Phase Diagram

Constructing a Two Component Phase Diagram Using Experimental
Data in the Hypothetical System A-B
Chavez, Twinkle C.
BS Material Science and Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology

Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila
Abstract
In this experiment, we are to construct a hypothetical two component T-X phase diagram
from specific data from Ehlers, 1969. The statistics contained a series of mixtures ranging
in composition from pure A to pure B at 100%. The blends consist of material that has been
melted and cooled into a homogenous solid glass. Equilibrium conditions are established at
various temperatures and compositions to obtain sufficient data. The compounds include
the crystalline phases A, A3B, AB4 and B and glass, Gl (a quenched liquid). Three
parameters required to define the constitution of an alloy: phases present, composition of each
phase and proportion of each phase.
Keywords: Phase Diagram, Phase Composition, Phase Equilibrium, Physical States, Phase Transition
1.0 Introduction
Phase diagram is a graphical
representation of the physical states of a
substance under different conditions of
temperature and pressure. A typical
phase diagram has pressure on the yaxis and temperature on the x-axis. As
we cross the lines or curves on the
phase diagram, a phase change occurs.
In addition, two states of the substance
coexist in equilibrium on the lines or
curves.
A phase transition is the transition from

one state of matter to another. There
are three states of matter: liquid, solid, and
gas.
Liquid: A state of matter that

consists
of loose,
free
moving particles which form the shape set
by the boundaries of
the container in which the liquid is in. This
happens because the motion of the
individual particles within a liquid is much
less restricted than in a solid. One may
notice that some liquids flow readily

whereas some liquids flow slowly. A liquid's
relative resistance to flow is viscosity.
Solid: A state of matter with tightly

packed particles which do not change the
shape or volume of the container that it is
in. However, this does not mean that the
volume of a solid is a constant. Solids can
expand and contract when temperatures
change. This is why when you look up the
density of a solid, it will indicate the
temperature at which the value for density is
listed. Solids have strong intermolecular
forces that keep particles in close proximity
to one another. Another interesting thing to
think about is that all true solids have
crystalline structures. This means that their
particles are arranged in a threedimensional, orderly pattern. Solids will
undergo phase changes when they come
across energy changes.
Gas: A state of matter where
particles are spread out with no definite
shape or volume. The particles of a gas will
take the shape and fill the volume of the
container that it is placed in. In a gas, there
are no intermolecular forces holding the
particles of a gas together since each
particle travels at its own speed in its own
direction. The particles of a gas are often
separated by great distances.
Phase diagrams illustrate the variations
between the states of matter of elements or
compounds as they relate to pressure and
temperatures. The following is an example
of a phase diagram for a generic singlecomponent system:
Figure 1. General Phase diagram
Triple point the point on a phase

diagram at which the three states of matter:
gas, liquid, and solid coexist
Critical point the point on a phase
diagram at which the substance is
indistinguishable between liquid and
gaseous states
Fusion(melting)
(or
freezing)
curve the curve on a phase diagram
which represents the transition between
liquid and solid states
Vaporization (or condensation)
gaseous and liquid states
Sublimation
(or
deposition)
gaseous and solid states
Phase diagrams plot pressure (typically in
atmospheres) versus temperature (typically
in degrees Celsius or Kelvin). The labels on
the graph represent the stable states of a
system in equilibrium. The lines represent
the combinations of pressures and
temperatures at which two phases can exist
in equilibrium. In other words, these lines

define phase change points. The red line
divides the solid and gas phases,
represents sublimation (solid to gas) and
deposition (gas to solid). The green line
divides the solid and liquid phases and
represents melting (solid to liquid) and
freezing (liquid to solid). The blue divides
the liquid and gas phases, represents
vaporization
(liquid
to
gas)
and
condensation (gas to liquid). There are also
two important points on the diagram, the
triple point and the critical point. The triple
point represents the combination of
pressure and temperature that facilitates all
phases of matter at equilibrium. The critical
point terminates the liquid/gas phase line
and relates to the critical pressure, the
pressure above which a supercritical fluid
forms.
With
most
substances,
the
temperature and pressure related to the
triple point lie below standard temperature
and pressure and the pressure for the
critical point lies above standard pressure.
Therefore at standard pressure as
temperature increases, most substances
change from solid to liquid to gas, and at
standard
temperature
as
pressure
increases, most substances change from
gas to liquid to
solid .[1]
2.0 Methodology
The data on a temperature-composition

