Parliament-Immigration Stats EE

Migration Statistics
Standard Note:
SN/SG/6077
Last updated:
5 March 2014
Author:
Oliver Hawkins
Section
Social and General Statistics
The number of people migrating to the UK has been greater than the number emigrating
since 1994. For much of the twentieth century, the numbers migrating to and from the UK
were roughly in balance, and from the 1960s to the early 1990s the number of emigrants was
often greater than the number of immigrants. Over the last two decades, both immigration
and emigration have increased to historically high levels, with immigration exceeding
emigration by more than 100,000 in every year since 1998.
This note explains the concepts and methods used in measuring migration. It contains
current and historical data on immigration, emigration and net migration in the UK. It sets out
the most recent estimates of the UKs foreign-national and foreign-born populations, and
includes international comparisons of migration and migrant populations in European Union
countries.
This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties

and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should
not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last
updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for
it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is
required.
This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available
online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the
content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public.
Contents
1
Understanding migration statistics
1.1
Who is a migrant?
1.2
Stocks and flows
1.3
Net migration
1.4
The difference between migrants and asylum seekers
Migration in the United Kingdom
2.1
How has net migration changed during the current Parliament?
2.2
Historic migration estimates
2.3
From which countries do migrants come to the UK?
2.4
UK migration by nationality
10
2.5
UK migration by country of birth
11
2.6
UK migration by country of last and next residence
12
Background to Tables 1-4
13
Migrants living in the UK
14

4
15
Migration in European Union countries
16
4.1
Total migration in European Union countries
18
4.2
Migration of foreign nationals in European Union countries
20
4.3
Migration of domestic nationals in European Union countries
22
Migrants living in European Union countries
24
Appendix
26
6.1
Data for Charts 1-4
26
6.2
List of abbreviations
29
Understanding migration statistics
What do migration statistics measure? The idea of people moving to live in different parts of
the world seems straightforward, but defining what that means in such a way that it can be
consistently measured raises difficult questions. Who counts as a migrant? Who is foreign to
a given country? Under what circumstances can someone be said to have changed the
country in which they live?
For many of these questions there is no definitive answer and the most appropriate answer
depends upon the nature of the data that is available. This means there is no single measure
of migration. Instead, there are several different measures that, taken together, can be used
to build up a picture of how national populations are changing due to the movement of
people around the world. Understanding migration therefore means understanding the
different ways migration can be measured and the definitions that apply in each case.
1.1
Who is a migrant?
A migrant can be broadly defined as a person who changes their country of usual residence.
Conventionally, there are three different ways of making this definition more precise.
A migrant can be:
1. Someone whose country of birth is different to their country of residence.
2. Someone whose nationality is different to their country of residence.
3. Someone who changes their country of usual residence for a period of at least a year,
so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual residence.1
Each of these definitions has its strengths and weaknesses.
The first definition is consistent and objective, but it classifies as migrants people who were
born abroad but who are nevertheless nationals of the country in which they live (e.g.
children born to armed forces personnel stationed in foreign countries).
The second definition excludes nationals born abroad, but it also excludes people who have
recently changed their country of residence and acquired the nationality of their new home
country. There is also the possibility that when a person is asked their nationality, their selfreported answer may express a sense of cultural affiliation rather than their actual legal
status; a problem that does not arise when asking someone their country of birth.
The third definition is objective but it poses problems of measurement. Peoples intentions
regarding their length of stay in a country are subject to change: those people who intend to
stay longer than a year may leave more quickly, while those who initially intend a short stay
may become permanent residents. This definition is also somewhat arbitrary; as the number
of people meeting it would change were the minimum period of residence longer or shorter
than a year.2
In practice, each of these definitions is used in certain circumstances, depending on the data
in question.
1
2
This is the United Nations recommended definition of a migrant.

For a detailed analysis of the different definitions of a migrant see: Who Counts as a Migrant? Definitions and
their Consequences, Dr Bridget Anderson & Dr Scott Blinder, Oxford Migration Observatory, 27 Mar 2011.
1.2
Stocks and flows
In migration statistics, stocks refer to the number of migrants usually resident in a country
during a particular period, while flows refer to the number of people changing their country of
usual residence during a particular period. Immigration and emigration are therefore flow
measurements, recording the number of people entering and leaving the country on a longterm basis.
Statistics on stocks and flows are based on different definitions of a migrant. Stocks are
normally measured as the number of people whose country of birth or nationality is different
from that of the country in which they live (the first two definitions above). Flows are normally
measured as the number of people changing their country of residence for at least a year
(the third definition).
In the UK, data on stocks and flows comes from different sources. Stocks are measured
through surveys of the resident population, while flows are measured primarily though
surveys of passengers arriving and leaving the country.3
1.3
Net migration
Net migration is the measure of the net flow of migrants into or out of a country. Put simply, it
is the difference between immigration and emigration: the number of people moving to live in
a particular country minus the number of people moving out of that country to live elsewhere.
If more people are arriving than leaving, net migration is a positive number, which means net
immigration. If more people are leaving than arriving, net migration is a negative number,
which means net emigration.
It is important to recognise that net migration does not by itself indicate the full extent of
population change. It is only a part of the picture. If immigration and emigration are roughly
equal, net migration will be low irrespective of how many people arrive and leave.
For example, in 2006 net migration was roughly 23,000 in Germany and 112,000 France; so
net migration in France was more than four times net migration in Germany. However, in
Germany immigration was 662,000 and emigration 639,000, while in France immigration was
219,000 and emigration 107,000. So the total number of people arriving and leaving in
Germany was four times the total number of people arriving and leaving in France.
1.4
The difference between migrants and asylum seekers
A migrant is someone who changes their country of usual residence. An asylum seeker is
someone who does so from fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, social group, or
political opinion.4 Asylum seekers are, generally speaking, a subset of migrants. In 2012,
there were 21,843 applications for asylum in the UK, covering 27,978 people comprising
asylum seekers and their dependants. In the same year, immigration was approximately
498,000. The ONS estimates that asylum seekers were around 4.5% of immigration in 2012.5
Stocks are measured through the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the Annual Population Survey (APS), which
aggregates and supplements LFS data to improve statistical accuracy. Flows are measured primarily through
the International Passenger Survey (IPS), which surveys passengers at UK ports, with additional data on
migration to and from Northern Ireland and Home Office data on asylum seekers.
This definition is taken from Article 1 of the UN Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.
The complete definition is longer and more technical, but it is broadly consistent with the definition given here.
See Table 1.01 Components and Adjustments in the ONS Long-Term International Migration estimates.
Migration in the United Kingdom
The most comprehensive estimates of long-term migration to and from the UK come from the
ONS long-term international migration (LTIM) series, which provides the headline estimates
of immigration, emigration and net migration.
For this series, the ONS uses the UN recommended definition of a long-term international
migrant. That is someone who changes their country of usual residence for a period of at
least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual
residence.
The LTIM estimates are based on three sources of data: the International Passenger Survey
(IPS), data from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) on
international migration to and from Northern Ireland, and Home Office data on asylum
seekers and switchers people who remain in the UK for a longer or shorter period than
they originally anticipated, thus falling into or out of the definition of a migrant.6
Chart 1: Long-term international migration in the UK, 1991-2012
thousands
Immigration
600
500
Emigration
400
300
Net migration
200
100
2012
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
-100
2011
Note: See Appendix Table A1 for data.

Sources: ONS Long-Term International Migration Estimates 2 series (LTIM calendar year)
Chart 1 shows LTIM estimates of immigration, emigration and net migration in the UK from
1991 to 2012. During this period immigration increased 51%, rising from 329,000 in 1991 to
497,000 in 2012. Emigration also increased over the period by 13%, from 285,000 in 1991 to
321,000 in 2012. Immigration has grown faster than emigration, leading to an increase in net
migration from an annual average of 37,000 in the period 1991 to 1995 to an annual average
of 201,000 in the period 2008 to 2012.
Further information on the methodology for the LTIM and IPS estimates is available in the ONS guide:
Methodology to estimate Long-Term International Migration
Immigration was broadly stable between 2004 and 2011, averaging around 580,000 a year.
The higher level of net migration in 2007 was due to falling emigration rather than rising
immigration in that year. Net migration reached its highest level in any calendar year in 2010
at 252,000, when rising immigration combined with the lowest level of emigration since 2001.
2.1
How has net migration changed during the current Parliament?
The Government has said that it aims to reduce net migration from the hundreds of
thousands back down to the tens of thousands by the end of the current Parliament.7 During
the last Parliament average annual net migration was around 200,000 a year; so the
Government needs to reduce net migration to around half its previous level to achieve net
migration of less than 100,000 by May 2015.
So how far has net migration fallen since the current Government came to power? Ministers
have in the past said that net migration has fallen by a third,8 but it is helpful to look at the
basis for this figure, and how it has evolved over time, to fully understand how net migration
has changed under the current Government.
Chart 2: Net migration, Years ending each quarter, 2006-13
thousands
300
Average annual net migration

YE Jun-2006 to YE Jun-2010
250
200
150
100
50
Jun-13
Dec-12
Jun-12
Dec-11
Jun-11
Dec-10
Jun-10
Dec-09
Jun-09
Dec-08
Jun-08
Dec-07
Jun-07
Dec-06
Jun-06

Source: ONS, Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, February 2014
LTIM estimates of net migration are produced quarterly, with detailed breakdowns of the
figures produced for migration in each calendar year. Chart 2 shows estimates of net
migration in the years ending each quarter, from the year ending June 2006 to the year
ending September 2013. Estimates for years ending March and September have only been
produced since 2010, which is why there are some gaps in the chart. It is important to
understand that each of these migration estimates is based on data for the preceding twelve
7
8
HC Deb 23 Nov 2010 C169

Home Office, Immigration continues to fall, 29 August 2013
months, so even though estimates are now produced quarterly, each quarterly estimate
shares data with the preceding and subsequent estimates. Only estimates in discrete twelve
month periods are fully independent of one another (as in Chart 1).
Net migration reached its highest level in recent years during the year ending September
2010, when it peaked at around 255,000. This was the second highest estimate of net
migration ever recorded, just below the estimate of 260,000 for the year ending June 2005.
Following the peak in 2010, net migration then fell over the next two years, reaching 154,000
in the year ending September 2012, which was the lowest estimate of net migration since the
year ending December 2003. The fall from the peak in 2010 to the trough in 2012 was
therefore around 101,000, which is a fall of more than a third from the peak, or around 40%.
Since then, net migration has risen, reaching 182,000 in the year ending June 2013. This
was around 73,000 lower than the peak in 2010, and a fall relative to the peak of around
29%, or almost a third. In the most recent estimates net migration rose again to 212,000, or
around 43,000 lower than the peak, which is a fall of around 17%.
However, these comparisons do not tell the full story about the longer-term trend in net
migration. It is potentially misleading to compare the most recent estimate of net migration
with its highest recent peak, as this is likely to overstate the extent of any long-term change
in the broad level of net migration.
Net migration can vary considerably from one year to the next, and it is not uncommon for
the estimate of net migration to change by tens of thousands between two adjacent years,
even when there is no apparent change in the long-term trend. This is partly because of
natural variation in levels of migration and partly because the estimates are survey-based,
with a margin of error surrounding the net migration estimate of around +/-35,000, with a
95% confidence interval.
When recent estimates of net migration are compared with longer-term averages, the
changes in net migration during the current Parliament do not look so pronounced. The
dotted black line on the above chart shows average annual net migration during the previous
Parliament (based on the closest corresponding migration estimates, which are from the year
ending June 2006 to the year ending June 2010). The most recent estimate of net migration
(212,000) is 16,000 higher than annual average net migration during the previous Parliament
(196,000).
However, this does not mean that the Government's immigration policy has had no effect on
levels of migration. What has changed during the current Parliament is the composition of
migration flows. Net migration of non-EU nationals has fallen to 141,000 in the year to
September 2013, from an annual average of 194,000 during the previous Parliament. By
contrast, net migration of EU nationals (including British nationals) has increased to 72,000,
from an annual average of just 3,000 during the last Parliament.
2.2
Historic migration estimates
The LTIM series begins in 1991. Estimates of annual migration before this date are available
from 1964, based on just the International Passenger Survey. IPS estimates are considered
less robust than the LTIM estimates (which incorporate other sources of data), but the IPS is
the principal source of data for the LTIM estimates and the ONS publishes a series based
purely on IPS data that shows migration trends over a longer period.
Chart 3: IPS estimates of long-term international migration in the UK, 1964-2012
thousands
600
Immigration
500
Emigration
400
300
Net migration
200
100
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
-100

Sources: ONS Long-Term International Migration Estimates 3 series (IPS calendar year); ONS Annual Abstract of Statistics
(various editions)
Chart 3 shows IPS estimates of long-term international migration from 1964 to 2012.
Between 1964 and 1983 the UK experienced a period of almost continuous net emigration,
with net inward migration occurring only in 1979, when net migration was around 6,000.
There was no systematic attempt to measure the extent of international migration before the
introduction of the IPS in 1964. Before then, the extent of international migration can only be
loosely estimated from census data, by measuring the proportion of population change that is
not attributable to recorded births and deaths. Specifically, the change in the population due
to the difference between the number of births and deaths is subtracted from the total
observed change in the population and the remainder is assumed to be due to migration.
This figure is then averaged over the period between the two censuses to estimate the
average annual net migration. These estimates should therefore be treated with some
caution because not all the population change that is unaccounted for is necessarily due to
long-term international migration.
2.3
2001-10
1991-01
1981-91
1971-81
1961-71
1951-61
1931-51
1931-51
1921-31
1911-21
1901-11
During the first three decades of thousands Chart 4: Estimated average annual net migration
in the UK, 1901-2010
the twentieth century the UK
200
experienced net emigration of
around 80,000 a year. For the 150
next three decades, from 1931 100
to 1961, the flow of migration
50
turned inward, with average net
immigration of around 19,000 a
0
year. Net emigration returned
-50
between 1961 and 1981, but at
lower levels than earlier in the -100
century,
averaging
around
20,000 a year. After 1991,
Source: ONS Annual Abstract of Statistics 2004, ONS Long-term international migration estimates
annual net migration began to
increase, reaching levels of greater than 100,000 a year in the first decade of the twenty-first
century, as recorded in the LTIM and IPS estimates.
From which countries do migrants come to the UK?
The origin of migrants coming to the UK is recorded in three different ways: by nationality,
country of birth, and country of last residence. The first indicates the legal status of migrants,
the second records their historical origins, while the third identifies the geographical sources
of migration to the UK. Table 1 shows immigration to the UK in 2012, broken down by these
categories.
Table 1: Immigration by nationality, country of birth & country of last residence, 2012
Thousands
%
Country of
Country of
Nationality
Country of birth
last residence
Nationality
Country of birth
last residence
United Kingdom
80
73
16.1%
14.7%
0.0%
European Union
158
148
182
31.7%
29.7%
36.5%
European Union 15
85
77
112
17.1%
15.5%
22.5%
European Union A8
60
59
57
12.0%
11.8%
11.4%
European Union Other
13
12
13
2.6%
2.4%
2.6%
Non European Union
260
277
316
52.2%
55.6%
63.5%
Old Commonw ealth
31
34
51
6.2%
6.8%
10.2%
New Commonw ealth

Other foreign
Total
98
103
102
19.7%
20.7%
20.5%
131
140
163
26.3%
28.1%
32.7%
498
498
498
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Note: See Background to Tables 1-4 on page 11.

Source: ONS Long-Term International Migration Estimates 2 series (LTIM calendar year)
In 2011, 16% of people migrating to the UK were British nationals, 32% were nationals of
other EU countries, and 52% were nationals of non-EU countries. This means just over half
of migrants entering the UK in 2012 were subject to immigration control.
Tables 2, 3 and 4 provide a detailed breakdown of immigration, emigration and net migration
in the UK by nationality, country of birth and country of last residence from 1999 to 2011.
2.4
UK migration by nationality
Table 2a: Immigration to the UK by nationality, 2000-2012

thousands
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
British
99
110
98
100
89
98
83
74
85
96
93
78
80
European Union
63
58
61
66
130
152
170
195
198
167
176
174
158
European Union 15
63
58
61
66
77
73
74
77
90
82
76
83
85
European Union A8
53
76
92
112
89
68
86
77
60
19
17
14
14
13
Non European Union
316
313
357
344
370
317
343
305
307
303
322
314
260
Old Commonw ealth
56
65
63
62
73
62
62
45
44
30
31
29
31
New Commonw ealth
91
84
92
105
141
117
139
129
121
141
156
151
98
169
164
201
177
155
137
143
131
142
132
135
135
131
479
481
516
511
589
567
596
574
590
567
591
566
498
Other foreign
Total
Table 2b: Emigration from the UK by nationality, 2000-2012

