Write short notes

1- Write short notes on ( Endocrines):

1- Mechanism of action of hormone.
2- Hormones essential for life.
3- Normal function of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4).
4- Parathormone.
5- Thyrocalcitonine.
6- Functions of glucocorticoids.
7- Actions of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline.
9- Endocrine functions of Pancreas.
10- Hormones of Anterior pituitary and their functions.
11- Hormones of Posterior pituitary and their functions.

2- Write short notes on ( Blood):

1- Functions of the blood.
2- Physical properties of blood.
3- Composition of blood.
4- Composition of plasma.
5- Albumin / Globulin (A/G) ratio.
6- Dynamic state of plasma proteins.
7- General function of plasma proteins.
8- Carrier functions of plasma proteins.
9- Mechanism and steps of Haemostasis.
10- Mechanism and significance of Local vascular spasm.
11- Mechanism and significance of platelet plug Formation.
12- Steps of blood clotting.
13- Normal blood standards.
14- Functions of the red blood cells.
15- Fate of red blood cells.
16- Factors affecting erythropoiesis.
17- Total and differential Leucocytic count.
18- Functions of leucocytes.

3- Fill the blank ( Endocrines):

1

1- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . increases permeability of the tissue cells

to glucose, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . increases permeability of the distal
tubules and collecting ducts to H2O, while
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . increases transport of
AA into cells.
2- Local hormones act on the same site of their secretion e.g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........................,....................................... ,
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3- Hormones essential for life are
.......................................,...........................
. . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4- T3 and T4 increase blood glucose level due to stimulation
of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5- Normally T3 and T4 stimulate protein anabolism through stimulation of . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess T3 and T4 stimulate
protein catabolism through stimulation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6- T3 and T4 increase HR due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , COP
due . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7- Parathormone helps mobilization of calcium and phosphates from . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . because it
stimulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . activity, while thyrocalcitonine helps
mobilization of calcium and phosphates from
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . because it stimulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . activity.
8- Parathormone inhibits reabsorption of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from
the renal tubules which leads to increase its excretion in urine.
9- Adrenal cortex is formed of the following zones:
....................................... ............ ...............
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..... ............ ....
10- Adrenal cortex secretes the following hormones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and
........................................
11- Aldosterone helps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
retention, in the same time causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . excretion from the kidney.
12- Cortisol increases blood glucose because it increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and decreases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13- On blood Cortisol increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in the same time it decreases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and
............. ............ ...........................
2

14- Cortisol helps the body to face stress condition because it has the following
effects: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .
... ............ .................,............. .............. ....
. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...... ...........
15- Cortisol decreases allergic reactions in cases of allergy because it . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16- Adrenaline blood glucose level because:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................,............. ..............................
,............. ............ ....................,............. .....
....... ...........
17- Adrenalin produces Orbelli phenomenon in skeletal muscles which means . . .
.......... ............ ......................,............. ...... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This is because
Adrenaline produces V D of skeletal muscle blood vessels which helps in . . . .
......... ..........................
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18- In Pancreas the islet of Langerhans is composed of alpha cells which secrete
. . . . . . . . . . . , beta cells which secrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., and delta
cells which secrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19- Insulin facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by tissue cells and
helps glucose storage as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insulin inhibits . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and facilitates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20- Anterior pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21- Posterior pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22- In female Oxytocin Hormone has the following actions: On the mammary
glands: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , On uterus:
............. ..........,.......... ............ ..........,........
..... ............ .......
4- Fill the blank ( blood):
1-Blood regulates
............. .........................,............. ..............
. . . . . ., and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-Specific gravity is about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for the whole blood, . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . for blood cells and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for plasma.
( Specific gravity of water: 1000)

3-The crystalloid osmotic pressure is about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mm Hg and it

is mainly due to NaCl in plasma. The colloid osmotic pressure is . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . mm Hg and is due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4- Plasma protein concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams %. They
are divided into: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams
% , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams % ,
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grams %
5- Excessive loss of albumin occurs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
Decreased synthesis of albumin occurs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Increased
catabolism of albumin occurs in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-Plasma is about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . times as viscous as water,
whereas the whole blood is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . times as viscous
as water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is the main plasma protein
responsible for plasma viscosity.
7-Haemostasis occurs by the following mechanisms which follow each
other: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .
........ ............ ..................,............. ............ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and
............. .............................
8-The mechanisms responsible for local vascular spasm include:
............. ............ ............................,............
. ............ .....................,
or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9- Local vascular spasm is produced by vasoconstrictor substances released
from blood platelets
e.g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10-During formation of a platelet plug the platelets adhere to the damaged vessel
wall and become activated. After activation platelets contract and release
chemical substances e.g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-The extrinsic mechanism of prothrombin activator results from . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This leads to
release of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . from the injured tissues. The later reacts and activates clotting
factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in
presence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ions to form prothrombin

activator. The extrinsic mechanism is so named because it is initiated by

substances released from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12- The intrinsic mechanism of prothrombin activator results from
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it is so named because . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . It begins by activation of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when
blood comes in contact with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . The later reacts and activates clotting factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in presence of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . ions and platelet phospholipids to form prothrombin activator.
13-Blood clot is followed by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of the blood clot to close
the hole in the blood vessel permanently or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of the clot to reopen the blood vessel after its closure.
14-Fibrinolysis is very important to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . and also to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15-The average diameter of Red blood cells is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , the
thickness at the center is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or less, and at the edge is . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (biconcave).
16-Red blood cell count in adult males: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3, adult
females: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3 , newly born infants:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /mm3 , children: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
/mm3 .
17-Haemoglobin content in adult males: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , adult females
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , newly born infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % ,
children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %
18-Haemotocrit value (packed cell volume) in adult males: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % ,
adult females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % , newly born infants . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . , children: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19-Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average volume of a single red blood
cell, it equals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20-Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of haemoglobin
present in a single red blood cell, it equals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................
21- Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the percentage ratio
of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell in relation to its volume, . . . . . . . . . . .
............. ......................
22-Functions of the red blood cells:
..............................,..............................,.....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23-The great surface area of the cell membrane in relation to the quantity of
materials inside has the following significance:
..............................,..............................,.....
.........................,..............................
24-The cell membrane keeps haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase enzyme
inside the red cells because if these substances are set free in the plasma,
they may be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25-Life span of red blood cells: The red blood cells circulate in the blood for only .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . days. The short life span of red cells is due to absence of .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which are important for protein synthesis,
cellular growth, repair and division.
26- Inside the phagocytic cells, haemoglobin is broken down into . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The globin part is
broken down into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which are reutilized for . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or used for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron is
removed from the haem part of haemoglobin and released into blood, where it
is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The remaining part of the haem molecule is converted
to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . which is secreted in the bile.
27- The main stimulus for erythropoiesis is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The
later stimulates secretion of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from the
kidney which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more R.B.Cs.
28- Proteins of high biological value i.e. contain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
which are present in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are needed in the formation of R.B.Cs. Prolonged
protein under nutrition leads to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29- Iron is essential for R.B.Cs formation because it enters in the formation
of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , the other metal ions needed for
normal erythropoiesis are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30- Vitamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are
essential for final maturation of red blood cells because they are needed (each
in a different way) in the DNA synthesis.
31- Healthy liver is essential for normal erythropoiesis because the liver is the
main site for storage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32- The white blood cells act together to provide the body with powerful defenses
against invasion by foreign organisms (
....................... ,....................... ,..................
. . . . . , or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) and also against . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33- Granular leucocytes are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-granular leucocytes are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . , and occasionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .