COMPOSITE and Nano Materials SASTRA University 1st Year

UNIT - IV
This document contains key points in Unit IV. This may useful to revise the already learned
concepts in this unit
COMPOSITE
Composite: Combination of two or more individual materials.
Purpose: To obtain a more desirable combination of properties (principle of combined
action) e.g., low density and high strength.
Terminology/Classification:
Composite: Multiphase material that is artificially made.
Phase types: Matrix – it is continuous phase and
Dispersed– it is discontinuous and
surrounded by matrix.
Matrix phase: Purposes are to transfer stress to dispersed phase, to protect dispersed phase
from environment.
Types: MMC, CMC, PMC.
Dispersed phase: Purposes are, for MMC to increase y, TS, creep resist; for CMC to
increase KIc; for PMC to increase E, y, TS, creep resist.
Types: particle, fiber, structural
Classification chart:
Department of Chemistry 1
School of Chemical & Biotechnology
Nanomaterials
Classification based on dimension
Based on the growth dimensionality, nanomaterials are classified as zero-dimensional, one-
dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanomaterials. Common types of
nanomaterials include nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots and fullerenes.
(a) Zero-dimensional nanomaterials

When all three dimensions are measured within the nanoscale, they are called as zero-
dimensional materials. It can be metallic, amorphous, crystalline and composed of single or
multi-chemical elements.
(b) One-dimensional nanomaterials
When two dimensions are in the nanoscale and one-dimension is allowed to grow bigger than
nanoscale. The examples of one-dimensional nanostructures are nanowire and nanotubes,
nanorods.
(c) Two-dimensional nanomaterials
When one-dimension is confined to nanoscale and other two dimensions are allowed to grow
they exhibit thin film or sheet like nanostructures. Examples of two-dimensional
nanomaterials are nano-films, nano-sheets, and nano-sheets.
(d) Three-dimensional nanomaterials
Three-dimensional nanomaterials are aggregation of smaller nanostructured materials that
includes nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanospheres into three-dimensional
architectures. In three-dimensional nanomaterials, the dimensions are not restricted to the
nanoscale rather the aggregated materials would have any one of the dimension in the
nanoscale.
Ball Milling:
Mechanical methods offer the least expensive ways to produce nanomaterials in bulk. Ball
milling is perhaps the simplest of them all. Ball milling produces nanomaterials by
mechanical attrition in which kinetic energy from a grinding medium is transferred to a
material undergoing reduction.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
This process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce high-purity, high-
performance thin films. In a typical CVD process, the substrate is exposed to volatile
precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce the desired
film. Frequently, volatile by products that are produced are removed by gas flow through the
reaction chamber. The quality of the deposited materials strongly depends on the reaction
temperature, the reaction rate, and the concentration of the precursors. The advantages of this
method include the uniform coating of the nanoparticles or nano film. However, this process
has limitations including the higher temperatures required, and it is difficult to scaleup.
Physical vapour deposition (PVD)

Physical vapour deposition (PVD) is basically method of fabricating metals, metal oxides,
and metallic alloys nanostructured thin-film coating process usually in the range of nanoscale
to microns. It involves physically depositing atoms, ions or molecules without undergoing
any change chemically on to a substrate under controlled atmosphere at reduced pressure.
PVD process comprises three steps such as evaporation of coating materials, vapour transport
and condensation of gases onto the substrate surface. The vaporization of coating materials or
precursors can be accomplished by different heating methods including electric resistance
heating or ion bombardment. Since the process is carried-out under reduced pressure, the
temperature required for converting the solid precursor to vapour state will be significantly
lower than the corresponding melting temperature of precursor at atmospheric pressure. The
vaporization at relatively lower temperature than the melting point and absence of air
prevents decomposition as well as oxidation of precursor at the heating temperature. The
evaporated atoms/molecules travel cone-shaped path before striking a solid substrate. Since
the process is carried-out in a vacuum chamber, it practically eliminates interruption of other
gas molecules. The substrate surface to be coated is usually placed either directly above the
source at room temperature. The substrate can be metals, polymers or other soft materials
since it is kept at low temperature end. The interaction of vapours at relatively cool substrate
surface leads to condensation, nucleation and growth of nanostructured thin films.
Self assembly (DNA-directed self-assembly of AuNPs):
Self-assembly is a phenomenon where the components of a system assemble themselves
spontaneously via an interaction to form a larger functional unit. This spontaneous
organization can be due to direct specific interaction and/or indirectly through their
environment. Due to the increasing technological advancements, the study of materials in the
nanometre scale is becoming more important. The ability to assemble nanoparticles into well-
defined configuration in space is crucial to the development of electronic devices that are
small but can contain plenty of information. The spatial arrangements of these self-assembled
nanoparticles can be potentially used to build increasingly complex structures leading to a
wide variety of materials that can be used for different purposes.
At the molecular level, intermolecular force hold the spontaneous gathering of
molecules into a well-defined and stable structure together. In chemical solutions, self-
assembly is an outcome of random motion of molecules and the affinity of their binding sites
for one another. In the area of nanotechnology, developing a simple, efficient method to
organize molecules and molecular clusters into precise, pre-determined structure is crucial.
The self-assembly of nanoparticles onto surface patterns can be driven by a number of

