04 Matrix Modifiers For Graphite Furnace Analysis
04 Matrix Modifiers For Graphite Furnace Analysis
04 Matrix Modifiers For Graphite Furnace Analysis
Feb 2002
ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Aluminium (Al)
La(NO3)3
*City H2O
10 ppm Mg(NO3)2 or 10 ppm NH4Cl;
sample : modifier = 1:1
Antimony (Sb)
Cu best, Ni, Pt also effective
La(NO3)3
*City H2O
10 ppm Pd using Pd(NO3)2 or
10 ppm Ni using Ni(NO3)2;
sample : modifier = 1:1
@
Electrolytic copper ore
200 ppb La from La(NO3)3
Alloying.
Alloying.
Arsenic (As)
Pd best, Mo, Zr, Ba also good
La(NO3)3
Mg(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Nickel nitrate
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Barium (Ba)
La(NO3)3
Beryllium (Be)
La(NO3)3
Bismuth (Bi)
Pb
Electrolytic copper ore
200 ppb La from La (NO3)3
Boron (B)
$
500 ppm Ca
MIBK extract.
Cadmium (Cd)
Blood, serum, urine
Pd(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 ;
(NH4)2HPO4 + HNO3
La(NO3)3
Mg(NO3)2 ;
(NH4)H2PO4 + HNO3 or Mg(NO3)2
1% (NH4)2HPO4
ppb level
Effective with alloying.
Addition of F, SO42-, PO43- effective.
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
1% (w/v) (NH4)2HPO4 or
1% (w/v) (NH4)SO4 or
0.1% (w/v) (NH4)MoO4.4H2O or
1% (v/v) H2SO4 or H3PO4 can be
substituted for ammonium salt solutions.
Excess NaCl
2% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Seawater
2% (NH4)H2PO4 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Soil
3% H3PO4 or 1-2% (NH4)H2PO4 ;
40 l modifier added to 20 l sample.
Plant tissue
2% H3PO4 or 2% (NH4)H2PO4 ;
40 l modifier added to 20 l sample.
Whole Blood
2% (NH4)2H2PO4
Streams, Effluents
0.5% (w/v) (NH4)H2PO4
ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
Cadmium (Cd) (cont)
Ammonium
modifiers
phosphate
or
other
REMARKS
Cesium (Cs)
$
Chromium (Cr)
La(NO3)3
*City H2O; Environmental H2O;
Wastewater
10 ppm NH4Cl; sample : modifier = 1:1
Seawater
1% Mg(NO3)2 or 1% HNO3
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Calcium nitrate
Cobalt (Co)
0.5% Fe(NO3)2
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Reduces background
interferences.
signal,
minimises
Copper (Cu)
La(NO3)3
Soil with excess NaCl
40 l of 1% NH4NO3 added to 20 l of
sample.
(PTO)
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Excess NaCl
2% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
May require background correction for nonspecific absorption and scattering which can
be significant at analytical wavelength.
Gallium (Ga)
Ni
500 ppm Pd or 5 l 100 ppm Pd or
1000 ppm Ni(NO3)2
Germanium (Ge)
500 ppm Pd or 5 l of 100 ppm Pd
Gold (Au)
0.25% Ni(NO3)2
Indium (In)
Pd
La(NO3)3
$
1% (w/v) ammonium fluoride, NH4F
Iron (Fe)
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Lead (Pb)
Mg(NO3)2
La(NO3)3 ; Pd, Pt (g level)
*City H2O
10 ppm Pd from Pd(NO3)2 or
10 ppm NH4Cl;
sample : modifier = 1:1
*Environmental H2O; Wastewater
#
Vegetables, fruits, grains, beans,
potatoes, meat, fish, fats, oil, dairy
products, spirits, alcoholic beverages,
processed foods
*10 ppm Pd from Pd(NO3)2;
sample: modifier = 1:1
@
Electrolytic copper ore
200 ppb La from La (NO3)3
Medicines
10 ppm Pd from Pd(NO3)2
Excess NaCl
2% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Seawater
10% ascorbic acid
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Blood
0.1% Triton X-100
Streams, Effluents
0.5% (w/v) (NH4)H2PO4
Phosphoric acid
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Manganese (Mn)
La(NO3)3
HNO3
Seawater
10% ascorbic acid
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Mercury (Hg)
Soil
Organic acid (succinic acid, tartaric acid)
Sulfide + HNO3
HCl + H2O2
K2Cr2O7 + Na2S
Au, Pt, Pd (g level)
Se
$
Ammonium Sulfide
$
Excess (NH4)2S
500-2000 ppm Pd solution +
reducing agent such as ascorbic acid or
1000 ppm Pd
as
Molybdenum (Mo)
*City H2O
10 ppm asorbic acid;
sample : modifier = 1:1
Seawater
10% ascorbic acid
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ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
Molybdenum (Mo) (cont)
REMARKS
Nickel (Ni)
*City H2O
10 ppm Mg(NO3)2 or 10 ppm NH4Cl;
sample : modifier = 1:1
Seawater
1% Mg(NO3)2 or 1% HNO3
Seawater
2-10% NH4NO3 or 2% NH4 oxalate
Reduces background
interferences.
signal,
minimises
Background
correction
is
strongly
recommended as Ni can suffer from severe
non-specific absorption and scattering caused
by matrix components during atomisation.
Phosphorus (P)
5 l of 1000 ppm La
Improves precision.
Selenium (Se)
Mg(NO3)2
Al, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt
Cu, Mo and Ni
*City H2O
10 ppm Pd; sample : modifier = 1:1
$
10 ppm from Ni(NO3)2
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10
ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Whole blood
Dilute blood 5 times in diluting agent
consisting of:
0.5% Triton X-100
+ 0.125% Dow Corning Antifoam B
+ 0.25% ascorbic acid.
Add 0.05% Pd as MM.
Nickel nitrate
Requires
simultaneous
background
correction to avoid erroneously high results
due to severe non-specific absorption and light
scattering caused by matrix components
during atomisation because of its low
analytical wavelength (196.0 nm).
Silicon (Si)
La(NO3)3
$
2 ppm Ba and 100 ppm La, both from
chloride salts
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11
ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Silver (Ag)
1% (NH4)H2PO4
500-2000 ppm Pd +
reducing agent such as ascorbic acid
Tellurium (Te)
$
0.1% or 1% Ni(NO3)2
5 l 1000 ppm Pd
Terbium (Tb)
$
Thallium (Tl)
Pd + HClO4
La(NO3)3
1% H2SO4
500-2000 ppm Pd +
reducing agent such as ascorbic acid
A suitable MM.
Pd
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12
ELEMENT/SAMPLE/MM
REMARKS
Tin (Sn)
Mg(NO3)2, (NH4)2HPO4
La(NO3)3
K2MO4
NH4NO3, (NH4)2C2O4
Spirits, alcoholic beverage, processed
foods
10 ppm Pd using Pd(NO3)2
$
0.2% (w/v) K2Cr2O7 + 1% HCl or
3% HNO3 + 10% (1 : 1) NH4OH
Vanadium (V)
Seawater
10% ascorbic acid
Yttrium (Y)
$
Zinc (Zn)
Succinic acid, oxalic acid
Notes:
The information is mainly taken from Shimadzu AAS Cookbook Section 2. The rest are taken
from the following:
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13
Notes (cont):
#
=
=
=
=
=
=
(PTO)
For seawater, NH4NO3 is added to aid in the low temperature removal of NaCl by the formation
of NH4Cl and NaNO3.
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