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    Jobling Hires

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    Dumitru Acatrinei
    This document provides biographical information about Boris Jobling, the artist who created the anatomical drawings contained within. It describes that Jobling was born in Russia in 1893 but emigrated to England in 1920. He got a job working for the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research in 1921 as an artist and entomologist. Over his career he published numerous papers and provided illustrations for publications on topics including protozoa, ticks, flies, and more. His drawings were praised for their detail, accuracy, and artistic skill in depicting scientific subjects. Jobling worked for the Wellcome organization until his retirement in 1958.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Jobling Hires

    Uploaded by

    Dumitru Acatrinei
    384 views128 pages
    This document provides biographical information about Boris Jobling, the artist who created the anatomical drawings contained within. It describes that Jobling was born in Russia in 1893 but emigrated to England in 1920. He got a job working for the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research in 1921 as an artist and entomologist. Over his career he published numerous papers and provided illustrations for publications on topics including protozoa, ticks, flies, and more. His drawings were praised for their detail, accuracy, and artistic skill in depicting scientific subjects. Jobling worked for the Wellcome organization until his retirement in 1958.

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    realistic insect drawings

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    This document provides biographical information about Boris Jobling, the artist who created the anatomical drawings contained within. It describes that Jobling was born in Russia in 1893 but emigrated to England in 1920. He got a job working for the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research in 1921 as an artist and entomologist. Over his career he published numerous papers and provided illustrations for publications on topics including protozoa, ticks, flies, and more. His drawings were praised for their detail, accuracy, and artistic skill in depicting scientific subjects. Jobling worked for the Wellcome organization until his retirement in 1958.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    384 views128 pages

    Jobling Hires

    Uploaded by

    Dumitru Acatrinei
    This document provides biographical information about Boris Jobling, the artist who created the anatomical drawings contained within. It describes that Jobling was born in Russia in 1893 but emigrated to England in 1920. He got a job working for the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research in 1921 as an artist and entomologist. Over his career he published numerous papers and provided illustrations for publications on topics including protozoa, ticks, flies, and more. His drawings were praised for their detail, accuracy, and artistic skill in depicting scientific subjects. Jobling worked for the Wellcome organization until his retirement in 1958.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 128
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    The document contains anatomical drawings and descriptions of various biting fly species created by Boris Jobling. It provides information on the anatomy, histology, physiology, taxonomy and medical importance of these flies.

    The document contains previously unpublished anatomical drawings of various biting fly species created by Boris Jobling to make them widely available and draw attention to his collection. The drawings serve as an anatomical atlas and illustrations for teaching about aspects of fly anatomy.

    The document discusses the anatomical structures of various fly species including the mouthparts, cibarium, pharynx, crop, alimentary canal, peritrophic membrane, abdominal fat body and female reproductive organs.

    LIBRARY

    OF Til E

    JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

    COLLECTION
    OF TH E

    WILLIAM H . WELCH MEDICAL LIBRARY

    Anatomical drawings of biting flies

    Boris Jobling

    Boris Jobling just before his retirement in 1958.

    Anatotnical drawings of biting flies

    Boris Jobling

    Prepared for publication by David J. Lewis

    Department of Entomology

    British Museum (Natural History)


    produced in association with the Wellcome Trust

    Contents
    Introduction
    The artist

    7
    9

    The Jobling collection

    10

    The species illustrated here


    Abbreviations

    11

    12

    The drawings
    The sandfly- Phlebotomus papatasi
    (Figures 1-113)
    The mosquito - Aedes aegypti
    (Figures 114-195)
    The blackfly - Simulium
    (Figures 196---239)

    49

    69

    The deerfly - Chrysops caecutiens


    (Figures 240-295)
    The stablefly - Stomoxys calcitrans
    (Figures 296-356)
    References 117

    17

    81
    101

    Acknowledgements
    Sincere thanks are due to the following. Dr A. J. Duggan facilitated Jobling's later work, conserved
    his collection, and made the drawings available for publication. Dr L. A. Mound, Keeper of
    Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), provided working facilities for D.J.L., supported
    the proposal to publish this work, and provided editorial expertise. Mr Jobling and his son
    Mr Edwin Jobling gave much information, and Dr L. G. Goodwin, C.M.G., F.R.S., Honorary
    Director of the Wellcome Museum in 1984, provided facilities there. Dr R. P. Lane made many
    helpful suggestions. Mr Jobling, while in Egypt, received much help from the late Dr H . Hoogstraal,
    American Naval Research Unit No. 3, Mr H. Lomas, Wellcome Foundation Office in Cairo, and Mrs
    Lomas.

    Introduction
    The late Boris Jobling was employed by the Wellcome Organization and made numerous insect and
    other drawings of high scientific and artistic quality. Of these, 356 were not published, and are
    reproduced here to make them widely available and to draw attention to the whole Jobling
    collection of specimens and drawings in the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science, London, which
    is now administered by the Wellcome Trust (1985).
    Failing eye-sight prevented Jobling from completing a text for the drawings, and in 1981 Dr A. ].
    Duggan, then Director of the Museum, consulted me about them . I offered to prepare them for
    publication and provide an introductory text. The drawings alone, with occasional reference to
    Richards & Davies (1977) or similar text-books on entomology, serve as an anatomical atlas of these
    representative species of biting flies. Specialised publications are cited for further information.
    The drawings are useful for teaching and illustrate aspects of anatomy, histology, physiology,
    taxonomy and medical entomology. Regarding the last, some of the sensilla, for instance, guide a fly
    to its host, which may be a reservoir of disease. The structure of the mouth parts determines the
    nature and depth of a wound, and thus influences the uptake and subsequent deposition of
    pathogenic organisms. The cibarium and pharynx are part of the parasites' route into and out of a
    fly. Saliva, secreted by glands, is essential for the feeding process and for transmission of some
    parasites, and often causes irritation to man. The crop of sandflies stores sugar which is necessary
    for the development of Leishmania. In the alimentary canal some parasites are greatly influenced by
    the nature of the epithelium, and by the peritrophic membrane (Gemetchu, 1974; Le Berre, 1967)
    which prevents many from developing . In some sandflies an abundant abdominal fat-body is an
    indicator of autogeny. The female reproductive organs are used in the basic estimation of physiological age in relation to disease.
    One may well ask what is the place of art in a scientific work. Lapage (1961) gives the answer and
    points out, inter alia, that some objects depicted already have an element of beauty, that scientific
    preparation precedes the artist's work, and that he must exercise his talent without sacrificing
    accuracy. Jobling has achieved a vivid realism which calls attention to the often obscure objects
    portrayed.

    Digitization
    I rst became aware of Joblings drawings several years ago during a seminar at Johns Hopkins
    University in Baltimore, Maryland. Despite having worked in the medical entomology eld for a
    number of years, I had not previously encountered an adequate presentation of the anatomical
    features of hematophagous insects. Indeed, it was a common source of frustration in the lab when we
    would seek to identify an internal anatomical structure, most often in the context of a marked
    transgenic mosquito strain, that we would ultimately be resigned to make inference from the
    homologous features of a model insect whose anatomy was thoroughly described and readily
    available. Generally, this meant making comparisons with the fruit y Drosophila melanogaster, which
    was inadequate not only because it is not hematophagous, but also because its most recent ancestor
    shared with mosquitoes is estimated to have lived more than 250 mya.
    It was therefore with great excitement that I obtained a copy of this work from The William H.
    Welch medical library to use during the preparation of my doctoral dissertation. Joblings
    illustrations proved so useful that I sought to acquire my own copy of the book, only to nd out that
    it was long out of print. Retaining copies of these beautiful sketches for my own reference was
    suciently important that I decided to digitize the entire work myself manually. This electronic
    document, representing more than 80 hours of work, is the result of that process.
    Each page of the original book, including the front and back covers, was scanned at 300 dpi as an
    8-bit grayscale TIFF. The content in each of these 127 images was individually aligned and centered
    on an 8.5 x 11 inch page, taking care to retain the scale of the gures on each page, although the
    original page size was A4. The text on each page was recognized electronically and made
    searachable. The light gray background noise of the scanned images was removed manually during
    processing, except in cases where it would aect the texture of the drawing. This resulted in an
    interesting eect on the processed drawings that I like to think slightly enhances their
    three-dimensional appearance.
    It is my hope that converting these drawings to a modern, digital format will aid in their
    dissemination among researchers old and new as well as anyone who would not otherwise have had
    the opportunity to experience such truly extraordinary works of art.
    John R. Clayton
    October 2012

    Boris Jobling at work in 1955.