diagram is plotted to evaluate the phase
relations among the components at
temperatures ranging from 800 to 1350
degrees Celsius. The construction of a
two component T-X diagram in the
hypothetical system A-B is done using a
graphing paper. The compositions and
quenched phases are shown in the
Appendix. Note that the composition is in
mole percentage as the horizontal axis
and the temperature is in degree Celsius

as the vertical axis.
3.0 Results and Discussion

The study of the possible ways in which
various materials can exist by themselves or
in contact with others, as a function of
temperature, pressure, and time, is a very
important part of Materials Science. The
reason is that we have to be able to tell
what the stability of materials will be in all
sorts of environments, since the mechanical
performance of these materials depends
very much on this. An obvious example is
that we cannot use structural materials
above their melting point. Other less
obvious
changes
can,
however,
happen inside materials that may be just as
important from the point of view of strength.
These change in phase, called phase
transformations, can be recorded in
diagrams called phase diagrams. The
phase diagram is a type of map that allows
us to predict what will happen when we
change the temperature or the overall
composition of the material.
In a eutectic reaction, a liquid phase
transforms isothermally to two different solid
phases upon cooling. Complete solid
solubility for all compositions does not exist;
instead, solid solutions are terminal. The
peritectic reaction is another invariant
reaction involving three phases at
equilibrium. With this reaction, upon
heating, one solid phase transforms into a
liquid phase and another solid phase.
Free energy curves of the silver copper
alloy at five different temperatures are
shown with the relevant portion of the phase
diagram. In order to avoid cluttering the
diagrams the phase fields and common
tangents can be displayed separately.
There is a complex simulation on phase
diagrams, which plots the free energy
curves and phase diagram for a

hypothetical binary alloy A-B. The user can
change the temperature and interaction
parameter, and see how the phase diagram
changes. Three different types of phase
diagram can be generated; a simple phase
diagram where A and B are completely
miscible in both liquid and solid state, a
diagram showing a miscibility gap and a
simple eutectic diagram.
4.0 Conclusion
Moving about the phase diagram
reveals information about the phases of
matter.
Moving
along
a
constant
temperature line reveals relative densities of
the phases. When moving from the bottom
of the diagram to the top, the relative
density increases. Moving along a constant
pressure line reveals relative energies of the
phases. When moving from the left of the
diagram to the right, the relative energies
increases.
5.0 Reference
[1]
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chem
istry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Phases
_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Diagr
ams
6.0 Appendix
Hypothetical experimental data in the

system A-B (after Ehlers, 1969)
Quenched Phases
A + A3B
Percentage Composition
of B
20
20
Temperature
800
1000
A3B + AB4
of B
40
60
Temperature
800
800
AB4
of B
Temperature
80
800
80
900
Gl
of B
Temperature
0
1350
0
1325
20
1200
25
1125
25
1150
40
900
40
1000
40
1200
45
875
60
975
60
1000
60
1200
80
1175
80
1200
100
1250
100
1300
Gl + B
of B
Temperature
60
950
80
925
80
950
80
1000
80
1100
80
1150
A3B
of B
Temperature
25
1050
25
1100
Temperature
1025
1050
850
875
Temperature
1100
1200
1225
of B
15
A
Temperature
1050
1200
1275
1300
Temperature
1050
Gl + AB4
of B
45
50
of B
0
0
0
0
of B
17.5
20
40
40
Gl + A
B
of B
100
100
100
Gl + A3B
Temperature
850
875
Gl + A3B + AB4
of B
45
Temperature
825

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Constructing a Two Component Phase Diagram Using Experimental

Data in the Hypothetical System A-B

Mapua Institute of Technology

A phase transition is the transition from

Liquid: A state of matter that

notice that some liquids flow readily

Solid: A state of matter with tightly

Figure 1. General Phase diagram

Triple point the point on a phase

in equilibrium. In other words, these lines

The data on a temperature-composition

and the temperature is in degree Celsius

3.0 Results and Discussion

curves and phase diagram for a

Hypothetical experimental data in the

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