bloodbook.Com, Racial & Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types Cited 15th March,
2005.
Garratty G, Glynn SA, McEntire R. 2012.ABO and Rh(D) phenotype frequencies of
different racial/ethnic
groups in the United States. Transfusion. 2004;44:7036.
[PubMed]
Goodnough LT. Transfusion medicine. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine.
23rd ed.

Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 183.

Reid ME and Lomas-Francis C. The Blood Group Antigen Facts Book. Second ed.
2004, New York: Elsevier Academic Press.

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