thousands
British
European Union
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
161
159
186
191
196
186
207
171
173
140
136
149
143
57
51
54
51
43
56
66
69
134
109
99
92
75
European Union 15
57
51
54
51
39
40
44
41
54
53
58
49
41
European Union A8
15
22
25
69
52
37
37
30
11
Non European Union
102
100
122
121
104
119
126
100
121
119
104
110
103
Old Commonw ealth
32
32
42
42
33
37
42
31
35
32
22
21
17
New Commonw ealth
15
19
16
17
19
23
24
26
31
34
30
39
36
Other foreign
55
49
64
62
52
59
60
43
55
53
52
50
51
321
309
363
363
344
361
398
341
427
368
339
351
321
Total
Table 2c: Net migration in the UK by nationality, 2000-2012

thousands
British
European Union
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
-62
-48
-88
-91
-107
-88
-124
-97
-87
-44
-43
-70
-63
15
87
96
104
127
63
58
77
82
82
European Union 15
15
38
33
30
36
37
29
18
34
44
European Union A8
49
61
71
87
20
16
49
40
30
13
10
Non European Union
214
213
235
223
266
197
218
204
187
184
218
204
157
Old Commonw ealth
24
33
21
20
40
25
20
13
-2
15
New Commonw ealth
76
65
77
88
122
94
115
103
91
107
126
111
61
114
115
137
115
104
78
83
88
87
79
83
85
81
158
171
153
148
245
206
198
233
163
198
252
215
177
Other foreign
Total
Note: Figures may not sum due to independent rounding. See Background to Tables 1-4 on page 11.
10
2.5
UK migration by country of birth
Table 3a: Immigration to the UK by country of birth, 2000-2012

thousands
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
United Kingdom
83
89
74
85
73
82
66
60
71
82
84
69
73
European Union
55
54
57
58
128
149
173
189
186
162
171
168
148
European Union 15
55
54
57
58
74
69
76
69
79
76
70
78
77
European Union A8
54
77
92
112
89
69
87
77
59
18
17
14
13
12
Non European Union
340
338
386
368
388
335
358
325
332
323
336
329
277
Old Commonw ealth
59
69
75
68
77
66
61
47
48
31
32
32
34
New Commonw ealth
103
96
96
110
149
126
144
136
127
145
161
153
103
Other foreign
178
173
215
190
162
143
153
142
157
147
144
144
140
479
481
516
511
589
567
596
574
590
567
591
566
498
Total
Table 3b: Emigration from the UK by country of birth, 2000-2012

thousands
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
United Kingdom
151
150
172
184
189
175
200
158
159
130
125
133
131
European Union
55
50
54
47
45
56
63
66
126
104
92
92
75
European Union 15
55
50
54
47
40
40
40
38
46
47
52
49
42
European Union A8
16
23
25
68
52
36
37
29
12
Non European Union
114
110
136
133
109
129
136
117
142
134
121
126
115
Old Commonw ealth
39
32
45
41
32
42
46
35
42
35
26
23
18
New Commonw ealth
17
23
24
25
27
27
26
31
35
39
34
45
41
Other foreign
58
55
67
67
50
60
64
51
65
60
61
57
56
321
309
363
363
344
361
398
341
427
368
339
351
321
Total
Table 3c: Net migration in the UK by country of birth, 2000-2012

thousands
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
United Kingdom
-68
-61
-98
-99
-116
-93
-134
-97
-88
-48
-42
-64
-58
European Union
11
83
92
109
123
60
58
79
76
73
European Union 15
11
34
29
36
31
33
29
18
29
35
European Union A8
50
61
69
87
21
16
51
40
30
-1
13
10
Non European Union
227
229
248
235
279
207
223
208
191
189
213
203
162
Old Commonw ealth
21
37
29
27
45
25
16
12
-4
16
New Commonw ealth
86
74
71
85
122
99
118
105
92
106
126
108
62
120
118
148
123
112
83
89
91
93
87
82
87
83
158
171
153
148
245
206
198
233
163
198
252
215
177
Other foreign
Total
11
2.6
UK migration by country of last and next residence
Table 4a: Immigration to the UK by country of last residence, 2000-2012

thousands
European Union
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
89
84
90
101
153
186
210
220
224
198
208
203
182
European Union 15
89
84
90
101
98
107
110
100
114
114
110
107
112
European Union A8
54
76
93
113
89
67
81
77
57
21
17
17
19
13
Rest of Europe
50
37
47
35
18
20
21
17
14
13
14
12
16
Old Com m onw ealth
85
99
86
92
96
90
80
65
68
56
57
51
51
Australia
35
52
38
40
39
39
40
31
29
29
30
26
28
Canada
10
12
10
New Zealand
18
17
13
12
13
15
12
10
11
South Africa
22
23
28
28
37
29
21
17
20
11
New Com m onw ealth
104
101
102
113
152
130
139
135
128
148
162
153
102
African Commonw ealth
30
30
41
40
45
32
23
24
31
31
23
19
19
Indian sub-continent
50
51
46
58
90
86
102
95
80
101
121
122
69
Other Commonw ealth
24
19
15
15
17
11
14
16
17
16
19
12
14
USA
24
25
29
30
27
25
23
23
28
31
22
23
27
Rest of America
12
10
12
10
Middle East
30
31
33
26
29
19
21
23
30
26
24
26
24
Other
85
99
122
107
104
90
93
82
87
84
94
91
89
479
481
516
511
589
567
596
574
590
567
591
566
498
All countries
Table 4b: Emigration from the UK by country of next residence, 2000-2012

