Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 411 views

    Zumdahl ElectroChemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    MalletNjonkem
    This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including galvanic cells, standard reduction potentials, the Nernst equation, batteries, corrosion, and electrolysis. Key points covered include: - Galvanic cells use a redox reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical energy, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. - Standard reduction potentials allow comparison of reduction half-reactions and prediction of spontaneity. - The Nernst equation describes how cell potential varies with concentration based on the standard potential and activities. - Batteries contain multiple galvanic cells connected in series to provide a usable voltage, while fuel cells continuously supply reactants. - Corrosion is

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Zumdahl ElectroChemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    MalletNjonkem
    411 views7 pages
    This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including galvanic cells, standard reduction potentials, the Nernst equation, batteries, corrosion, and electrolysis. Key points covered include: - Galvanic cells use a redox reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical energy, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. - Standard reduction potentials allow comparison of reduction half-reactions and prediction of spontaneity. - The Nernst equation describes how cell potential varies with concentration based on the standard potential and activities. - Batteries contain multiple galvanic cells connected in series to provide a usable voltage, while fuel cells continuously supply reactants. - Corrosion is

    Original Description:

    Notes from Electrochem chapter

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including galvanic cells, standard reduction potentials, the Nernst equation, batteries, corrosion, and electrolysis. Key points covered include: - Galvanic cells use a redox reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical energy, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. - Standard reduction potentials allow comparison of reduction half-reactions and prediction of spontaneity. - The Nernst equation describes how cell potential varies with concentration based on the standard potential and activities. - Batteries contain multiple galvanic cells connected in series to provide a usable voltage, while fuel cells continuously supply reactants. - Corrosion is

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    411 views7 pages

    Zumdahl ElectroChemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    MalletNjonkem
    This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including galvanic cells, standard reduction potentials, the Nernst equation, batteries, corrosion, and electrolysis. Key points covered include: - Galvanic cells use a redox reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical energy, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. - Standard reduction potentials allow comparison of reduction half-reactions and prediction of spontaneity. - The Nernst equation describes how cell potential varies with concentration based on the standard potential and activities. - Batteries contain multiple galvanic cells connected in series to provide a usable voltage, while fuel cells continuously supply reactants. - Corrosion is

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 7

    Chapter 17 Electrochemistry

    17.1 Galvanic Cells


    A. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Rxns)
    1. Oxidation = loss of electrons
    a. the substance oxidized is the reducing agent
    2. Reduction = gain of electrons
    a. the subtance reduced is the oxidizing agent
    B. Redox energy
    1. Heat is produced
    2. Electricity can be produced if the reactants are separated
    a. Reactants can be separated by a salt bridge
    b. Reactants can be separated by a porous partition
    c. Electrons travel through a wire
    C. Galvanic Cell
    1. A device in which chemical
    energy is changed to electrical
    energy
    a. Oxidation occurs at the
    anode
    b. Reduction occurs at the
    cathode
    D. Cell Potential (cell)
    1. The driving force (electromotive
    force, emf) on the electrons
    2. Potential is measured in volts

    17.2 Standard Reduction Potentials


    A. Measuring Potential
    1. Electrode potential is measured in reference to a hydrogen electrode which
    is arbitrarily assigned a potential of zero volts

    B. Calculating Electrode Potential


    1. One of the reduction half reactions must be reversed, changing the sign on
    the potential for the reversed reaction
    2. Potentials are not multiplied by the coefficients in the balanced equation
    3. Galvanic cell potentials must be a positive number
    C. Line Notation
    1. Anode components listed on the left
    2. Cathode components listed on the right
    3. Double line represents salt bridge or porous disk
    Mg(s)Mg2+ (aq) Al3+(aq) Al(s)
    D. Complete Description of a Galvanic Cell
    1. The cell potential (always positive for a galvanic cell)
    2. The direction of electron flow (the direction that yields a positive potential)
    3. Designation of the anode and cathode
    4. The nature of each electrode and the ions present in each compartment. A
    chemically inert conductor (such as Pt) is required if none of the substances
    participating in the reaction is a conducting solid
    17.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy
    A. Driving Force
    1. emf = potential difference =
    work (joules)
    charge (coulombs)
    a. Work leaving the system has a negative charge
    = - w/q

    -w = q

    q = nF
    (1) n is the number of moles of electrons
    (2) F (a faraday) is the charge on a mole of electrons
    F = (96 485 C/mol e -)
    2. emf is not converted to work with 100% efficiency
    a. Energy is always lost in the form of heat, but wmax is useful for
    calculating the efficiency of conversion
    wmax = -qmax
    B. Relation to Free Energy
    1. wmax = G
    2. G = -qmax = -nFmax
    3. G = -qmax
    4. G0 = -nF0
    a. When cell is positive (spontaneous), G will be negative
    (spontaneous), so there is agreement