processes, such as electrostatic interaction, chemical binding, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic
interaction. DNA-directed selfassembly is unmatched by other self-assembly techniques due
to its unlimited programmability, which allows the encoding of specific adsorption sites for a
multitude of different nanometer-sized building blocks.
AuNPs based anti-cancer agents:
The development of AuNP-based strategies for the eradication of cancer cells is important,
because effective therapies are frequently not available for rapidly progressing cancers. So
far, many of the studies on AuNPs suggest that cancer cells are especially vulnerable to these
particles. Thus, AuNP-based treatment can destroy cancer cells, with minimal injury to
healthy cells.
The therapeutic value of AuNPs is based on (i) their distinctive physical properties
and (ii) their ability to interact with tumors and damage cancer cells. Thus, the enhanced
permeability and retention (EPR) characteristics of many, but not all, tumors facilitate AuNP
infiltration into the tumor. Due to this passive targeting, AuNPs (~6-200 nm) access the
tumor tissue, where they accumulate in the extracellular matrix before entering the cells.
Following their association with tumor cells, AuNPs promote unique ways of killing. They
can destroy cancer cells by photothermal ablation, as exemplified by AuroShell, through
mechanical damage, or as drug delivery systems for anticancer agents, such as tumor necrosis
factor or doxorubicin.
Memristors :
Memristors are basically a fourth class of electrical circuit, joining the resistor, the capacitor,
and the inductor, that exhibit their unique properties primarily at the nanoscale. Theoretically,
Memristors, a concatenation of “memory resistors”, are a type of passive circuit elements that
maintain a relationship between the time integrals of current and voltage across a two
terminal element. Thus, a memristors resistance varies according to a devices memristance
function, allowing, via tiny read charges, access to a “history” of applied voltage. The
material implementation of memristive effects can be determined in part by the presence of
hysteresis (an accelerating rate of change as an object moves from one state to another)
which, like many other non-linear “anomalies” in contemporary circuit theory, turns out to be
less an anomaly than a fundamental property of passive circuitry.
Memristor is the short name for ‘memoryresistor’ which was first reported by Chua.
However, in recent years, the fabrication and characterization of such devices have attracted
much attention due to excessive developments in micro-and nano- technologies, especially in
semiconductor nanomaterials and nanostructures. With regard to realization of memristor,
several techniques were reported including device configurations using Pt/TiO 2/Pt,
Si/SiO2/Si, andAl/TiO2/Al. ZnO is a very interesting material due to its superior electrical and
mechanical properties. Hydrothermal growth is regarded as a low cost method to synthesize
ZnO nanostructures and was used by many previous works. In addition to developments of
memristor in chip scale, discrete memristive devices are equally attractive, as they can be
important in hybrid analog circuits or sensors.
Single crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, having diameters of 7, 9, 12, and
15 nm with the well-controlled size monodispersity (σ≈5%), were prepared by using a
nonhydrolytic chemical method. Owing to the fact that the synthesized nanoparticles were
coated with organic molecular layers, which can strongly affect electronic transport
behaviors, their surface ligands were carefully removed by using a chemical method
employing washing with tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution to have clean and pristine
inorganic surface. The nanoparticle assemblies in the form of the compact pellets (0.5×1×4
mm) were then made by cold-pressing in a die under 160 Pa for 15 min.
Silver Nanoparticles for Drinking Water Purification: They are effective in removing
more than 99% of protozoa and 90-99.99% of bacteria from Drinking Water. However, a
high removal of viruses is not achieved.
Titanium dioxide has become the material of choice for self-cleaning windows, and
hydrophilic self-cleaning surfaces in general, because of its favorable physical and chemical
properties.

COMPOSITE and Nano Materials SASTRA University 1st Year

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPOSITE and Nano Materials SASTRA University 1st Year

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPOSITE and Nano Materials SASTRA University 1st Year

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT - IV

(a) Zero-dimensional nanomaterials

Physical vapour deposition (PVD)

The self-assembly of nanoparticles onto surface patterns can be driven by a number of

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.