thousands
European Union
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
103
95
128
123
125
138
145
131
202
144
136
124
114
European Union 15
103
95
128
123
111
118
118
98
123
88
92
80
79
European Union A8
17
24
25
66
50
38
36
26
13
Rest of Europe
22
24
28
35
13
17
17
15
15
11
15
17
Old Com m onw ealth
86
88
94
104
95
99
114
94
86
88
64
74
69
Australia
54
54
53
62
54
51
68
58
55
57
40
48
48
Canada
10
13
12
12
11
11
11
New Zealand
17
16
18
21
20
22
21
17
13
14
14
South Africa
10
14
13
14
11
4
45
New Com m onw ealth
26
26
29
27
31
29
33
33
34
39
38
50
11
11
11
16
17
18
17
23
21
29
26
10
10
13
10
15
10
13
10
33
28
37
27
25
24
29
18
23
27
25
24
20
10
Middle East
15
12
11
11
16
11
21
15
15
17
14
Other
30
34
31
34
37
34
38
31
36
39
43
41
45
321
309
363
363
344
361
398
341
427
368
339
351
321
Other Commonw ealth

USA
Rest of America
All countries
12
Table 4c: Net migration in the UK by country of last and next residence, 2000-2012
thousands
European Union
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
-14
-11
-38
-23
28
48
65
88
21
54
73
79
67
European Union 15
-14
-11
-38
-23
-14
-11
-8
-9
26
18
27
33
European Union A8
47
59
69
88
23
18
43
41
31
-7
-1
11
12
11
28
13
19
-2
-1
-5
Rest of Europe
Old Com m onw ealth
-1
11
-8
-12
-9
-34
-29
-18
-32
-7
-23
-19
-18
-1
-15
-23
-16
-12
-28
-27
-26
-27
-10
-22
-20
Canada
-3
-5
-4
-5
-4
-2
-1
-3
New Zealand
-6
-8
-7
-8
-9
-7
-4
-6
-6
South Africa
15
14
17
14
28
15
14
Australia
New Com m onw ealth
79
74
73
86
122
101
106
103
94
109
124
103
58
23
25
36
34
39
26
16
19
23
23
15
12
10
42
40
36
47
81
70
85
77
63
78
99
93
43
Other Commonw ealth
14
10
11
-1
-10
-3
-9
-6
-3
-1
-1
Middle East
15
21
21
19
18
12
11
10
10
Other
55
65
91
73
68
56
55
51
51
46
52
50
44
158
171
153
148
245
206
198
233
163
198
252
215
177
USA
Rest of America
All countries

In these tables, estimates for the European Union do not include the UK, which is listed
separately. European Union estimates are for the EU15 from 1991 to 2003, the EU25 from
2004 to 2006, and the EU27 from 2007. Estimates are also shown separately for the EU15,
the A8, and other EU countries.
The EU15 consists of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
the Irish Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Sweden.
The A8 consists of the Eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004: Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
The EU25 consists of the EU15 and A8 groupings, plus Malta and Cyprus.
The EU27 consists of the EU25 plus Bulgaria and Romania.
The Old Commonwealth countries are Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.
The New Commonwealth countries are all Commonwealth countries not part of the Old
Commonwealth, including those of the Indian sub-continent and African Commonwealth
countries other than South Africa.
From 2004 onwards, New Commonwealth excludes Malta and Cyprus, which joined the EU.
Also from 2004 onwards, other foreign excludes the A8 central and eastern states that joined
the EU in May 2004. From 2007 onwards, other foreign excludes Bulgaria and Romania,
which joined the EU in January 2007.
13
Migrants living in the UK
There are fewer foreign nationals living in the UK than there are people born in other
countries. Between January 2012 and December 2012 there were approximately 4.85 million
people with non-British nationality living in the UK and 7.68 million people who were born
abroad. This difference is typical of countries with established migrant populations, as many
long-term migrants acquire citizenship in their new home country over time. The only migrant
group that is larger by nationality than by country of birth is the group of migrants from the
eight accession countries that joined the EU in May 2004. This is because children of
accession migrants born in the UK retain their accession nationality.
Tables 5 and 6 show estimates of the resident population in each nation and region of the
UK, broken down by nationality and country of birth.
Table 5: Estimated population of the UK by nationality, 2012
Thousands
England
British
EU 27
EU15
A8
Non EU
British
EU 27
EU15
A8
Non EU
47,822
2,063
971
931
2,304
91.6%
4.0%
1.9%
1.8%
4.4%
North East
2,526
25
10
13
49
97.2%
1.0%
0.4%
0.5%
1.9%
North West
6,552
158
70
83
175
95.2%
2.3%
1.0%
1.2%
2.5%
Yorkshire & The Humber
4,997
143
40
99
163
94.2%
2.7%
0.8%
1.9%
3.1%
East Midlands
4,203
142
47
91
122
94.1%
3.2%
1.1%
2.0%
2.7%
West Midlands
5,077
149
62
82
199
93.6%
2.7%
1.1%
1.5%
3.7%
East
5,446
227
86
123
187
92.9%
3.9%
1.5%
2.1%
3.2%
London
6,122
775
443
234
988
77.6%
9.8%
5.6%
3.0%
12.5%
South East
7,897
315
160
137
309
92.7%
3.7%
1.9%
1.6%
3.6%
South West
5,001
127
53
70
111
95.5%
2.4%
1.0%
1.3%
2.1%
Wales
2,906
52
23
25
47
96.7%
1.7%
0.8%
0.8%
1.6%
Scotland
4,894
152
61
80
133
94.5%
2.9%
1.2%
1.5%
2.6%
Northern Ireland
1,728
45
38
25
96.1%
2.5%
0.2%
2.1%
1.4%
57,317
2,343
1,092
1,074
2,509
92.2%
3.8%
1.8%
1.7%
4.0%
United Kingdom
Table 6: Estimated population of the UK by country of birth, 2012