    17.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration


    A. Standard Potentials
    1. All concentrations are 1M
    B. Variation in concentrations
    1. Write balanced equation for the cell
    2. Use Le Chateliers principle to determine the effect on potential
    a. Shift to the left reduces potential
    b. Shift to the right increases potential
    C. Concentration Cells
    1. Cells in which both compartments contain the same components, but in
    different concentrations
    2. Reaction proceeds in the direction that will equalize the ion concentration in
    the compartments
    3. Voltages are typically small
    D. The Nernst Equation
    1. Derivation
    G = G0 + RTln(Q) (from Chapter 16)
    -nF = -nF0 + RTln(Q)
    RT
    = 0 -
    ln( Q)
    nF
    2. At 25C
    0.0592
    = 0 -
    log( Q)
    n
    3. As cells discharge, concentration changes, cell changes.
    4. Cells spontaneously discharge until they achieve equilibrium
    a. At equilibrium, the cell is dead
    E. Ion-Selective Electrodes
    1. Electrodes that are sensitive to the concentration of a particular ion
    2. Electrodes can be manufactured to be selective to a cation/anion pair
    F. Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions
    1. At equilibrium , cell = 0 and Q = K
    2. Substituting into the Nernst equation
    0.0592
    0 = 0 -
    log( K )
    n
    log(K) =

    n0
    0.0592

    (at 25C)

    17.5 Batteries
    A. Batteries
    1. A galvanic cell, or group of galvanic cells, connected in series
    2. Source of direct current
    B. Lead Storage Battery
    1. Six two-volt cells in series
    Anode rxn:
    Cathode rxn:

    PbO2 +

    HSO4-

    Pb + HSO4- PbSO4 + H+ + 2e+ 3H+ + 2e- PbSO4 + 2H2O

    Cell rxn: Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2HSO4-(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)


    2. Discharge lowers the concentration of sulfuric acid, and the density of the
    solution
    3. Note this If you learn nothing else in chemistry
    When jump starting a car, you MUST connect the ground cable on the DEAD car to a metallic
    contact AWAY from the battery. Otherwise, BOOM! (maybe)
    C. Common Dry Cell Battery
    1. Acid version
    a. zinc inner case acts as
    the anode
    b. carbon rod in contact with
    a moist paste of solid
    MnO2, solid NH4Cl and
    carbon is the cathode
    2. Alkaline dry cell
    a. NH4Cl is replaced with
    KOH or NaOH
    b. Alkaline cells last longer than acid cells because zinc corrodes more
    slowly in a basic environment
    D. Fuel Cells
    1. Galvanic cells for which the reactants are continuously supplied
    2. Energy normally lost as heat is captured and used to produce an electric
    current
    3. The reaction taking place must be a redox reaction
    17.6 Corrosion
    A. Corrosion = Oxidation of a metal
    1. The oxidation of most metals by oxygen is spontaneous
    2. Many metals develop a thin coating of metal oxide on the outside that
    prevents further oxidation
    B. Corrosion of Iron
    1. Anode regions
    a. Regions of a piece of steel alloy where the iron is more easily
    oxidized
    Fe Fe2+ + 2e4

    2. Cathodic regions
    a. Areas that are resistant to oxidation
    b. Electrons flow from anodic regions and react with oxygen
    O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH3. Presence of water is essential to corrosion of iron
    4. Presence of salt accelerates the corrosion process by increasing the ease
    with which electrons are conducted from anodic to cathodic regions
    C. Prevention of Corrosion
    1. Coating with a metal that will form an oxide coat to protect a metal that
    would not develop a protective coat
    2. Galvanizing
    a. Placing a sacrificial of a more easily oxidized metal on top of the
    metal you desire to protect
    (1) zinc over iron
    3. Alloying
    a. Addition of metals that change steels reduction potential
    (1) nickel and chromium alloyed to iron
    4. Cathodic Protection
    a. Connection of easily oxidized metals (an anode) to less easily
    oxidized metals keeps the less from experiencing corrosion
    b. The anode corrodes and must be replaced periodically
    (1) Magnesium as anode to iron pipe
    (2) Titanium as anode to a steel ships hull
    17.7 Electrolysis
    A. Electrolysis
    1. Forcing a current through a cell to produce change for which the cell
    potential is negative

    a. oxidation at the anode


    b. reduction at the cathode

    B. Electroplating
    1. Depositing neutral metal atoms on the electrode by reducing the metal ions
    in solution.

    a. Anode is a piece of the plating metal


    b. Cathode is the object to be plated
    C. Electrolysis of Water
    1. Requires the presence of a soluble salt or dilute acid to serve as an
    electrolyte
    a. 2H2O 2H2 + O2

    D. Electrolysis of Mixtures of Ions


    1. Most easily reduced metals (highest values of 0) will be plated first

    E. Stoichiometry of Electrolytic Processes


    1. Step 1 convert current and time to quantity of charge in coulombs
    a. Amps x time = total charge transferred in coulombs
    (Coulomb/sec) x sec = coulombs
    2. Step 2 convert quantity of charge in coulombs to moles of electrons
    coulombs (96,485 coulomb/mol e -) = mol e 3. Step 3 Convert moles of electrons to moles of substance
    Mol e - x (mole substance/mol e -) = mol substance
    4. Step 4 Convert moles of substance to grams of substance
    Mol substance x formula mass of substance = mass of substance
    17.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes
    A. Production of Aluminum
    1. Purification of aluminum from bauxite ore
    2. See table 17.3 for prices of aluminum over the last century
    B. Electrorefining of Metals
    C. Metal Plating
    D. Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy