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    How To Form Nanoparticles

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    Kelvin Tan
    There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanoparticles - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down approaches involve mechanically processing larger materials into smaller nanoparticles, while bottom-up approaches build nanoparticles from individual atoms and molecules through chemical reactions like pyrolysis or solvothermal methods. Bottom-up synthesis allows for precise control at the nanoscale but top-down approaches are better for making macroscale connections. Common bottom-up techniques include dissolving precursors in solvents for nanocrystal growth or using vapor precursors that decompose to form nanoparticles.

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    How To Form Nanoparticles

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    Kelvin Tan
    48 views4 pages
    There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanoparticles - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down approaches involve mechanically processing larger materials into smaller nanoparticles, while bottom-up approaches build nanoparticles from individual atoms and molecules through chemical reactions like pyrolysis or solvothermal methods. Bottom-up synthesis allows for precise control at the nanoscale but top-down approaches are better for making macroscale connections. Common bottom-up techniques include dissolving precursors in solvents for nanocrystal growth or using vapor precursors that decompose to form nanoparticles.

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    There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanoparticles - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down approaches involve mechanically processing larger materials into smaller nanoparticles, while bottom-up approaches build nanoparticles from individual atoms and molecules through chemical reactions like pyrolysis or solvothermal methods. Bottom-up synthesis allows for precise control at the nanoscale but top-down approaches are better for making macroscale connections. Common bottom-up techniques include dissolving precursors in solvents for nanocrystal growth or using vapor precursors that decompose to form nanoparticles.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    48 views4 pages

    How To Form Nanoparticles

    Uploaded by

    Kelvin Tan
    There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanoparticles - top-down and bottom-up. Top-down approaches involve mechanically processing larger materials into smaller nanoparticles, while bottom-up approaches build nanoparticles from individual atoms and molecules through chemical reactions like pyrolysis or solvothermal methods. Bottom-up synthesis allows for precise control at the nanoscale but top-down approaches are better for making macroscale connections. Common bottom-up techniques include dissolving precursors in solvents for nanocrystal growth or using vapor precursors that decompose to form nanoparticles.

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    How to form nanoparticles

    Nanoparticles which are chemicals or objects with dimensions of 1-100nm can be


    synthesized through top down and bottom up processes [1, 2]. The top down approach
    dealing with large piece of material and process it into smaller size by milling, grinding
    or electron beam machining. The mechanical process usually yield particle of various size
    distributions in the range of (10 -1000nm) of different particle shape [5]. The method has
    the advantage for the application of nanocomposite due to its superior possibility of
    interconnection and integration to improve the particular property of a material [6].
    For bottom up approach it involves the use of single atoms and molecules for building
    block of structures [2]. The methods can be further classified into vapor phase and liquid
    phase fabrication. Pyrolysis and solvothermal reaction are the examples for the synthesis
    method in each phase where the pyrolysis happens in vapor phase while the latter occurs
    in liquid phase [5]. Pyrolysis will result in aggregates and agglomerates through
    thermodecompostion of vaporous precursor at high pressure and elevated temperature.
    The oxide particles will then be recovered by air classified the resulting solid. For
    solvothermal reaction, the precursor mainly dissolved in hot non aqueous solvents for
    growing nanocrystal. Both the methods promised low cost, simple, continuous operation
    and high yield [3]. Refer to Figure 1 and 2 in appendix for the detail synthesis process.
    In comparison with both the top down and bottom up approach, top down methods are
    good for structures that make macroscopic connections and possess the property of long
    range order. Whereas, bottom up approaches are good for fabricate and establishing short
    range order at nanoscale dimensions [4].
    References
    [1] Kennedy, Chris. 2014. What are nanoparticles.
    http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Divisions/CMSE/Nanosafety/What-arenanoparticles.aspx
    [2] Kulkarni, Lokesh. 2009. Synthesis And Characterization of Nanoparticles.
    http://ise.tamu.edu/metrology/Group%20Seminars/Synthesis%20and%20Characterizatio
    n%20of%20Nanoparticles.pdf
    [3] Mandal, Ananya. 2015. Synthesis of Nanoparticle. Accessed March 3,
    http://www.news-medical.net/health/Synthesis-of-Nanoparticles.aspx
    [4] Picraux, Tom. 2014. Nanotechnology.
    http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/962484/nanotechnology/236451/Communic
    ations#toc236452

    [5] Overney, Rene. 2010. Nanoparticle Synthesis. Accessed March 3,


    http://courses.washington.edu/overney/NME498_Material/NME498_Lectures/Lecture4Overney-NP-Synthesis.pdf
    [6] Public Health. 2015. Nanotechnologies. Accessed March 3,
    http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/nanotechnologies/l3/4-nanoparticle-formation.htm#0p0

    Appendix

    Figure 1: Vapor phase fabrication process [3]

    Figure 2: Liquid phase fabrication process [3]

    Top-down approaches are good for producing structures with


    long-range order and for making macroscopic connections, while
    bottom-up approaches are best suited for assembly and
    establishing short-range order at nanoscale dimensions.
    simple process, low cost, continuous operation and high yield.
    are the example of methods that used to build the nanoparticle atom-by
    atom through chemical reaction.

    In pyrolysis, a vaporous precursor (liquid or gas) is forced through a hole or


    opening at high pressure and burned. The resulting solid is air classified to
    recover oxide particles from by-product gases. Pyrolysis often results in
    aggregates and agglomerates rather than singleton primary particles.
    Precursors are dissolved in hot solvents (e.g., n-butyl alcohol) and solvent
    other than water can provide milder and friendlier reaction conditions If the
    solvent is water then the process is referred to as hydrothermal method.
    growth and self assembly from single atoms or molecules for

    Take a large hunk of material and drill/blast/mechanically process it into


    tiny nano-sized pieces. This is the top-down approach. Another way to
    think about this is making big stuff smaller.
    2. Take a molecule, or a simple salt , that has the right atoms, and perform
    a chemical reaction to build the nanoparticle atom-by-atom. This is
    the bottom-up approach. Another way to think about this is making
    small stuff bigger.
    Nanotechnology is dependent on nanostructures that require creation and

    characterization. Two fundamentally different approaches for the controlled


    generation of nanostructures have evolved. On one hand there is growth and self
    assembly, from the bottom up, involving single atoms and molecules. On the other
    hand there is the top- down approach in which the powerful techniques of lithography
    and etching start with large uniform pieces of material and generate the required
    nanostructures from them. Both methods have inherent advantages. Top down
    assembly methods are currently superior for the possibility of interconnection and
    integration, as in electronic circuitry.
    Bottom-up assembly is very powerful in creating identical structures

    with atomic precision, such as the supramolecular functional entities in living


    organisms. In many different fields of nanoscale science, e.g. the production of
    semiconductor quantum dots for lasers, the production of nanoparticles by self
    organization, and the generation of vesicles from lipids, self organization is used for
    the generation of functional nanometre sized objects. To date, man made self
    organised structures (Niemeyer 2001) remain much simpler than natures complex
    self organised processes and structures

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