    The artist
    Boris Jobling's grandfather John was born about 1834, served in the Royal Navy, and became a
    railway engineer near Newcastle. He was a Chartist, and the unpopularity of the movement led him
    to emigrate to Russia. He married in 1865 and his son Edwin John became a mechanical engineer
    and married Agripina, a Russian who became British by marriage. Boris was born at Gorbatka,
    260 km east of Moscow, . on 26 December 1893. He studied science and art at the Rial secondary
    school in the neighbouring town of Murom, and from 1915 to 1919 entomology and protozoology at
    the Shaniavsky University, Moscow. He then taught natural history at his old school and became an
    assistant at the Freshwater Biological Station on the River Oka. He was imprisoned briefly in the
    aftermath of the revolution, and in 1920 he and the late C. A. Hoare (Garnham, 1984) were
    repatriated. Boris crossed the Russian frontier into Finland and travelled to the port of Hanko where
    he met Hoare, and Ada Braithwaite whom he was to marry in 1925. They sailed in the S.S. Dongola
    which was sent by the British Government to fetch refugees, and reached England in March. Boris
    lived in the Mitcham Institute for Refugees and later in a rooming house in Charleville Road,
    Kensington. He died at Guildford on 26 April 1986 and is survived by his wife and a son and
    daughter.
    Jobling worked as a private artist for Hoare, and his skill was noticed by the late C. M. Wenyon
    who was preparing his great work on protozoology. Jobling was taken on as a temporary artist in
    1921 by the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research which had been founded in 1913 (Duggan,
    1981), and in 1923 was appointed to the staff as entomologist by Sir Henry Wellcome. The Bureau
    was a unique etablishment, a scientific institute devoted to fundamental research on problems
    connected with tropical medicine and parasitology (Goodwin & Bruce-Chwatt, 1986). Jobling
    worked at Wellcome's Entomological Research Station at Wisley, later at Claremont, Esher, and
    during the Second World War moved to the Wellcome Research Institution in Euston Road,
    London. In the 1950s he visited Egypt to study Phlebotomus papatasi. He retired from the service of
    the Wellcome Foundation Limited on 31 December 1958 and became a Fellow of the Institute of
    Biology in 1966.
    He published 23 papers between 1925 and 1940, 13 between 1947 and 1959, and one in 1976. Most
    were on Streblidae (parasites of bats), but other subjects were Phlebotomus (1976), Culicidae (1935a,
    1936, 1938b), Culicoides (1928a, 1953), Muscidae (1935b), Glossinidae (1933), Hippoboscidae (1926),
    Nycteribiidae (1928b), the tick Ornithodoros (1925) and supports for cover-glasses (1938a). The tick
    paper and the first one on Culicoides were described respectively as a 'well illustrated paper' and a
    'finely illustrated anatomical study' by Alcock (1925, 1928). Buxton (1955: 51), in his book on the
    tsetse flies, used Jobling's 'detailed and beautifully illustrated work' on the structure of the feeding
    apparatus.
    Jobling contributed illustrations of Protozoa for several publications. Wenyon (1926) referred to
    his 'knowledge of biology combined with his artistic skill' and many original drawings. Hoare (1949)
    thanked his colleague for coloured plates, and (1972) 'was fortunate in having the assistance of my
    friend Mr B. Jobling, F.l. Biol., whose artistic skill and knowledge of the subject ensured faithful
    execution of the original illustrations and the reproduction of numerous figures from other sources'.
    Jobling painted malaria parasites for James (1929: 273) and James, Nicol & Shute (1938: pl. 11), and
    for plate 2 of Shute & Maryon (1960) which was copied for Wilcocks & Manson-Bahr (1972: 959). He
    also illustrated Orthoptera for B. P. Uvarov.
    Goodwin & Bruce-Chwatt (1986) described Jobling as 'one of the very finest entomological artists
    in the classical style'.

    The Jobling collection


    This is in the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science, 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BP.

    General morphology of the head in Diptera


    There are 87 drawings, in nine groups, and 55 typed pages of unpublished text on sutures and the
    tentorium, and on mouth parts. The drawings include the antennae of Pangonia and Tabanus. The
    term sialophore is proposed for the "hypopharynx" of Diptera, which Jobling regards as the
    modified dorsal wall of the labium.

    Drawings of the morphology of biting flies


    These comprise many already published, such as 57 in his 1928 paper on the head of Culicoides, and
    the originals of those reproduced here.

    Microscope slides
    These include thousands of sections used for the drawings.

    Protozoa
    There are hundreds of drawings, including many for Wenyon's work (1926), the plates of which
    were lost in a fire.

    The species illustrated here


    The drawings were made without a camera lucida and are based on numerous measurements. They
    are reproduced here without reduction, as originally intended. In many of them cytological detail is
    shown by the difficult use of dots as described by Cannon (1936). No less than 474 parts of the
    insects are labelled. For each species the drawings, or groups of them, were numbered, and those in
    a group lettered A, B etc. All are now numbered consecutively, but the groups are kept and
    indicated by their sets of captions. The scale lines are all in millimetres.
    For all species the descriptions of anatomy by Gordon & Lavoipierre (1962) and external anatomy
    by Colless & McAlpine (1970), McAlpine (1981) and Matsuda (1965, 1970, 1976) are useful. C. T.
    Lewis (1972) and Mciver (1982) discussed sensilla, Downes (1971) and Snodgrass (1944) reviewed
    trophic structure, and Detinova (1962) described age-grouping. The species illustrated here represent a wide range of Diptera and of feeding mechanisms. Phlebotomus, Aedes and Simulium are in the
    Nematocera, Chrysops is in the Brachycera, and Stomoxys in the Cyclorrhapha. Phlebotomus, Simulium
    and Chrysops are pool feeders, Aedes is a capillary feeder, and Stomoxys a rasping pool feeder.
    Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Psychodidae; Figs 1-113) is an important vector of Oriental sore
    (cutaneous leishmaniasis), and an example of the genus which includes vectors of several forms of
    Leishmania. Sandfly anatomy was described by Davis (1967; some terminology not widely acepted),
    Just (1973), authors mentioned by them, Jobling (1976) and Rudin & Hecker (1982), and external
    features by Abonnenc (1972), Forattini (1973), D. J. Lewis (1973, 1975, 1982), Perfil'ev (1968),
    Theodor (1958) and others. Magnarelli, Modi & Tesh (1984) studied ovarian changes, and KillickKendrick (1979) discussed leishmania! development in relation to structure of the gut.
    Aedes aegypti (L.) (Culicidae; Figs 114-195) is the well known vector of urban yellow fever, and a
    major vector of dengue. Christophers (1960) wrote a comprehensive book on the species, Clements
    (1963) dealt with features of histology and physiology, and Harbach & Knight (1980) described the
    external anatomy of mosquitoes.
    Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp. (Simuliidae; Figs 196--239) may comprise more than one species. The
    figures, originally labelled S. equinum L., were drawn before it was known that the related S.
    lineatum Meigen differs from it in having a sub-ovoid spermatheca (Crosskey, 1981: 147) very like
    that shown in Figs 214, 229 and 235. The head of a Wilhelmia was studied by Wenk (1962). One of
    these species bites horses in Britain (Edwards, Oldroyd & Smart, 1939), and S. lineatum attacks cattle
    in Europe. The simuliids or black-flies include notorious man-biters in many countries, and vectors
    of Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart, the cause of river blindness (Crosskey, in press; Laird, 1981) in
    Africa and tropical America.
    Chrysops caecutiens L. (Tabanidae; Figs 240--295) is a common European man-biting species
    (Edwards, Oldroyd & Smart, 1939) and is related to vectors of human loiasis in Africa (Oldroyd,
    1957; Service, 1980). The biting process in Chrysops has been described by Gordon & Crewe (1953),
    and aspects of anatomy by Lavoipierre (1958).
    Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Muscidae; Figs 298-356), the stable fly, is a widespread biting pest of man
    and animals (Greenberg, 1971; Service, 1980). Its subfamily has been reviewed by Zumpt (1973), and
    its peritrophic membrane studied by Lehane (1976).

    11

    Abbreviations
    Notes
    Sial: this is the hypopharynx (of Diptera) of most authors .
    Ven: used here for the abdominal part of the mid-gut
    9 stn: sternite 9 of male P. papatasi. The coxite arises, not from this, but from the phallobase, according to Just
    (1973).
    10 stn: sternite 10 of the same. This is sternite 9, according to Just (1973).
    Various: in some cases other authors have used different names.
    a
    abd. gng
    abd. nv
    abd. spr
    ac. gl
    adv
    aed
    aed. p
    af
    air. s
    al. m
    amp
    an
    ant. ar. t
    ant-I. t
    ant. thor. spr
    ant. t. p
    ant. w
    a. nv
    a or
    aor. sin
    ap
    api. eel
    api . snl
    a. pul. org.
    ar
    asc
    as. nur
    a. tr
    a. ves
    ax . aps
    ax. fb
    axn

    antenna
    abdominal ganglia
    abdominal nerve
    abdominal spiracles
    accessory glands
    adventitia (pericardium)
    aedeagus
    aedeagal pouch
    antennifer
    air sac
    alary muscles
    ampulla
    anus
    anterior arm of tentorium
    antero-lateral trachea
    anterior thoracic spiracle
    anterior tentorial pit
    anterior wall
    antenna! nerve
    aorta
    aortic sinus
    apodeme
    apical cell
    apical sensilla
    antenna! pulsatory organ
    arista
    ascoids
    association neurone
    antenna! trachea
    antenna! blood vessel
    axial apophysis
    axial fibre of sense cell
    axon

    bld . eel
    b . mem
    br
    bs . pl
    bs. snl
    buc
    burs

    blood cells or haemocytes


    basement membrane
    brain
    basal plate
    basiconic sensilla
    bucca
    bursa copulatrix

