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Lect11Nyquist Pulse Shaping

This document discusses Nyquist pulse shaping and matched filtering for communication systems. It introduces the concept of using pulse shaping to achieve inter-symbol interference (ISI)-free transmission. The key requirements are that the folded spectrum of the pulse be flat, and that it has equally spaced zero crossings separated by the symbol period. An example pulse that satisfies this is the raised cosine pulse, whose shape and excess bandwidth are determined by a roll-off factor. The document also describes how to implement pulse shaping using a square-root raised cosine filter at the transmitter and its time-reversed version at the receiver to perform matched filtering.

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Fatima Ahsan
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56 views11 pages

Lect11Nyquist Pulse Shaping

This document discusses Nyquist pulse shaping and matched filtering for communication systems. It introduces the concept of using pulse shaping to achieve inter-symbol interference (ISI)-free transmission. The key requirements are that the folded spectrum of the pulse be flat, and that it has equally spaced zero crossings separated by the symbol period. An example pulse that satisfies this is the raised cosine pulse, whose shape and excess bandwidth are determined by a roll-off factor. The document also describes how to implement pulse shaping using a square-root raised cosine filter at the transmitter and its time-reversed version at the receiver to perform matched filtering.

Uploaded by

Fatima Ahsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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'

EE4601
Communication Systems
Lecture 11
Nyquist Pulse Shaping

&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 1)

'

Matched Filtering and Pulse Shaping

unknown

g(t)

c(t)

^g(t) = g(t)*c(t)

x(t)

h(t)
2/T

w(t)

To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver filter h(t),
in theory we match the receiver filter to the received pulse g(t) = g(t) c(t),
i.e., h(t) = g(T t). However, if c(t) is unknown, then so is h(t).
Practical Solution: Choose h(t) matched to the transmitted pulse g(t), i.e.,
choose h(t) = g(T t), over-sample by a factor of 2, and process 2 samples
per baud interval.
This is optimal, similar to the case when c(t) is known, but the proof is
beyond the scope of this course.
&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 2)

'

Matched Filtering and Pulse Shaping

To design the transmit and receiver filters, we will assume an ideal channel
c(t) = (t), so that the overall pulse (ignoring time delay) is
p(t) = g(t) h(t)
= g(t) g(t)
Taking the Fourier transform of both sides
P (f ) = G(f )G (f ) = |G(f )|2
Hence

|G(f )| = |P (f )|

For many practical pulses, g(t), we will also see that g(t) = g(t), i.e., the
pulse is even in t, so that h(t) = g(t).
&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 3)

'

Conditions for ISI free transmission

The condition for ISI-free transmission is

pk = k0 p0 =

p0 k = 0
0 k=
6 0

That is, p(t) must have equally spaced zero crossings, separated by T seconds.
Theorem: The pulse p(t) satisfies pk = k0 p0 iff

PP (f ) =

1
T

n=

P (f + n/T ) = p0

That is the folded spectrum PP (f ) is flat.


P(f)

p(t)

W=1/2T

P (f)

1.0

..........

-W

-3T

-2T

-T

&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 4)

2T

3T

-3/2T

..........
-1/2T

1/2T

3/2T

'

ISI free transmission

Proof:
pk =
=
=
=

P (f )ej2f kT df
Z (2n+1)/2T

n= (2n1)/2T
Z 1/2T
X

P (f )ej2f kT df f = f n/T

P (f + n/T )ej2k(f +n/T )T df

n= 1/2T

Z 1/2T
n=
X

ej2f kT
P (f
1/2T
n=

To prove sufficiency, we assume that


pk = p0 T

Z 1/2T

1/2T

+ n/T ) df

n= P (f

ej2f kT df =

(1)

+ n/T ) = p0 T is true. Then,

sin k
p0 = k0 pk0
k

To prove necessity, we have from (1)


&

pk = T

Z 1/2T

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 5)

1/2T

P (f )ej2f kT df

'

Nyquist Pulse

Hence, pk and P (f ) are a Fourier series pair, i.e.,


P (f ) =

pk ej2f kT

k=

If pk = p0 k0 is assumed true, then from the above equation P (f ) = p0 .


Nyquist Pulse Shaping: A pulse p(t) that yields zero-ISI is one having a
folded spectrum that is flat.
The pulse p(t) can be generated by choosing P (f ) as shown on the
following slide.

&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 6)

'

Nyquist Pulse Shaping


1

2WP(f)
1/2

-W

W
2WP (f)
N

Ideal Nyquist pulse

-W

W
2WPod(f)
1/2

-W

Note P (f ) = PN (f ) + Pod (f ).
Pod (f ) can be any function that has skew symmetry about f = W .
&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 7)

'

Nyquist Pulse

Note that P (f ) is flat under this condition.


1

-3W

-2W

-W

2WP (f)

W=1/2T

2W

Example: Raised Cosine

2W Pod (f ) =

)
12 21 sin (|f2f|W
W fx |f | W
x
(|f |W )
1
1
W |f | W + fx
2 2 sin
2fx

fx
fx
100 = excess bandwidth (%), = W
= roll off
fx = bandwidth expansion, W
factor

1
0 |f | W fx




)
2W P (f ) = 12 1 sin (|f2f|W
W fx |f | W + fx
x

0
|f | W + fx

&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 8)

'

Raised Cosine Pulse


2WP(f)

wfx

w+fx

wfx

w+fx

2WP(f)

=1
looks like a raised cosine

2W

&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 9)

2W

'

Raised Cosine Impulse Response

Impulse response - Since P (f ) is even, the inverse cosine transform yields


p(t) = 2

Z W +f
x
0

P (f ) cos 2f tdf

1 Z W fx
1
= 2.
cos 2f tdf + 2.
2W 0
2W
sin 2W t cos 2fx t
.
=
2W t 1 (4fx t)2

1
|f | W
cos 2f tdf
1 sin
2
2fx

Z W +f
x
W fx

T=1/2W

=0
=1

&

3T

2T

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 10)

2T

3T

'

Square Root Raised Cosine Pulse

To implement a matched filter, we split the overall pulse P (f ) between the


transmit and receive filters, i.e., p(t) = g(t) g(t).
q
We have seen earlier that P (f ) = G(f )G (f ) = |G(f )|2 , so that |G(f )| =
P (f ).
With square-root raised cosine pulse shaping

2W |G(f )| =

s 

2 1

)
sin (|f2f|W
x

0 |f | wW fx
W fx |f | W + fx
|f | W + fx

The impulse response is


g(t) = 4

cos [(1 + )t/T ] + sin [(1 )t/T ] (4t/T )1

T [1 162 t2 /T 2 ]

where = fx /W .

&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 11)

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