Thousands
England
UK
EU 27
EU15
A8
Non EU
UK
EU 27
EU15
A8
Non EU
45,159
2,294
1,193
884
4,730
86.5%
4.4%
2.3%
1.7%
9.1%
North East
2,474
40
25
12
86
95.2%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
3.3%
North West
6,348
187
99
79
350
92.2%
2.7%
1.4%
1.1%
5.1%
Yorkshire & The Humber
4,831
174
71
95
298
91.1%
3.3%
1.3%
1.8%
5.6%
East Midlands
4,044
153
60
86
270
90.5%
3.4%
1.3%
1.9%
6.0%
West Midlands
4,815
164
76
79
446
88.8%
3.0%
1.4%
1.5%
8.2%
East
5,224
261
122
117
374
89.2%
4.5%
2.1%
2.0%
6.4%
London
5,055
769
426
227
2,059
64.1%
9.8%
5.4%
2.9%
26.1%
South East
7,523
372
221
124
626
88.3%
4.4%
2.6%
1.5%
7.3%
South West
4,846
173
94
65
221
92.5%
3.3%
1.8%
1.2%
4.2%
Wales
2,848
64
35
23
92
94.8%
2.1%
1.2%
0.8%
3.1%
Scotland
4,804
163
78
72
213
92.7%
3.1%
1.5%
1.4%
4.1%
Northern Ireland
1,673
88
50
35
36
93.1%
4.9%
2.8%
1.9%
2.0%
54,484
2,609
1,358
1,014
5,071
87.6%
4.2%
2.2%
1.6%
8.2%
United Kingdom
Source: ONS Population by Country of Birth and Nationality 2012
14
The UKs migrant population is concentrated in London. Around 37% of people living in the
UK who were born abroad live in the capital city (the proportion is the same whether you
measure by country of birth or nationality). Similarly, around 36% of people living in London
were born outside the UK, compared with 12% for the UK as a whole.
After London, the English regions with the highest proportions of their population born abroad
were the South East (11.7%), the West Midlands (11.2%), and the East of England (10.8%).
In each of these regions the proportion of people born abroad was lower than for England as
a whole (13.5%), where the national average was pulled up by London. Of all the nations and
regions of the UK, the North East had the lowest proportion of its population born abroad
(4.8%), followed by Wales (5.2%), Northern Ireland (6.9%), and Scotland (7.3%).
The estimates in these tables are based on the Annual Population Survey (APS) which
combines data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) with various sample boosts. It should be
noted that the LFS:
Excludes students in halls who do not have a UK resident parent.
Excludes people in most other types of communal establishments (e.g. hotels,

boarding houses, hostels, mobile home sites, etc)
Is grossed to population estimates of those living in private households that only

include migrants staying for 12 months or more. An adjustment is made for those who
live in some NHS accommodation and halls of residence whose parents live in the
UK. For this reason the sum of those born in the UK and outside the UK may not
agree with the published population estimate.
Records nationality only once. Where a respondent has dual nationality, the firststated nationality is recorded.
The LFS weighting does not adjust for non-response bias by nationality or country of birth,
which means it does not assume people are more or less likely to participate in the survey
depending on their nationality or country of birth.
In Table 5, the category for UK nationals consists of just British nationals, apart from in
Northern Ireland where it consists of British and Irish nationals. People born in Northern
Ireland have the right to British and/or Irish nationality. Therefore in this nationality table,
British and Irish nationalities have been combined for Northern Ireland, and this estimate has
been placed in the British column.
Estimates for the European Union do not include those of British nationality, who are shown
separately in the tables. European Union estimates are shown for the EU15, the EU27, and
the A8.9
For a full explanation of these geographies, see Background to Tables 1-4 on page 11.
15
Migration in European Union countries
Data that allows for international comparisons of migration flows in European Union countries
is available from the European statistics agency, Eurostat. Each country in the EU has its
own way of recording and measuring migration flows depending on its administrative
arrangements. EU countries have applied a common statistical definition to measures of
migration since 2008.10 However, because of differences in recording practices, not all
countries are able to comply with this definition in all of their statistics, so some caution is
warranted in using this data to make comparisons between countries, especially where
differences are small or where national methodologies significantly depart from the common
EU definition.11
Table 7 shows immigration, emigration and net migration in EU countries from 2001 to 2011.
Table 8 shows the same flows over the same period but for just foreign nationals; that is for
migrants that are not nationals of the country in question. Table 9 shows the same flows
again but for just domestic nationals, that is migrants whose nationality is that of the country
in question.12
The United Kingdom is among the EU
countries with the largest inflows of foreign
nationals, but it is not unique. In 2011, the
EU countries with the largest inflows of
foreign nationals were Germany (842,000),
the UK (488,000), Spain (416,000) and Italy
(354,000). In terms of net migration (those
arriving minus those leaving) the countries
with the largest net inflows of foreign
nationals were Italy (322,000), Germany
(303,000), the UK (286,000) and Belgium
(82,000).
From 2004 to 2008, Spain had the largest
gross inflow of foreign nationals of any EU
country, averaging 749,000 a year. From
2004 to 2008, net migration of foreign
nationals to Spain was double that to the UK
over the same period. During this period, the
total net inflow of foreign nationals in Spain
was 3,102,000, compared with 1,549,000 in
the UK. Since 2007 net migration of foreign
nationals in Spain has fallen, leading to net
emigration of 30,000 in 2011.
10
11
12
Chart 5: Immigration of foreign nationals in

EU25 countries, 2011
Germany
United Kingdom
Spain
Italy
France
Belgium
Austria
Netherlands
Sweden
Greece
Denmark
Ireland
Hungary
Cyprus
Finland
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Poland
Slovenia
Portugal
Latvia
Slovakia
Malta
Estonia
Lithuania
thousands
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Data for Hungary and Netherlands is for 2009.