    car
    cb

    cardia
    cibarium

    cb. lm. tr
    cb. pmp
    cd
    cer
    cg. eel
    cho
    cir. m
    cl
    cl. ap
    de. chn
    elf
    clge. sut
    cl . nv
    clsp
    cl. sut
    clx
    cmd. e
    em. ovd
    cmp. snl
    em. sl. d
    comp. m
    en
    cnn. stk
    con
    cor
    cox
    cp. cl
    cr
    ern
    crp . al
    crp. card
    crp . card. nv
    cv. con
    cv. nv
    cv . sc
    ex. nv
    ex. 1, 2, 3

    cibario-labral trachea
    cibarial pump
    cardo
    cerci
    corneagen cell
    chorion
    circular muscles
    clypeus
    clypeal apodeme
    collecting channel
    cleft
    clypeogenal suture
    clypeal nerve
    claspette
    clypeal suture
    calyx
    compound eye
    common oviduct
    campaniform sensilla
    common salivary duct
    compressor muscle
    canal
    connecting stalk
    connective
    corneal lens
    coxite
    cap cell
    crop
    cornua
    corpus allatum
    corpus cardiacum
    corpus cardiacum nerve
    cervical connective
    cervical nerve
    cervical sclerite
    coxal nerve
    coxa of fore, middle and hind legs

    d
    d. ac. gl
    d. cr
    dr. ar. t
    dr. arh sg
    dr. com

    duct
    duct of accessory gland
    duct of crop
    dorsal arm of tentorium
    dorsal arch of sigma
    dorsal commissure

    12

    ABBREVIATIONS

    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.
    dr.

    dorsal cephalic trunk


    c. trn
    dorsal diaphragm
    dphr
    dorsal diverticulum
    dv
    long. tg . m dorsal longitudinal tergal muscle
    dorsal mesothoracic nerve
    mes. nv
    met. nv
    dorsal metathoracic nerve
    nv
    dorsal nerve
    dorsal prothoracic nerve
    prt. nv
    dorsal sinus
    sin
    dorsal trunk
    trn
    w . lm
    dorsal wall of labrum

    ej. d
    en. eel
    epi
    epi. eel
    epid
    eps
    e. rig
    e. sut

    ejaculatory duct
    enveloping cell
    epithelium
    epithelial cell
    epidermis
    episternum
    epistomal ridge
    epistomal suture

    f
    fa)
    fat . b
    f-cl
    fd. en
    fgl. sut
    f. gng
    f. gng. con
    fl
    fie
    fig
    fol
    fol. epi
    frc
    frk
    fun

    frons
    falciform process
    fat body
    fronto-clypeus
    food canal
    frontogenal suture
    frontal ganglion
    frontal ganglion connective
    filament
    fulcrum
    flagellum
    follicle
    follicular epithelium
    furca
    fork
    funicle

    ga
    ge. rd
    gen. ch
    gen . fl
    gen. frc
    gli
    gls
    gl. vs . sem
    gon
    grm
    grm. eel
    gs cae
    gs. nv
    gu
    gus. snl

    galea
    genal rod
    genital chamber or atrium
    genital filament
    genital furca
    glia
    glossa
    gland of vesicular seminalis
    gonopore
    germarium
    germ cells
    gastric caecum
    gastric nerve
    gula
    gustatory sensilla

    h
    hin-g

    haematin
    hind-gut

    hist. m
    hl. tr
    hphy
    ht
    hy
    hyp . gng

    histolysed muscles
    haltere trachea
    hypopharynx
    heart
    hyoid
    hypocerebral ganglion

    i. eel
    il
    in. pre
    ins
    int
    in. tbr
    in. to
    intrb . chn
    in. w
    ir. pg. eel

    interstitial cells
    ileum
    inner process
    insula
    intima
    inner tuberosity of mandible
    inner tooth
    interbifid channel
    inner wall
    iris pigmented cells

    J.

    Johnston organ

    kl

    keel

    1. abd. trn
    larv. m
    lb
    lb. g
    lbl
    lbl. cls
    lbl. frc
    lbl. gl
    lbl. pre
    lb. mem
    lb. nv
    lb. pis . org
    lb. tr
    lc
    le
    lg. nv
    lg. tr
    lig
    1. lob

    lateral abdominal trunk


    larval muscles
    labium
    labial gutter
    Ia bellum
    labellar canaliculus
    labellar furca
    labellar glands
    interlabellar process
    labial membrane
    labial nerve
    labial pulsatory organ
    labial trachea
    lacinia
    lever
    leg nerve
    leg trachea
    ligament
    lateral lobe of tenth abdominal
    segment
    lateral longitudinal tergal muscle
    labrum
    labral nerve
    labral trachea
    premento-labellar and mandibulogenal links
    lobe of eighth sternite
    longitudinal dorsal muscle
    longitudinal muscle
    longitudinal sternal muscle
    loral arm
    lateral oviduct
    lip

    1. long. tg. m
    lm
    lm. nv
    lm. tr
    Ink
    log. 8 stn
    long. dr. m
    long. m
    long. stn. m
    lor. ar
    1. ovd
    lp

    13

    ABBREVIATIONS

    1. pr
    1. thor. trn
    lv
    1. w. lm

    lateral process of labial gutter


    lateral thoracic trunk
    laterovertex
    lateral wall of labrum

    m:m. tro

    muscles
    muscle of trochanter
    levator of scape, in some abductor of
    same
    depressor of scape, in some
    abductor
    retractor of scape; in some may be
    abductor
    extensor of pedicel
    rotator of pedicel
    flexor of pedicel
    tormo-labral muscle
    anterior labral muscle
    adductor of mandible
    abductor of mandible
    tentorial adductor of mandible
    tentorio-cardinal muscle or
    protractor of maxilla
    tentorio-stipital muscle or retractor
    of stipes
    cranial flexor of lacinia or in some
    lacinia retractor of same
    geno-stipital muscles or diagonal
    adductor of stipes
    stipito-palpal muscle or levator of
    maxillary palpus; in some may be
    abductor of same or retractor of
    maxilla
    depressor of maxillary palpus, in
    some abductor
    levator of second palpal segment
    depressor of second palpal segment
    retractor of prementum, or labium
    abductor of first segment of labellum
    adductor of first segment of
    labellum, in some flexor
    abductor of second segment of
    labellum, in some extensor
    anterior cibarial dilator
    posterior cibarial dilator
    retractor of cibarial pump
    protractor of cibarial pump, in some
    depressor
    sphincter buccalis
    dilator buccalis
    precerebral dilator of pharyngeal
    pump
    postcerebral dorsal dilator of
    pharyngeal pump
    posterior lateral dilator of
    pharyngeal pump

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11

    12
    13

    14
    15
    16

    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    31
    32

    33
    34
    35
    36
    37
    38
    39
    40
    41
    42
    43
    44
    45
    46
    47
    48
    49
    50-53

    salivary pump muscle


    levator of head
    compressor muscle of sac of
    pompetta
    protractor of genital filament
    depressor of ninth abdominal
    segment
    levator of tenth abdominal segment
    adductor of style
    abductor of style
    rotator of style
    levator of coxite
    abductor of coxite
    adductor of coxite
    abductor of claspette, in some
    depressor
    adductor of claspette, in some
    levator
    depressor of aedeagus, in some
    retractor
    levator of aedeagus
    depressor of claspette
    muscles of tenth abdominal segment

    Mal. tu
    md
    md. end
    md. max. tr
    md. nv
    mdv
    mem
    mes. gng
    met. gng
    mid . cr. sut
    mid-g
    mit
    msn . inv
    mt
    mtr. nur
    mx
    mx. gl
    mx. lob
    mx. nv
    mx. pip

    Malpighian tubes
    mandible
    mandibular condyle
    mandibulo-maxillary trachea
    mandibular nerve
    mediovertex
    membrane
    mesothoracic ganglion
    metathoracic ganglion
    midcranial suture
    mid-gut
    mitosis
    mesenteric invagination
    mentum
    motor neuron
    maxilla
    maxillary glands
    maxillary lobe
    maxillary nerve
    maxillary palpus

    n
    n. epi . eel
    nephr
    nlm
    nr. eel
    ns. eel
    nv
    nv. cr
    nv. hi
    nv. lam

    nucleus
    nucleus of epithelial cell
    nephrocytes of epicardial cells
    neurilemma
    nurse cells
    neurosecretory cells
    nerve
    nerve to crop
    nerve to haltere
    neural lamella

