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Garsia Solution

The document provides solutions to multiple questions about analyzing the performance of different network protocols and configurations. It calculates metrics like maximum throughput, packet delay, and transmission rates for systems using protocols like ALOHA, CSMA/CD, token ring, polling, FDMA and TDMA under various parameters. For example, it finds that the maximum throughput for a slotted ALOHA system with a 56kbps channel and 1000 bit frames is approximately 10 frames/second. It also compares the total packet delay for systems using FDMA versus TDMA to share a 1MHz channel.

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317 views

Garsia Solution

The document provides solutions to multiple questions about analyzing the performance of different network protocols and configurations. It calculates metrics like maximum throughput, packet delay, and transmission rates for systems using protocols like ALOHA, CSMA/CD, token ring, polling, FDMA and TDMA under various parameters. For example, it finds that the maximum throughput for a slotted ALOHA system with a 56kbps channel and 1000 bit frames is approximately 10 frames/second. It also compares the total packet delay for systems using FDMA versus TDMA to share a 1MHz channel.

Uploaded by

gaghanbarian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9. Suppose that the ALOHA protocol is used to share a 56 kbps satellite channel.

Suppose that frames are 1000 bits


long. Find the maximum throughput of the system in frames/second.
Solution:
Maximum throughput for ALOHA = 0.184
Maximum throughput in frames/sec = (56000 bits/sec) x (1 frame/1000 bits) x 0.184 = 10.304
The maximum throughput is approximately 10 frames/sec.
10. Let G be the total rate at which frames are transmitted in a slotted ALOHA system. What proportion of slots
goes empty in this system? What proportion of slots go empty when the system is operating at its maximum
throughput? Can observations about channel activity be used to determine when stations should transmit?
Solution:
G

Proportion of empty slots = P[0 transmission] = [G /0!]e


Maximum throughput = 0.368; Gmt = 1

=e

Proportion of empty slots at maximum throughput = e = 0.368

-1

Any attempt to decrease the proportion of empty slots below e is counterproductive as this action will
push the throughput below its maximum value.
13. Consider four stations that are all attached to two different bus cables. The stations exchange fixed-size frames
of length 1 second. Time is divided into slots of 1 second. When a station has a frame to transmit, the station
chooses either bus with equal probability and transmits at the beginning of the next slot with probability p. Find the
value of p that maximizes the rate at which frames are successfully transmitted.
Solution:
To maximize the successful transmission rate is to maximize the probability of successful
transmission.
P(success) = (number of stations) P(one station transmits on one bus) P(no other station transmit
on the same bus)

)(

Take the derivative with respect to p,

set it to 0 and find the value of

)(

p that maximizes P(success). P=1/2

15. A channel using random access protocols has three stations on a bus with end-to-end propagation delay .
Station A is located at one end of the bus, and stations B and C are together located at the other end of the bus.
Frames arrive at the three stations and are ready to be transmitted at stations A, B, and C at the respective times tA
= 0, tB = /2, and tC = 3/2. Frames require transmission times of 4. In appropriate figures, with time as the
horizontal axis, show the transmission activity of each of the three stations for Frame arrival times:
A: tA = 0
B: tB = /2
C: tC = 3 /2 = 1.5

tp = and X = 4
Solution:

18. m terminals are attached by a dedicated pair of lines to a hub in a star topology. The distance from each
terminal to the hub is d meters, the speed of the transmission lines is R bits/second, all frames are of length 12500
8

bytes, and the signal propagates on the line at a speed of 2.5 (10 ) meters/second. For the four combinations of the
following parameters {d = 25 meters or d = 2500 meters; R = 10 Mbps or R = 10 Gbps}, compare the maximum
network throughput achievable when the hub is implementing: Slotted ALOHA; CSMA/CD.
Solution:
8

L = 12500 x 8 bits, tprop = d / (2.5 x 10 meters/sec), a = tprop R/L


Values for a:
R/d
2x25

2x2500

1.00E+07

2E-05

2E-03

1.00E+10

2E-02

2E+00

Maximum Throughput for Slotted ALOHA:


R/d
2x25

2x2500

1.00E+07

0.367879

0.367879

1.00E+10

0.367879

0.367879

Maximum throughput for CSMA-CD:

R/d
2x25

2x2500

1.00E+07

0.999872

0.98736

1.00E+10

0.886525

0.07246

20. A wireless LAN uses polling to provide communications between M workstations and a central base station. The
system uses a channel operating at 25 Mbps. Assume that all stations are 100 meters from the base station and that
polling messages are 64 bytes long. Assume that frames are of constant length of 1250 bytes. Assume that stations
indicate that they have no frames to transmit with a 64-byte message.
Solutions follow questions:
d = 100 m between the base station and the stations
8

v = 3 x 10 m/sec

tprop = 100 / (3 x 10 ) = 0.33 sec


R = 25 Mbps
Xframe = 10000/25Mbps = 400 sec
Xpoll = 512/25Mbps = 20 sec
R = 2.5 Gbps
Xframe = 10000/2.5Gbps = 4 sec
Xpoll = 512/2.5Gbps = 0.2 sec
Xend = Xpoll
a. What is the maximum possible arrival rate that can be supported if stations are allowed to transmit an
unlimited number of frames/poll?
max = 1 and = X
R = 25 Mbps
max = 1/400 sec = 2,500 frames/sec
b. What is the maximum possible arrival rate that can be supported if stations are allowed to transmit N
frames/poll?

increases, max approaches 1.


R = 25 Mbps
N = 10, max = 99%
max = 1/400 = 2,500 frames/sec
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) if the transmission speed is 2.5 Gbps.
(a) R = 2.5 Gbps
max = 1
max = 1/4 sec = 250,000 frames/sec
(b) R = 2.5 Gbps

N = 10,

max = 97.4%
max = 0.788/4 = 243,700 frames/sec
21. A token-ring LAN network interconnects M stations using a star topology in the following way. All the input and
output lines of the token-ring station interfaces are connected to a cabinet where the actual ring is placed. Suppose
that the distance from each station to the cabinet is 100 meters and that the ring latency per station is eight bits.
Assume that frames are 1250 bytes and that the ring speed is 25 Mbps.
Solutions follow questions:
d = 100 m from each station to the cabinet
8

v = 2 x 10 m/sec
b = 8 bits
L = 1250 bytes = 10000 bits
R = 25 Mbps

a. What is the maximum possible arrival rate that can be supported if stations are allowed to transmit an unlimited
number of frames/token?
When all stations are allowed to transmit an unlimited number of frames/token, max = 1 and = X.

b. What is the maximum possible arrival rate that can be supported if stations are allowed to transmit 1 frame/token
using single-frame operation? Using multiple token operation?
Single-frame operation:

Multi-token operation:

c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) if the transmission speed is 2.5 Gbps.
R = 2.5 Gbps

Unlimited number of frames per token:

Single-frame operation:

Multi-token operation:

27. Calculate the parameter "a" and the maximum throughput for a Gigabit Ethernet hub with stations at a 100meter distance and average frame size of 512 bytes; 1500 bytes; and 64,000 bytes.
Solution:
d = 100
Tprop = 0.0000005
R = 1.00E+09
512

1500

64000

0.12207

0.041667

0.000977

Throughput

0.56

0.788525

0.993754

43. Suppose that a 1 MHz channel can support a 1 Mbps transmission rate. The channel is to be shared by 10
stations. Each station receives frames with exponential inter-arrivals and rate =50 frames /second and frames are
constant length L = 1000 bits. Compare the total frame delay of a system that uses FDMA to a system that uses
TDMA.
Solution:
Given:

R = 1 Mbps
L = 1000 bits
M = 10 stations
X = L/R = (1000 bits)/(1000000 bits/sec) = 1x103 sec
= (/M)(X x M) = 50(10x103) = 0.5
For FDMA:
Total Packet Delay = [M/( 2(1-)) + M/2 + M] E[X]
= [(0.5)(10)/(2(1 0.5)) + 10/2 + 10][10-3]
= [20] [10-3] = 0.02
For TDMA:
Total Packet Delay = [M/(2(1 )) + M/2 + 1]E[X]
= [(0.5)(10)/(2(1 0.5)) + 10/2 + 1] [10-3]
-3

= [11] [10 ] = 0.011


Both TDMA and FDMA are sensitive to the number of stations. We can observe that TDMA
outperforms FDMA because of the faster frame transmission time.
51. Suppose N stations are connected to an extended Ethernet LAN, as shown below, operating at the rate of 10
Mbps. Assume that the efficiency of each Ethernet is 80 percent. Also assume that each station transmits frames at
the average rate of R bps, and each frame is equally likely to be destined to any station (including to itself). What is
the maximum number of stations, N, that can be supported if R is equal to 100 kbps? If the bridge is replaced with a
repeater, what is the maximum number of stations that can be supported? (Assume that the efficiency of the entire
Ethernet is still 80 percent.)

Solution:
10 Mbps LAN
R = 100 kbps
efficiency = 0.80
Bridge:
Each station is equally likely to transmit to any other stations in the extended LAN. Then R/2 traffic is
local.

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