Data for Poland is for 2008. No data is available for Bulgaria and Romania.
Source: Eurostat, with additional data from national statistics agencies
Since 2008, the collection of data on migration in EU countries has been based on EU Regulation 0862/2007.
This defines a core set of statistics on international migration flows, foreign population stocks, the acquisition
of citizenship, asylum and measures against illegal entry and stay. Although Member States are able to
continue to use any appropriate data according to national availability and practice, the statistics collected
under the Regulation must be based on common definitions and concepts.
Details of exactly how migration statistics are compiled in each EU country and the extent to which they
comply with Regulation 0862/2007 are available in the Migration Metadata and Quality Reports, which are
published in the Eurostat metadata and can be accessed through the Eurostat online database.
This data comes principally from Eurostat, but has been updated with data from national statistics agencies
where data sent to Eurostat has subsequently been revised.
16
Germany has high levels of both inward and

outward migration of foreign nationals. In
2008 and 2009 these flows were roughly in
balance, leading to net migration of less than
30,000 in each of those years, despite
Germany having the largest gross inflow of
foreign nationals of any EU country. Net
migration of foreign nationals to Italy was
higher than both Germany and the UK in
2011 because Italy combined high levels of
inward migration (354,000) with low levels of
emigration among foreign nationals (32,000).
Table 9 shows that the UK has been the EU
country with the largest net outflow of
domestic nationals since 2001. Net
emigration of domestic nationals from the UK
has fallen in recent years, from a peak of
around 124,000 in 2006 to 43,000 in 2010.
However, it increased again in 2011, rising to
around 70,000. Net emigration of domestic
nationals was higher in the UK than in
Germany in each year from 2008 to 2010,
despite Germany having a larger gross
outflow of domestic nationals in those years.
17
Chart 6: Net migration of foreign nationals in

EU25 countries, 2011
Italy
Germany
United Kingdom
Belgium
France
Sweden
Netherlands
Austria
Hungary
Finland
Cyprus
Luxembourg
Denmark
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Latvia
Estonia
Malta
Lithuania
Greece
Ireland
Czech Republic
Spain
-100
thousands
100
200
300
Data for Hungary and Netherlands is for 2009.