    14

    ABBREVIATIONS

    nv. sl. d
    nv. wng

    nerve to salivary duct


    nerve to wing

    oc
    oc. end
    oc. for
    ocl. m
    oclr. sc
    oclr. sut
    oclr. tr
    oc. sut
    oe
    oen
    olf. p
    olf. snl
    ooc
    oog
    oos
    op
    op. ac. gl
    op. sp . d
    opt. lob
    opt. nv
    ost
    ost. vl
    out. chia
    out. pre
    out. w
    ov
    ovl
    ovl. ped
    ovl. sh
    ov. sh

    ocelli
    occiput
    occipital condyle
    occipital foramen
    occlusor muscle
    ocular sclerite
    ocular suture
    ocular trachea
    occipital suture
    oesophagus
    oenocytes
    olfactory pits
    olfactory sensilla
    oocyte
    oogonium
    oosome
    openings of ducts
    opening of accessory gland
    opening of spermathecal duct
    optic lobe
    optic nerve
    ostia
    ostial valve
    outer chiasma
    outer process of mandible
    outer wall
    ovary
    ovariole
    ovariole pedicel
    ovariole sheath
    ovarian sheath

    ped
    peg
    pen
    pg. eel
    pge
    pge. brg
    pgen. p
    pg. gr
    pgl
    ph
    ph. pmp
    phr
    plf
    pls. mem
    pls. or
    pm
    pmt
    poe
    poe. sut
    poe. rig

    pedicel
    peg
    penniculus
    pigment cell
    postgena
    postgenal bridge
    postgenital plate
    pigment granules
    paraglossa
    pharynx
    pharyngeal pump
    phragma
    palpifer
    pulsatory membrane
    pulsatory organ
    pompetta
    postmentum
    pas tocci pi tal
    postoccipital suture
    postoccipital ridge

    pof. sut
    ppd
    pre
    pre . w. lm
    prg
    prit. mem
    prmt
    prn
    prnv
    prot
    prp
    prs
    pr. sh
    prst
    prst. sc
    prst. te
    prt. gng
    pst. ar. t
    pst-1. trn
    pstn
    pstr
    pstr. rng
    pstr. slt
    pstr. te
    pst. t. p
    pst. w
    pt
    ptl. blad
    ptr
    pt. sut
    pv
    pyl
    pyl. sph

    postfrontal suture
    postpedicel
    process
    preoral wall of labrum
    proctiger
    peritrophic membrane
    prementum
    pronotum
    perineurium
    protuberance
    periopticon or lamina ganglionaris
    prescutum
    peritoneal sheath
    prestomium
    prestomal sclerite
    prestomal teeth
    prothoracic ganglion
    posterior arm of tentorium
    postero-lateral trunk
    postnotum or postscutellum
    pseudo trachea
    pseudotracheal rings
    pseudotracheal slit
    pseudotracheal teeth
    poterior tentorial pit
    posterior wall
    ptilinum
    petiolate blades
    peritreme
    ptilinal suture
    postvertex
    pylorus
    pyloric sphincter muscle

    r
    rad. str
    rb
    rd
    rec. nv
    rect
    rect. p
    ref
    reg. eel
    rem. fol. epi
    res
    ret. eel
    ret. pg eel
    rig
    rst. mem

    ring
    radial striation
    rabdom
    rod
    recurrent nerve
    rectum
    rectal papilla
    refractive spheres
    regenerative cells
    remainder of follicular epithelium
    reservoir
    retinal or sense cells
    retinal pigment cells
    ridge
    rostrum membrane

    sarc
    sc
    sci
    sci. org
    sco

    sarcosomes
    sclerite
    scolopophores
    scolopophorous organ
    scolops

    15

    ABBREVIATIONS

    scp
    sctl
    sctl. pis . org.
    scut
    si
    sial
    sl. en
    sl. d
    sl. gl
    sl. pmp
    smt
    snl
    sns. eel
    sns. or
    sns. p
    so
    sam. eel
    sp
    spat
    spd
    sp. d
    spg
    sp. gl
    sph. m
    spi
    spm
    s. pm
    spr
    spr. atr
    spr. tr
    spt
    sr. blad
    SIC

    sr. rig
    st
    stl
    stom. inv
    sub. gng
    sus . sc
    t
    tb
    t. brg
    teg. nv
    ten.
    tes
    tes. sh
    tg-stn . m
    th
    thor. gng
    tn. 9
    tn . 10

    scraper
    scutellum
    scutellar pulsatory organ
    scutum
    siphon
    sialophore (hypopharynx)
    salivary canal
    salivary duct
    salivary glands
    salivary pump
    submentum
    sensilla
    sense cells
    sense organ
    sensory pits
    sockets of sensilla
    somatic cells
    spermatheca
    spatulate rods
    spermatids
    spermathecal duct
    spermatogonia
    spermathecal glands
    sphincter muscle
    spicules
    spermatozoa
    sac of pompetta
    spiracles
    spiracular atrium
    spiracular trachea
    spermatocytes
    serrated blades
    sarcostyles or myofibrils
    serrated ridges
    stipes
    style
    stomodaeal invagination
    suboesophageal ganglion
    suspensory sclerite
    tentorium
    tibia
    tentorial bridge
    tegumental nerve
    taenidium
    testis
    testicular sheath
    tergo-sternal muscle
    labial theca
    thoracic ganglion
    tendon of adductor muscle of
    mandible
    tendon of abductor muscle of
    mandible

    tn. 11
    tor
    tr
    trh
    tr. 1, 2, 3
    tro. 1, 2, 3
    tun. pr
    tu . sh
    v
    vas.
    vas .
    vbr
    ven
    vii
    vl
    vnt.
    vnt.
    vnt.
    vnt.
    vnt.
    vnt.

    tendon of tentorial adductor of


    mandible
    torma
    trachea
    tracheoles
    tracheae of fore, middle and hind
    legs
    trochanters of fore, middle and hind
    legs
    tunica propria
    tubular sheath

    vs. sem
    vst

    vertex
    vas deferens
    vas eferens
    vibrissae
    ventriculus
    villarium
    valve
    ventral arch of sigma
    ventral cephalic trunk
    ventral commissure
    ventral diaphragm
    ventral nerve
    ventral nerve cord
    vesicle
    vesicular seminalis
    vestige

    w. aor
    wng. tr

    wall of aorta
    wing trachea

    yolk

    2. abd . gng
    6. abd. gng
    7 & 8. abd.
    gng

    second abdominal ganglion


    sixth abdominal ganglion

    de
    ef

    arh. sg
    c. trn
    com
    dphr
    nv
    nv. crd

    VS

    10 abd. s
    1. br
    2. br
    3. br
    1. nv
    2. nv
    1. s. lb. plp
    2. s. lb. plp
    1. s. lbl
    2. s. lbl
    1. s. max. plp
    1-10 stn
    1-10 tg

    16

    fused seventh and eighth abdominal


    ganglion
    tenth abdominal segment
    protocerebrum
    deu tocerebrum
    tri tocerebrum
    first lateral nerve
    second lateral nerve
    first segment of labial palpus
    second segment of labial palpus
    first segment of labellum
    second segment of labellum
    first segment of maxillary palpus
    sternites
    tergites

    The Sandfly

    Phlebotomus papatasi

    17

    oc
    pof.sut
    '

    oclr.sut
    oclr.sc

    poc.su
    t
    I
    ~_poe

    - -oc.cnd

    prot

    _pst.t.p

    'pge

    scp--ant.t.p

    'cd

    '-e.sut
    '

    asc _
    'md
    ---- - lm
    ----- --m x'

    th

    - prmt

    I s./b/ /

    2s./b l/
    2

    .3

    Figs 1, 2 Phlebotomus papatasi,

    S?; anteri or and poster ior views of head.


    19

    ''

    'st

    '

    asc -- _

    .05

    ........ bs.snl

    trg.cel
    '

    II

    a.nv
    '

    '

    '\

    sn's.cel

    pdc, ...

    5
    Figs 3-7 Phlebotomus papatasi, ~. 3, antenna;
    4, terminal segment of flagellum; 5, lateral
    section of ascoid; 6, dorsal view of cuticular
    process of ascoid; 7, basiconic sensillum.

    scp...-

    , api .snl
    ''

    _- oc.end

    pof.sut
    ',

    ~ ~ ~poe.rig

    '

    _-oclr.se

    ', ed
    I

    ,:n
    pdc.,

    't
    '

    - st

    I
    I

    -- ~ pmt
    /Jre.w.lm

    tor-

    tor . . .

    md.end

    pre--

    md' -

    .05

    ,sus.sc

    prmt

    mx' '

    10

    - ant.w

    sns.p
    ''
    ---1 s.lbl

    ern

    --2s.lb/
    .2
    /
    I

    I
    I

    ph.pmP
    \
    \

    12

    9
    0

    a
    0

    '

    0
    ('

    (\

    ,',lb
    c

    Figs 8-13 Phlebotomus papatasi, 2 except Fig 12. 8, lateral view of head; 9, dorsal view of labrum; 10, ventral
    view of distal part of labrum; 11, posterior part of dorsal wall of pharyngeal pump; 12, lateral view of anterior
    part of head of cf; 13, spiculate scales from pharyngeal wall.

    ', lm
    .1

    "pre.w.lm
    sial
    /

    ,dr.w.lm

    .1
    /

    14

    sl.pmp
    /

    I
    I

    in.tbr

    '

    '

    '

    tor

    / ant.w

    '

    .A/
    \

    md.cnd,

    \
    \

    ~xsus.sc

    _tn. 9

    15

    \cb.pmp

    '

    cm.sl.'d
    cmp.sn/
    I

    /or.ar

    __ @
    .1

    md.cnd-

    \
    \
    \

    I
    /

    tn./1

    16
    I

    17
    /

    tn .9'
    oe,

    tn.l 0

    s/.cn,.'"

