LTE Radio Link Budgeting: Typical Parameter Values

LTE Radio Link Budgeting
Typical Parameter Values

signal attenuation g
between the mobile and the base station antenna. The maximum path loss
allows the maximum cell range to be estimated with a suitable propagation
model. The cell range gives the number of base station sites required to cover
the target geographical area.The following table shows typical (practical)
parameter values used for doing an LTE Radio Link Budget.
The link budget calculations estimate the maximum allowed
Parameter
Typical Value
Base Station maximum transmission power. A typical value for macro cell base 43 48 dBm
station is 20-69 W at the antenna connector.
Base Station Antenna Gain
Cable loss between the base station antenna connector and the antenna. The 1 6 dB
cable loss value depends on the cable length, cable thickness and frequency
band. Many installations today use RF heads where the power amplifiers are
close to the antenna making the cable loss very small.
Base Station EIRP, Calculated as A + B - C
UE RF noise figure. Depends on the frequency band. Duplex separation and on 6 11 dB

the allocated bandwidth.
Terminal noise can be calculated as:

K (Boltzmann constant) x T (290K) x bandwidth.
Manufacturer
Dependent
-104.5 dBm for

resource
blocks
MHz)
50
(9
The bandwidth depends on bit rate, which defines the number of resource
blocks. We assume 50 resource blocks, equal 9 MHz, transmission for 1 Mbps
downlink.
Calculated as E + F
Signal-to-noise ratio from link simulations or measurements. The value depends -9 to -7 dB

on the modulation and coding schemes, which again depend on the data rate
and the number of resource blocks allocated.
Calculated as G + H
Interference margin accounts for the increase in the terminal noise level caused 3 8 dB
by the other cell. If we assume a minimum G-factor of -4 dB, that corresponds
to 10*Log10(1+10^(4/10)) = 5.5 dB interference margin.
Control channel overhead includes the overhead from reference signals,
10 25 % =
PBCH, PDCCH and PHICH.
0.4 1.0 dB
UE antenna gain.
Manufacturer
Dependent
Body loss
Device Dependent
Uplink Budget
The table below shows an example LTE link budget for the uplink from [1],
assuming a 64 kbps data rate and two resource block allocation (giving a 360
kHz transmission bandwidth). The UE terminal power is assumed to be 24
dBm (without any body loss for a data connection). It is assumed that the
eNode B receiver has a noise figure of 2.0 dB, and the required Signal to
Noise and Interference Ratio (SINR) has been taken from link level
simulations performed in [1]. An interference margin of 2.0 dB is assumed. A
cable loss of 2 dB is considered, which is compensated by assuming a
masthead amplifier (MHA) that introduces a gain of 2.0 dB. An RX antenna

gain of 18.0 is assumed considering a 3-sector macro-cell (with 65-degree
antennas). In conclusion the maximum allowed path loss becomes 163.4 dB.
Uplink Link Budget for 64 kbps with dual-antenna receiver base station
Data rate (kbps)
64
Transmitter UE
a
Max. TX power (dBm)
24.0
TX antenna gain (dBi)
0.0
Body loss (dB)
0.0
EIRP (dBm)
24.0 = a + b + c
Receiver eNode B
e
Node B noise figure (dB)
2.0
Thermal noise (dBm)
-118.4 = k(Boltzmann) * T(290K)* B(360kHz)
Receiver noise floor (dBm)
-116.4 = e + f
SINR (dB)
-7.0 From Simulations performed in [1]
Receiver sensitivity (dBm)
-123.4 = g + h
Interference Margin (dB)
2.0
Cable Loss (dB)
2.0
RX antenna gain (dBi)
18.0
MHA gain (dB)
2.0
Maximum path loss
163.4 = d i j k + l - m
The table below shows an example LTE link budget
Downlink Budget
The table below shows an example LTE link budget for the downlink from [1],
assuming a 1 Mbps data rate (assuming antenna diversity) and 10 MHz
bandwidth. The eNode B power is assumed to be 46 dBm, a value typical
among most manufacturers. Again the SINR value is taken from link level
simulations performed in [1]. A 3 dB interference margin and a 1 dB control
channel overhead are assumed, and the maximum allowed path loss
becomes 165.5 dB.
Downlink Link Budget for 1 Mbps with dual-antenna receiver terminal
Data rate (Mbps)
Transmitter eNode B
a
HS-DSCH power (dBm)
46.0
TX antenna gain (dBi)
18.0
Cable loss (dB)
2.0
EIRP (dBm)
62.0 = a + b + c
Receiver UE
UE noise figure (dB)
7.0
Thermal noise (dBm)
-104.5 = k(Boltzmann) * T(290K)* B(360kHz)
Receiver noise floor (dBm)
-97.5 = e + f
SINR (dB)
-10.0 From Simulations performed in [1]
Receiver sensitivity (dBm)
-107.5 = g + h
Interference Margin (dB)
3.0
Control Channel Overhead (dB)
1.0
RX antenna gain (dBi)
0.0
Body Loss (dB)
0.0
Maximum path loss
165.5 = d i j k + l - m
The table below shows an example LTE link budget
Propagation (Path Loss) Models

A propagation model describes the average signal propagation, and it converts the maximum
allowed propagation loss to the maximum cell range. It depends on:
Environment : urban, rural, dense urban, suburban, open, forest, sea
Distance
Frequency
atmospheric conditions
Indoor/outdoor
Common examples include Free space, WalfishIkegami, OkumuraHata, LongleyRice, Lee

and Young's models. The most commonly used model in urban environments is the OkumuraHata model as described below:
For Urban Areas:
For Small and Medium-sized cities:
For Large cities:
where:
Mapping of Path Losses to Cell Sizes

For a path loss of 164 dB, based on the assumptions shown in the table
below the following cell ranges can be attained with LTE. The cell range is
shown for 900, 1800, 2100 and 2500 MHz frequency bands.
Assumptions
OkumuraHata parameter
Urban
Indoor
Suburban
Indoor
Rural
Indoor
Rural
outdoor
fixed
Base station antenna height (m)
30
50
80
80
Mobile antenna height (m)
1.5
1.5
1.5
Mobile antenna gain (dBi) 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
Slow fading standard deviation (dB)
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
Location probability (%)
95
95
95
95
Correction factor (dB)
-5
-15
-15
Indoor loss (dB)
20
15
Slow fading margin (dB)
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.8
Cell Size in Km
Comparison to Other Radio Access Technologies

In comparison to other Radio Access Technologies such as GSM or UMTS, LTE does not
provide a significant increase in cell size or path loss measurements, however, the data rate
(services) provided is much superior. In contrast to HSPA link budgets, the LTE Link
budgets show up to roughly 2 dB higher values, which is mainly a result of low

interference margins that can be achieved with orthogonal modulation.

LTE Radio Link Budgeting: Typical Parameter Values

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LTE Radio Link Budgeting

Typical Parameter Values

Base Station Antenna Gain

Base Station EIRP, Calculated as A + B - C

UE RF noise figure. Depends on the frequency band. Duplex separation and on 6 11 dB

Terminal noise can be calculated as:

-104.5 dBm for

Signal-to-noise ratio from link simulations or measurements. The value depends -9 to -7 dB

Control channel overhead includes the overhead from reference signals,

PBCH, PDCCH and PHICH.

masthead amplifier (MHA) that introduces a gain of 2.0 dB. An RX antenna

Data rate (kbps)

Max. TX power (dBm)

TX antenna gain (dBi)

Body loss (dB)

Node B noise figure (dB)

Thermal noise (dBm)

-118.4 = k(Boltzmann) * T(290K)* B(360kHz)

Receiver noise floor (dBm)

-7.0 From Simulations performed in [1]

Receiver sensitivity (dBm)

Interference Margin (dB)

Cable Loss (dB)

RX antenna gain (dBi)

MHA gain (dB)

Maximum path loss

The table below shows an example LTE link budget

Data rate (Mbps)

HS-DSCH power (dBm)

TX antenna gain (dBi)

Cable loss (dB)

UE noise figure (dB)

Thermal noise (dBm)

-104.5 = k(Boltzmann) * T(290K)* B(360kHz)

Receiver noise floor (dBm)

-10.0 From Simulations performed in [1]

Receiver sensitivity (dBm)

Interference Margin (dB)

Control Channel Overhead (dB)

RX antenna gain (dBi)

Body Loss (dB)

Maximum path loss

The table below shows an example LTE link budget

Propagation (Path Loss) Models

Environment : urban, rural, dense urban, suburban, open, forest, sea

Common examples include Free space, WalfishIkegami, OkumuraHata, LongleyRice, Lee

For Small and Medium-sized cities:

For Large cities:

Mapping of Path Losses to Cell Sizes

Base station antenna height (m)

Mobile antenna height (m)

Mobile antenna gain (dBi) 0

Slow fading standard deviation (dB)

Location probability (%)

Correction factor (dB)

Indoor loss (dB)

Slow fading margin (dB)

Comparison to Other Radio Access Technologies