    18

    19

    .05
    Figs 14-19 Phlebotomus papatasi, <(. 14, dorsal view of left mandible; 15, dorsal view of sialophore and salivary
    canal and pump; 16, section through mandibular articulation; 17, dorsal view of proximal part of left mandible
    and its articulation with gena; 18, distal part of sialophore; 19, lateral view of sialophore.

    lm

    gus .sn/
    ,

    md \

    lb .'g

    lb/.prc

    23

    lb .nv

    l.w.lm
    lc
    I

    sl.cn
    _
    pre .w.lm
    04

    , 16

    24
    /

    tc,

    ,dr.w.lm
    /.w.lm
    I

    th

    .1

    -- st

    lb.g

    .04

    .05

    sial

    /
    lb.tr

    22

    th/

    rtg

    25

    ' 23

    lb.nv,
    20
    mx.gf/
    21

    26

    Figs 20--26 Phlebotomus papatasi, ~. 20, dorsal view of right maxilla; 21, distal part of lacinia; 22, dorsal view of
    labium and part of labial gutter; 23--25, transverse sections of second and first segments of labella and middle
    part of proboscis; 26, transverse section of proximal part of lacinia.

    . . 30
    /

    e.sut

    e.rig \

    ...

    29

    26

    br

    '

    31

    30

    29
    ~-rx
    ~-rx

    e.rig
    \

    cb .pmp

    25 \

    24,
    I

    '

    '

    '

    lm.nv . . .

    '
    sub.gng

    sl.pmp ,
    I

    ''

    cm.sl.d

    sJ.gJ

    33

    27

    20

    ' .nv
    lb

    prt.gng
    .2

    j.o
    3

    21
    pdc-"

    br

    28

    4 -- --

    lbl

    5----2',
    27,
    '
    ant.t.p..._ ' ' '
    '

    11-- .. .....

    md.....
    lc

    '

    9
    /
    /

    .... '

    '

    -- -- 32

    18
    .....

    ''
    19/

    - ls.mx.plp

    '

    15

    I
    I
    I

    'I

    '

    ' pst.t.p

    ''

    '20

    cd

    Figs 27-29 Phlebotomus papatasi, 9. 27, longitudinal section of middle part of head and anterior part of thorax;
    28, same of right half of head; 29, muscles of posterior part of cibarial pump.
    24

    tor',

    31

    scp,

    sl.pmp

    26

    crp.card .nv- --

    '

    _ -rec.nv
    vnt.c.trn

    - - fat.b--

    ,.

    3br"
    .1

    32

    33

    rec.nv
    lbr

    vnt.c.trn

    ...

    aor
    31

    .05

    Figs 30-35 Phlebotomus papatasi, ~; transverse sections. 30, basal parts of labrum, mandibles, sialophore,
    laciniae and labium; 31, 32, anterior and middle parts of head; 33, 34, posterior parts of pharyngeal pump and
    head; 35, oesophagus, corpus cardiacum, hypocerebral ganglion and aorta.
    25

    f.gng

    cl.nv

    24
    /

    29
    28

    ''

    rec.nv

    ..,..30

    ph.pmp

    '

    , .3br
    \

    N
    0\

    lm
    ',,

    \''

    '

    sial

    '

    .. ~ v
    \

    cm.sl.d

    '

    '

    ''

    \
    \

    mx.nv

    ''

    'pmt
    '
    Fig. 36 Phlebotomus papatasi,

    2; nervous system of right half of anterior part of head.

    '
    md.nv

    nv.sl.d

    pstn
    I

    hin-g
    f

    rect

    Jtg
    /

    I
    1

    \ sl.gl
    ' ph.pmp thor .gng

    cbpmp_

    \
    \

    Ql

    OV

    6abd .gng

    Mal.tu

    'sub.gng

    cr

    I
    I

    ac.gl
    8tg

    ' tro.2

    cm.sl.d

    7+8abd .gng

    sl.pmp

    Fig. 37 Phlebotomus papatasi,

    <?; general organisation showing natural position of internal organs.

    sp

    ph.pmp

    ~,

    30

    - oe

    I
    I

    I
    I
    I
    I

    mid-g
    I

    cr

    ven

    Mal.tu

    Fig. 38 Phlebotomus papatasi,

    28

    ~;

    alimentary canal.

    41

    car
    '
    I

    aor
    w.aor
    '

    reg.ce/
    I

    cir.m
    ''
    b.memven

    43
    ''long.m

    '

    'oe

    cir.m
    \

    d.cr

    42

    long.m
    I

    46

    c1r'.m- . . . -

    pr.sh

    45

    prit.mem
    44

    prit.mem

    ""

    47

    .8

    Figs 39-47 Phlebotomus papatasi, s>; histology of crop and mid-gut. 39, transverse section of duct of crop; 40,
    longitudinal section of empty crop; 41, surface view of stretched wall of same showing thick circular muscles
    and thin longitudinal ones; 42, longitudinal section of oesophagus; 43, transverse section of thoracic part of
    mid-gut; 44, surface view of wall of same showing disposition of longitudinal and circular muscles; 45,
    longitudinal section of abdominal part of mid-gut; 46, 47, the same a few, and about 16 hours, after feeding.

    29

    -.... msn.inv

    vii
    'fong.m
    j --

    I
    I

    Mal.tu

    49
    48

    pr.sh

    51

    ,pg.gr
    /

    l~ng.m

    50

    53

    .05

    52

    b.mem"

    Figs 48--53 Phlebotomus papatasi, S?; histology of hind-gut and of Malpighian tubes. 48, posterior part of midgut and anterior part of hind-gut; 49, connection of Malpighian tube with mid-gut and hind-gut and
    continuation of villarium into Malpighian tube; 50, 51 , transverse and longitudinal sections of ileum; 52, 53,
    longitudinal and transverse sections of middle part of Malpighian tube.
    30

    Stg
    \

    ht

    6tg

    prg

    '
    7stn

    /
    /

    oen

    ,
    I

    6stn

    '

    '
    lob.B.stn

    54

    .1

    7+8abd.gng

    long.stn.m

    op.sp.d

    9stn

    55

    /ob.B.stn

    Figs 54, 55 Phlebotomus papatasi,

    S? . 54,

    longitudinal section of posterior end of abdomen; 55, transverse


    section of ninth abdominal segment.
    31

    a.nv

    md.nv
    mx.nv"
    .1

    rec.nv

    57

    '
    crp.card
    .nv

    Figs 56, 57 Phlebotomus papatasi, <(. 56, right half of nervous system of head; 57, ventral view of same.

    32

    .. mtr.nur

    mes.gng'

    58

    e>---------

    b.mem
    cm.sl.d

    .1

    60

    62

    Figs 58-62 Phlebotomus papatasi, 2. 58, nervous system of thorax in lateral view; 59, section of prothoracic
    ganglion; 60, salivary glands; 61, 62, sections of right and left glands.

    .02

    63
    nv./am,

    '

    rec.nv" "

    64

    ns.cel

    mid-g ...

    65

    bid. sin

    .05

    crp.card

    crp.a/

    ''

    rec.nv

    hyp.gng"

    phpmp

    mid-g

    66

    d.cr"""'

    Figs 63--66 Phlebotomus papatasi, 9. 63, neurosecretory cells; 64, cells of corpus cardiacum; 65, diagram of
    dorsal view of stomatogastric nervous system and associated endocrine glands; 66, right half of same showing
    histology of glands and their connection with brain and stomatogastric nervous system.
    34

    2stn

    67

    long.stn.m
    ,.
    cv.mem

    Figs 67-69 Phlebotomus papatasi, <;?. 67, four scolopophorous organs of second abdominal segment, which
    control position of abdomen in relation to thorax; 68, nerves and sense organs of basal part of wing; 69,
    scolopophorous organ of head.

    35

    fat.b

    1./ong.tg.m

    70

    .02

    75

    72

    Figs 70-75 Phlebotomus papatasi, S?. 70, transverse section through dorsal half of third abdominal segment; 71,
    nephrocytes; 72, part of heart showing its internal structure and attachment to its wall of alary muscles; 73,
    blood cells, one of them attached to histolysed larval muscle; 74, 75, nephrocytes of unfed female and after
    oviposition.

    36

    I
    I

    oc/r.sc

    lbr
    rec.nv--

    76

    ph pmp--

    pdc

    11

    78

    77

    .1

    79

    cor

    irpg.ce/ __

    ret. pg.cel-

    ,cg.ce/

    --~----11>.
    . . ,.

    ----~}

    .05

    ,%~r[)J

    -ret.cel

    b.mem,

    out.chia

    prp80

    Figs 76-80 Phlebotomus papatasi, S? . 76, transverse section of anterior part of head showing antenna! pulsatory
    organ which consists of vesicle and two muscular pulsatory membranes; 77, longitudinal section of first
    antenna! segment; 78, transverse section of tubular part of pulsatory membrane near vesicle; 79, pulsatory
    organ of scutellum; 80, ommatidium of light-adapted compound eye.
    37

    cb-lm.tr' "

    81

    Figs 81-84 Phlebotomus papatasi, 2. 81, tracheal system of head in dorsal view; 82, dorsal view of origin of
    dorsal and ventral cephalic tracheal trunks from lateral thoracic trunks from near anterior thoracic spiracles;
    83, 84, anterior and posterior thoracic spiracles.

    /.thor. trn

    86
    .04

    .3

    l.abd.trn

    85

    Figs 85, 86 Phlebotomus papatasi,

    S?.

    85, tracheal system of right half of thorax and of abdomen; 86, abdominal
    spiracle.

    39

    , lig

    .3

    ov/...-''

    ...

    'ac.g/
    lob.B.stn
    op.sp.d

    '
    op.ac.g 1

    Fig. 87 Phlebotomus papatasi, Cj?; reproductive organs, tracheal system not shown.

    40

    lig

    'sp.gl

    91

    b.mem
    ~

    ...

    . oog

    m
    .05

    nr.cel

    92

    ovl

    '

    \
    \

    fol ,,

    89

    90

    Figs 88--93 Phlebotomus papatasi, ~; histology of internal reproductive organs. 88, 89, longitudinal sections of
    spermatheca and ovary; 90, ovariole with one developing follicle containing seven nurse cells and one oocyte,
    and in germarium five dividing oogonia; 91, end of calyx and beginning of lateral oviduct; 92, section of wall of
    accessory gland; 93, musculature of ovarian sheath.
    41

    8tg
    ,
    \Otg
    cer

    8stn

    7stn

    "

    /ob:8.stn

    94
    .1

    op.sp .d
    9tg . .

    95

    Figs 94--96 Phlebotomus papatasi, <j?; genitalia. 94, lateral view of posterior end of abdomen; 95, dorsal view of
    part of eighth segment; 96, ventral view of ninth and tenth segments.

    42

    fl

    vas.def

    99

    rd

    ,35
    /

    97

    .1

    ej.d

    35' ....

    ~~

    .....

    s.pm,

    tu.sh-

    98

    gen.{/ "

    .05
    .03

    100

    101

    gon

    ,. ,.

    ,.

    102

    Figs 97-102 Phlebotomus papatasi, cf' . 97, reproductive organs; 98, section of pompetta showing inner sac and
    opening of ejaculatory duct; 99, horizontal section of same showing compressor muscles of sac and protractors
    of pompetta and genital filaments; 100-102, genital filaments.

    spm

    api.cel
    ''

    - pr.sh

    mi

    b.mem

    spd

    ej.d,

    ''

    '

    b.mem

    m,

    pr.sh, ,
    epi"

    104
    .05

    105

    103

    Figs 103-105 Phlebotomus papatasi, d; histology of testis and vesicula seminalis. 103, longitudinal section of
    testis; 104, longitudinal section of vesicula seminalis and its glands, each extending from vas deferens, and
    latter with narrow canal full of spermatozoa; 105, transverse section of ejaculatory duct.
    44

    7tg
    /

    .1

    c/sp
    -1 Ostn

    9tg~

    108
    .05

    109

    107

    Figs 106-110 Phlebotomus papatasi, cf; genitalia. 106, end of abdomen after torsion; 107, ventral view of ninth
    abdominal segment; 108, tenth abdominal segment; 109, longitudinal section of tactile sensillum of style; 110,
    penniculus.

    45

    39
    '

    41

    stl

    .2
    I

    8tg

    aed

    ' 46

    aed-113

    50

    .05

    Figs 111-113 Phlebotomus papatasi, d'; musculature of genitalia . 111, inner view of right half of ninth and tenth
    abdominal segments and of right coxite; 112, transverse section of tenth abdominal segment; 113, same
    through basal parts of coxites.

    46

    The Mosquito

    Aedes aegypti

    47

    _ mid-cr.sut

    clge.sut
    '

    115

    .3

    mx.plp
    c/ge .sut
    ,

    lc

    --- th

    116

    pge -_./bl
    114

    .3

    oe

    cv.sc
    117

    Figs 114-117 Aedes aegypti, S?. 114, anterior view of head and proboscis; 115, lateral view of anterior part
    head showing connection of anterior arm of tentorium with ciypeus, position of torma, and connect!on
    cibarial pump by ciypeal apodeme with clypeus; 116, lateral view of head, left compound eye removed
    show position of pharyngeal pump; 117, middle part of ventral wall of head showing internal position
    stipites, occipital foramen and fused postgenae of which anterior parts form postgenal bridge.

    of
    of
    to
    of

    --I

    -~?J-- op
    {

    '

    .05

    - lm

    sial--l.w.lm-' dr.w./m
    .5
    .1

    lm
    .1

    cl

    cl.ap- __ _
    ---- sl.pmp

    33
    118

    ''cm.sl.d

    ph.pmp---

    119

    122

    121

    buc

    Figs 118-122 Aedes aegypti, ~. 118, posterior and anterior parts of sialophore; 119, lateral view of clypeus,
    cibarial pump, pharyngeal pump, sialophore and labrum; 120, ventral view of anterior part of labrum; 121,
    dorsal view of cibarial pump and posterior part of labrum, showing attachment of clypeal apodemes to lateral
    margins of cibarial pump, and sense organs of anterior wall of latter; 122, scale-like processes of posterior
    parts of walls of pharyngeal pump .

    lbl.prc

    125

    dr.w.lm

    21 ,,,

    123
    .05
    .1

    126
    cl
    .05

    .1

    7
    I s.mx.plp

    fb.nv
    .nv

    124
    128

    ---lb.tr

    127

    Figs 123-128 Aedes aegypti, 2. 123, anterior part of prementum and two-segmented Iabella, left Ia bellum
    showing ventral wall; 124, internal structure of same, showing three pairs of muscles and their attachment to
    segments of Iabella, labial nerves and tracheae; 125, transverse section of first segment of Iabella; 126, S3me of
    anterior part of proboscis; 127, same of middle part of proboscis showing position of syn trophium (combination of mouth parts) in labial gutter; 128, same of anterior part of clypeus and base of mouth parts.
    '

    - ... ge
    ----16
    130

    sns. org
    /

    \
    ~

    sub.gng ....
    ph pmp,.,

    .1

    aor

    132

    Figs 129-133 Aedes aegypti, 9. 129, transverse section of anterior part of head; 130, same of posteriL1r end of
    cibarial pump and of anterior part of bucca, showing origin of protractor muscles of cibarial pump on
    tentorium and their insertion together with retractor muscles of the same on cornua; also showing origin of
    salivary pump muscles on loral arms; 131, sense organ (?) of posterior part of antenna! pulsatory organ; 132,
    section of posterior part of pharyngeal pump and its circular sphincter muscle; 133, section of posterior part of
    head showing position of pharyngeal pump and insertion on its plates of postcerebral dorsal dilators and
    posterior lateral dilators.

    31

    cl .nv

    f.gng

    '\, 29 ... _ '

    Im.nv'

    fd.cn
    \

    cv.con

    ' sl.d

    em~

    /b.nv sl.pmp

    /b.g

    th

    Fig. 134 Aedes aegypti,

    S?;

    .3

    right half of head showing sucking apparatus comprising food canal of labrum,
    cibarial and pharyngeal pumps, and their muscles .

    52

    bs.snl

    .05

    137

    '
    .05

    st-

    27

    ,,

    12 ..

    136
    135

    Figs 135-137 Aedes aegypti, S?. 135, distal end of mandible in dorso-lateral view; 136, musculature of mandible
    and maxilla; small drawing shows articulation of mandible by mandibulo-genallink; 137, distal end of lacinia.
    53

    scut
    '

    long .dr .m

    scut/

    fat .b
    ht
    mid-g
    I

    7tg

    Mal.tu
    .1

    hin~g

    vnt.dphr

    '

    7f.Sabd.gng

    Fig. 138 Aedes aegypti, <j?; general organisation .

    2/

    ' sf.pmp

    ten

    141
    139

    sl.d ,...

    b.mem

    .05
    Figs 139-143 Aedes aegypti, 2. 139, salivary gland immediately after emergence of mosquito from pupa; 140,
    salivary glands of two-day-old mosquito, and longitudinal and transverse sections of common salivary canal;
    141, section of middle gland showing intracellular duct and its supporting disc; 142, 143, longitudinal and
    transverse sections of lateral gland.

    ...........

    146

    '

    .05

    .2

    n.epi .eel

    c:r

    ~-

    \
    \

    mid-g

    I'

    .1

    ''

    .05
    I

    int

    '

    hin.g ~ _

    ----... -- ... ___


    144

    ...._-

    ------an

    Figs 144-147 Aedes aegypti, S!. 144, alimentary canal; 145, diagram of dorsal diverticulum showing thick
    circular and thin longitudinal muscles and very thin longitudinal folds in wall; 146, wall of ventral diverticulum or crop; 147, section of walls of oesophagus and crop.
    56

    oe

    148

    ,' '

    cir m

    pr.sh

    d.cr'
    .1

    ''

    ...
    ,

    pr.sh

    c1r.m

    ~il

    ' epi

    '

    long.m'

    '
    reg.cel
    150

    149

    151

    ____ .vii

    et>i

    152

    cr

    153
    Figs 148-153 Aedes aegypti, ~; histology of mid-gut. 148, median longitudinal section of anterior part; 149
    longitudinal section of abdominal part, or ventriculus, of unfed mosquito; 150, section of narrow thoracic part
    fixed during feeding; 151, same of posterior part of ventriculus; 152, middle part of ventriculus of fully fed
    female, showing strongly flattened epithelium and villarium; 153, same 24 hours after feeding, showing
    peritrophic membrane.
    1

    ven

    -- -~pyl.sph
    b.mem
    j

    Mal.tu ---

    .05

    epi '

    ___ /ong.m

    -----. hin.g------- ---

    .05

    155

    154

    .05

    157

    rad.str --

    epi .eel
    long.m

    int----

    b.mem _.,

    pr.sh
    ,,

    158

    ;'

    long.'m

    160
    , epi

    159

    long.m

    cir.m

    Figs 154-161 Aedes aegypti, <j>; histology of hind-gut and Malpighian tubes . 154, posterior part of mid-gut and
    anterior part of ileum; 155, same from a different angle, showing origin of Malpighian tube from mid-gut and
    the same structure of their epithelial cells; 156, 157, longitudinal and transverse sections of middle part of
    Malpighian tube of unfed female; 158, longitudinal section of colon and its short narrow posterior part, in both
    of which epithelial cells lack spicules; 159, longitudinal section of thick part of colon (see Fig. 171); 150, 161,
    transverse and longitudinal sections of posterior part of rectum.

    .05

    aus
    'tg -stn .m

    ~I.

    thor .trn

    163
    cir.m
    '

    b.mem'
    .5

    164
    .5
    - -tro.l

    162
    Figs 162-164 Aedes aegypti, 2. 162, slightly oblique transverse section of anterior part of thorax, showing
    position of salivary glands, oesophagus and corpora alata; 163, corpora alata on sides of aorta; 164, transverse
    section of oesophagus .

    59

    . crp.card
    crp.al

    aor

    .r

    0'0

    oe

    suH.gng

    .2

    13/
    Fig. 165 Aedes aegypti,

    9; stomatogastric nervou s system and endocrine organs.

    .3

    '
    I

    6stn

    ', vntdphr

    vnt.nv.ct d

    166

    .05

    167

    \
    \

    al.m

    .05
    .03

    168

    dr.dphr

    169
    Figs 166-170 Aedes aegypti, S? . 166, transverse section of sixth abdominal segment showing position of heart
    and attachment of its alary muscles to intersegmental membrane, etc.; 167, part of heart with its cavity
    exposed to show ostia and ostial valve, dorsal diaphragm and nephrocyte among muscles and elastic tissue;
    168, section of ventral diaphragm; 169, four haemocytes from surface of mid-gut and three from ovaries; 170,
    oenocytes in abdominal fat body.

    .2

    .8tg

    p'gen .p

    J?;f
    oen
    \
    I

    7+8 abd .gng

    8stn

    ' fat.b

    '
    7stn
    Fig . 171 Aedes aegyp ti,

    2; long itudi nal section of posterior end of abdo men .

    173

    tr

    '.l.ovd

    8 abd.gng
    .3

    cm.ovd--

    .05

    ac.gl -pgen. P
    pr.sh"

    ., .,

    174

    'rect

    175

    .3

    IOstn. __

    gen.ch/
    177

    Figs 172-177 Aedes aegypti. 2. 172, reproductive organs of eight-hour-old female; 173, transverse section of
    accessory or collaterial gland; 174, longitudinal section of duct of same; 175, longitudinal section of distal end
    of bursa copulatrix; 176, posterior end of abdomen; 177, ventral view of same.

    .05

    '' ::-- -fl


    '\

    .1

    cho
    ns.cef. __

    ~-ov.sh

    ooc --

    179

    fol.epi ----

    y ..
    180

    Figs 178-180 Aedes aegypti, 2. 178, surface view of ovarian sheath, showing its branching and anastomozing
    muscles; 179, part of ovary of just-emerged female; 180, ovariole with germarium and three follicles .

    64

    181

    182

    __.sp.gl

    .03

    d.ac.gl

    I
    I

    .05

    long.m
    I

    cm.ovd

    gon

    184

    .05

    Figs 181-185 Aedes aegypti, S?. 181, section of spermatheca and its duct; 182, spermathecal gland; 183,
    transverse section of spermathecal ducts, surrounded by strong longitudinal muscles; 184, longitudinal
    median section of posterior end of abdomen, showing migration of spermatozoa from bursa copulatrix
    through spermathecal ducts into spermathecae after copulation; 185, transverse section of common oviduct,
    showing sphincter muscles and two dilator muscles arising on eighth sternite.

    ac.gl

    187

    vs.s

    fat.b
    \

    186

    .1

    aed .. --int

    188

    pr.sh

    ',

    ''

    spm --

    -b'.mem
    ',m

    .05

    189
    190

    Figs 186--190 Aedes aegypti, d. 186, reproductive organs showing two testes, one with fat body removed to
    show division into apartments; 187, transverse section of accessory glands and vesicula seminalis, its lumen
    filled with spermatozoa; 188, longitudinal section of wall of vesicula seminalis; 189, same of accessory glands;
    190: same of vesicula seminalis and accessory gland, showing opening of latter.

    \.

    fl ----- -,

    ,, grm .eel
    spg

    '

    .1

    spt

    m t----

    spd

    tes .sh

    fat .b-

    spm

    Fig. 191 Aedes aegypti, d; longitudinal section of testis showing its division into apartments or cysts.

    192

    ~I sp

    stl '

    .3

    194

    , ej.d

    .05

    Figs 192-195 Aedes aegypti, cf. 192, lateral view of genitalia of Aedes sp., left coxite removed; 193, ventral view
    of same of A. aegypti; 194, parts of tenth abdominal segment; 195, right half of aedeagus showing its
    connection with membrane and ejaculatory duct.

    68

    The Blackfly
    Simulium

    69

    .1

    197

    Figs 196, 197 Simulium (Wi/he/mia) sp .,

    2.

    196, anterior view of head; 197, tentorium of same.

    70

    198

    .2

    .05

    .15

    202

    Figs 198-204 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp ., S?; mouth parts. 198, labrum; 199, left mandible; 200, right maxilla; 201,
    lateral view of anterior end of labrum showing position of scraper; 202, right half of labium showing labial
    muscles; 203, ventral view of labium; 204, dorsal view of sialophore, pharynx and oesophageal pump.

    .1

    205

    206

    .1

    209
    st. pmp

    .05
    .05

    .1

    Figs 20~211 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp., 2. 205, transverse section through first segment of labella; 206, same
    through middle part of proboscis; 207, same through oesophageal pump; 208, same through anterior part of
    salivary pump; 209, same through anterior part of pharynx and posterior part of salivary pump; 210, section of
    salivary glands; 211, same of reservoir of .salivary glands.
    72

    .2

    Figs 212-213 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp ., 2; sections of head showing internal structure and musculature. 212,
    longitudinal, through middle part; 213, oblique transverse.

    73

    1.0

    Fig. 214 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp .,

    2; right half of body showing natural position of internal organs .

    Fig. 215 Simulium (Wi/helmia) sp.,

    75

    2; alimentary system.

    card
    . gng

    216

    217

    crp. a/

    218

    Figs 216--219 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp., <j?; hypocerebral ganglion, corpus alia tum and oenocytes. 216, transverse section through anterior part of hypocerebral ganglion; 217, through middle part of same; 218, section
    through corpus allatum; 219, group of oenocytes from posterior part of abdomen.

    .1

    220

    222
    .05

    .1

    221
    .05

    224

    223

    Figs 220-224 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp., S?; histology of alimentary system. 220, longitudinal section of anterior
    part of mid-gut; 221 , 222, transverse and longitudinal sections of wall of mid-gut; 223, 224, longitudinal and
    transverse sections of hind-gut (ileum).

    77

    .1

    .1

    226

    225

    .1

    9tg

    Figs 225--228 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp., <j?; histology of pylorus, Malpighian tubes and rectum. 225, longitudinal section of pylorus and mesentarium; 226, 227, transverse section of Malpighian tubes; 228, median
    longitudinal section of posterior part of abdomen showing genital opening of common oviduct.
    78

    230

    .03
    .05

    232

    .05

    Figs 229-234 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp., S?; reproductive organs. 229, general structure; 230, transverse section
    of duct of accessory gland; 231, section of spermathecal duct; 232, section of accessory gland; 233, longitudinal
    section of spermatheca; 234, ovariole showing its attachment to muscular sheath, and different stages of
    development of follicles.

    .05

    : .:..

    ~stl

    236

    235

    238
    b.mem
    m

    !.~--cir.

    Figs 235-239 Simulium (Wilhelmia) sp., d; reproductive organs. 235, general structure; 236, longitudinal
    section of testis; 237, transverse section of vasa differentia and vesicula seminalis; 238, section of wall of
    vesicula seminalis; 239, median longitudinal section of posterior end of abdomen, showing genital opening,
    structure of ductus ejaculatorius, etc.

    The Deerfly

    Chrysops caecutiens

    81

    pv
    1.0
    I

    oc

    00
    N

    lm

    ' 240

    241

    fbi

    242

    Figs 240-242 Chrysops caecutiens, <(; anterior, lateral and posterior views of head , in Fig. 241 left eye removed
    to show oesophageal pump and tentorium .

    --{\

    248

    Figs 243--248 Chrysops caecutiens, 5?; mouth parts . 243, labrum and its distal end; 244, left mandible; 245, right
    maxilla in ventral view; 246, sialophore and cibarial and pharyngeal pumps; 247, labium in dorsal view; 248,
    collecting channel and pseudotrachaea of left labellum.

    249

    250

    I
    .05

    251

    Figs 249-253 Chrysops caecutiens , S?; internal structure of labium. 249, labial glands; 250, transverse sections of
    middle part of Iabella and pseudotracheae; 251, transverse section of middle part of labium showing position
    of other mouth parts; 252, sensilla coeloconica of inner wall of Iabella; 253, sensilla trichodea of outer wall of
    Iabella .

    .1

    .05

    .1

    Figs 254--259 Chrysops caecutiens, S?; transverse sections. 254, most anterior part of head; 255, posterior part of
    pharyngeal pump; 256, posterior part of head showing oesophageal sphincter (circular muscles) etc.; 257,
    oesophagus; 258, duct of crop; 259, crop.

    cb.

    lm

    sial
    ph. pmp

    mid-g

    an
    Fig. 260 Chrysops caecutiens, Cj2; alimentary canal and salivary glands.

    86

    262
    .05

    '

    '

    263

    264

    Figs 261-264 Chrysops caecutiens, <j?; salivary pump and salivary glands. 261, transverse section of anterior part
    of common salivary duct; 262, same of pharyngeal and salivary pumps; 263, longitudinal and transverse
    sections of posterior part of common salivary duct; 264, transverse section of salivary gland.

    .01

    265
    Fig. 265 Chrysops caecutiens,

    2; longitudinal sections of anterior part of mid-gut and stomodaeal invagination.

    '\.0

    thor . g
    n9

    _
    vdnpt.
    hr

    .5

    .05

    Figs 267-270 Chrysops caecutiens, ~; histology of narrow thoracic, and abdominal, parts of mid-gut. 267,
    transverse section of middle of abdomen showing Malpighian tubes, heart, ventral diaphragm, ovary and
    parietal and visceral fat-body; 268, same of narrow thoracic part of mid-gut; 269, 270, longitudinal sections of
    wall of ventriculus showing discharge of secretory globules by epithelial cells.
    90

    .05

    272
    273

    ven

    Figs 271-274 Chrysops caecutiens, <jl; histology of Malpighian tubes and anterior part of hind gut. 271 ,
    longitudinal section of Malpighian tube showing its connection with ventriculus and anterior part of ileum;
    272, transverse section of distal part of Malpighian tube; 273, same of ileum; 274, longitudinal section of
    pylorus, posterior part of ventriculus and ileum.
    91

    Fig. 275 Chrysops caecutiens,

    2; heart and respiratory system.


    92

    nephr

    Figs 276, 277 Chrysops caecutiens, c;?; histology of heart and ventral diaphragm . 276, transverse section of heart;
    277, abdominal part of ventral diaphragm.

    cbl.
    pmp

    cl

    1.0

    th

    lm

    279
    278

    Figs 278, 279 Chrysops caecutiens.

    ~;

    278, internal structure of head; 279, nervous system.

    94

    280

    Figs 280--282 Chrysops caecutiens, 2; histology of anterior part of ventriculus and corpus allatum, transverse
    sections. 280, anterior part of thorax; 281, caecum of anterior part of ventriculus; 282, corpus allatum, corpus
    cardiacum and aorta.

    95

    284

    .1

    Figs 283-286 Chrysops caecutiens,

    9. 283, histolysis of larval muscles by haemocytes; 284, oenocytes; 285, 286,


    parietal and visceral fat-body.

    \0

    '-1

    Fig. 287 Chrysops caecutiens,

    S?; longitudinal section of posterior part of abdomen.

    fig

    1.0

    Fig. 288 Chrysops caecutiens,

    2; reproductive organs.

    .05

    289

    290

    292
    .1

    cir. m

    293
    Figs 289-295 Chrysops caecutiens, 2; histology of reproductive organs. 289, transverse section of accessory
    glands; 290, same of posterior part of abdomen; 291, ovariole; 292, transverse section of wall of spermatheca
    showing unicellular glands and their intracellular ducts; 293, 294, same of glandular and posterior parts of
    spermathecal duct; 295, same of accessory gland duct.

    The Stablefly

    Stomoxys calcitrans

    101

    pt. sutf-

    Fig. 296 Sto111oxys calcitrans,

    102

    2; a nterior view of head .

    Fig . 297 Stomoxys calcitrans,

    2; internal stru cture of hea d and proboscis.

    ern

    .1
    pre.w .lm

    298

    304
    Figs 298-304 Stomoxys calcitrans, S?; mouth parts. 298, distal end of sialophore; 299, distal end of labrum; 300,
    proboscis; 301, 302, transverse sections through anterior and middle parts of proboscis; 303, ventral view of
    Iabella, left half showing internal structure; 304, transverse section through most posterior part of same.

    mal. t

    Fig. 305 Stomoxys ca/citrans,

    2; dorsal view of dissected fly showing position of internal organs.


    105

    Fig. 306 Stomoxys calcitrans,


    106

    S?; alimentary canal.

    OL,
    int

    307

    309

    308
    .1

    311
    .1

    312

    Figs 307-313 Stomoxys calcitrans, 9; structure of salivary glands, oesophagus and crop. 307, transverse section
    through duct of salivary glands; 308, 309, transverse sections through anterior and posterior parts of salivary
    gland; 310, 311, transverse sections through most anterior and cerebral parts of oesophagus; 312, histological
    structure of wall of crop; 313, transverse section through crop.
    107

    .02

    ].02
    314

    16

    315
    .1
    .05

    321
    .03

    .1

    317

    .03

    vii

    pr. sh

    cir. m

    320

    b.mem
    reg. eel

    319

    322

    Figs 314-322 Stomoxys calcitrans, <;?;structure of mid-gut. 314, 315, transverse sections of cardia and its dorsal
    wall; 316, cells secreting substance of peritrophic membrane; 317, transverse section of mid-gut immediately
    behind cardia; 318, muscles of mid-gut; 319, transverse section of broadest part of mid-gut; 320, part of same;
    321, transverse section of narrow posterior part of mid-gut; 322, part of same.
    108

    .2

    323

    .1

    325

    .05

    int

    long. m

    326
    327

    Figs 323-327 Stomoxys calcitrans, ~; structure of anterior and posterior intestine. 323, rectal valve; 324, rectal
    papilla; 325, 326, transverse sections of wall of ileum and posterior part of rectum; 327, longitudinal section of
    posterior part of abdomen.

    109

    prit. m

    if

    328
    .1

    .03

    vii

    331

    ''

    '\

    '
    .02
    330

    332

    Figs 328-332 Stomoxys calcitrans, <;?; structure of Malpighian tubes. 328, longitudinal section of proctodaea!
    (pyloric) valve showing attachment of Malpighian tubes; 329, longitudinal section of middle part of Malpighian tube; 330, transverse section of Malpighian tube; 331, transverse section of lime sac of Malpighian tube
    showing calcospherites; 332, calcospherite.
    110

    mal. tu
    .1

    333

    .03

    336
    long. m

    334
    .03

    .02

    337
    Figs 333-337 Stomoxys calcitrans, S?; structure of heart. 333, transverse section through posterior part of heart;
    334, part of heart showing ostial valves and alary muscles with nephrocytes or pericardia! cells; 335,
    pericardia! cells; 336, haemocytes; 337, fat-body with two oenocytes.

    111

    Fig. 338 Sto111oxys cnlcitrnns,

    <?;

    ventra l view of h ea rt.

    339

    .03

    340
    Figs 339, 340 Stomoxys calcitrans, <;?; corpus alia tum and hypocerebral ganglion, transverse and longitudinal
    sections.

    113

    1.0

    epi

    sph. m

    342
    m

    346

    344
    343
    Figs 341-346 Stomoxys calcitrans, C(; reproductive organs . 341, general structure; 342, transverse section of
    accessory glands; 343, 344, same of anterior and posterior parts of its duct; 345, 346, transverse sections of
    spermathecae and their ducts.
    114

    348

    .1

    .5

    349
    rem. fol. epi

    .03

    350

    Figs 347-350 Stomoxys calcitrans, 2; histology of ovary. 347, two ovarioles, one containing remainder of
    disintegrated epithelium of first follicle after oocyte has left follicular tube; 348, transverse section of lateral
    oviduct; 349, surface view of ovarian sheath showing anastomosing muscles; 350, posterior end of egg
    showing oosome.

    .02

    tes. sh

    355

    Figs 351-356 Stomoxys calcitrans, d'; reproductive organs. 351, general structure; 352, 353, transverse sections
    of vesicula seminalis and vas deferens; 354, same of posterior part of ejaculatory duct; 355, longitudinal
    section of testis; 356, wall of same.
    116

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    QX 505

    J62A 1987

    JoBLINGJ BoRIS~ 1893-1986


    ANATOMICAL DRAWINGS OF
    BITING FLIES

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