Data for Poland is for 2008. No data is available for Bulgaria and Romania.
Source: Eurostat, with additional data from national statistics agencies
400
4.1
Total migration in European Union countries
Table 7a: Immigration in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Belgium
110,410
113,857
112,060
117,236
132,810
137,699
146,409
164,152
131,235
144,698
Bulgaria
1,561
1,236
12,918
44,679
60,015
53,453
60,294
68,183
104,445
108,267
75,620
48,317
27,114
Czech Republic
Denmark
55,984
52,778
49,754
49,860
52,458
56,750
64,656
57,357
51,800
52,236
52,833
Germany
879,217
842,543
768,975
780,175
707,352
661,855
680,766
682,146
721,000
798,000
958,000
Estonia
241
575
967
1,097
1,436
2,234
3,741
3,671
3,884
2,810
3,709
Ireland
64,925
61,725
58,875
78,075
102,000
103,260
88,779
63,927
37,409
39,525
52,301
Greece
119,070
110,823
414,772
483,260
672,266
684,561
719,284
840,844
958,266
726,009
498,977
465,168
457,649
236,037
225,629
219,537
219,407
209,781
216,937
251,159
267,367
208,252
222,801
470,491
444,566
325,673
297,640
558,019
534,712
442,940
458,856
385,793
Cyprus
17,485
14,370
16,779
22,003
24,419
15,545
19,017
14,095
11,675
20,206
23,037
Latvia
1,443
1,428
1,364
1,665
1,886
2,801
3,541
3,465
2,688
2,364
7,253
Lithuania
4,694
5,110
4,728
5,553
6,789
7,745
8,609
9,297
6,487
5,213
15,685
Luxembourg
12,135
12,101
13,158
12,872
14,397
14,352
16,675
17,758
15,751
16,962
20,268
Hungary
22,079
19,855
21,327
24,298
27,820
25,732
24,361
37,652
27,894
472
533
187
1,829
6,730
9,031
7,230
8,201
5,522
133,404
121,250
104,514
94,019
92,297
101,150
116,819
143,516
128,813
89,928
108,125
111,869
122,547
114,465
98,535
106,659
110,074
73,278
73,863
104,354
Spain
France
Italy
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
6,625
6,587
7,048
9,495
9,364
10,802
14,995
47,880
74,800
79,300
72,400
57,920
49,200
38,800
46,300
29,718
32,307
27,575
19,667
Romania
Slovenia
7,803
9,134
9,279
10,171
15,041
20,016
29,193
30,693
30,296
15,416
14,083
Slovakia
2,023
2,312
6,551
10,390
9,410
12,611
16,265
17,820
15,643
13,770
4,829
Finland
18,955
18,113
17,838
20,333
21,355
22,451
26,029
29,114
26,699
25,636
29,481
Sw eden
United Kingdom
60,795
64,087
63,795
62,028
65,229
95,750
99,485
101,171
102,280
98,801
96,467
481,000
516,000
511,000
589,000
567,000
596,000
574,000
590,000
567,000
591,000
566,000
Table 7b: Emigration in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Belgium
75,261
75,960
79,399
83,895
86,899
88,163
91,052
100,275
30,511
67,475
Bulgaria
2,958
2,112
21,469
32,389
34,226
34,818
24,065
33,463
20,500
51,478
61,782
61,069
55,910
Czech Republic
Denmark
43,980
43,481
43,466
45,017
45,869
46,786
41,566
38,356
39,899
41,456
41,593
Germany
606,494
623,255
626,330
697,632
628,399
639,064
636,854
737,889
733,800
671,000
679,000
Estonia
2,175
2,038
3,073
2,927
4,610
5,527
4,384
4,406
4,658
5,294
6,214
Ireland
25,750
28,375
27,200
28,675
34,350
38,866
42,538
60,189
65,253
73,675
85,914
Greece
119,985
125,984
Spain
36,605
64,298
55,092
68,011
142,296
227,065
266,460
323,641
403,013
507,742
France
134,037
120,629
127,537
107,407
135,781
140,937
179,159
213,367
Italy
56,077
49,383
62,970
64,849
65,029
75,230
65,196
80,947
80,597
78,771
82,461
Cyprus
13,909
7,485
4,437
6,279
10,003
6,874
11,389
10,500
9,829
4,293
4,895
Latvia
6,602
3,262
2,210
2,744
2,450
5,252
4,183
6,007
7,388
10,702
30,380
Lithuania
7,253
7,086
11,032
15,165
15,571
12,602
13,853
17,015
21,970
83,157
53,863
Luxembourg
8,824
9,452
7,746
8,480
8,287
9,001
10,674
10,058
9,168
9,302
9,264
Hungary
2,591
3,126
3,122
3,820
3,658
4,314
4,500
9,591
10,483
11,103
10,466
4,818
Malta
: :
96
1,908
5,029
6,597
7,389
5,954
Netherlands
63,318
66,728
68,885
75,049
83,399
91,028
91,287
90,067
85,357
Austria
72,654
74,831
71,996
71,721
70,133
74,432
71,928
75,638
56,397
51,968
67,881
Poland
23,368
24,532
20,813
18,877
22,242
46,936
35,480
74,338
9,800
9,300
8,900
10,680
10,800
12,700
26,800
20,357
16,899
23,760
43,998
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
4,811
7,269
5,867
8,269
8,605
13,749
14,943
12,109
18,788
15,937
12,024
Slovakia
1,011
1,411
4,777
6,525
2,784
3,084
3,570
4,857
4,753
4,447
1,863
Finland
13,153
12,891
12,083
13,656
12,369
12,107
12,443
13,657
12,151
11,905
12,660
Sw eden
United Kingdom
32,141
33,009
35,023
36,586
38,118
44,908
45,418
45,294
39,240
48,853
51,179
309,000
363,000
363,000
344,000
361,000
398,000
341,000
427,000
368,000
339,000
351,000
18
Table 7c: Net migration in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Belgium
35,149
37,897
32,661
33,341
45,911
49,536
55,357
63,877
30,511
77,223
Bulgaria
-1,397
-876
-8,551
12,290
25,789
18,635
36,229
34,720
83,945
56,789
13,838
-12,752
-28,796
Czech Republic
Denmark
12,004
9,297
6,288
4,843
6,589
9,964
23,090
19,001
11,901
10,780
11,240
Germany
272,723
219,288
142,645
82,543
78,953
22,791
43,912
-55,743
-12,800
127,000
279,000
Estonia
-1,934
-1,463
-2,106
-1,830
-3,174
-3,293
-643
-735
-774
-2,484
-2,505
Ireland
39,175
33,350
31,675
49,400
67,650
64,394
46,241
3,738
-27,844
-34,150
-33,613
Greece
-915
-15,161
Spain
446,655
607,968
629,469
651,273
698,548
731,201
459,549
175,336
62,155
-50,093
France
102,000
105,000
92,000
112,000
74,000
76,000
72,000
54,000
152,175
173,418
407,521
379,717
260,644
222,410
492,823
453,765
362,343
380,085
303,332
Italy
Cyprus
3,576
6,885
12,342
15,724
14,416
8,671
7,628
3,595
1,846
20,206
18,142
Latvia
-5,159
-1,834
-846
-1,079
-564
-2,451
-642
-2,542
-4,700
2,364
-23,127
Lithuania
-2,559
-1,976
-6,304
-9,612
-8,782
-4,857
-5,244
-7,718
-15,483
-77,944
-38,178
3,311
2,649
5,412
4,392
6,110
5,351
6,001
7,700
6,583
7,660
11,004
19,488
16,729
18,205
20,478
24,162
21,418
19,861
28,061
17,411
10,466
437
-79
1,701
2,434
-159
2,247
704
Netherlands
70,086
54,522
35,629
18,970
8,898
10,122
25,532
53,449
43,456
Austria
17,274
33,294
39,873
50,826
44,332
24,103
34,731
34,436
16,881
21,895
36,473
Poland
-16,743
-17,945
-13,765
-9,382
-12,878
-36,134
-20,485
-26,458
65,000
70,000
63,500
47,240
38,400
26,100
19,500
9,361
15,408
3,815
-24,331
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
2,992
1,865
3,412
1,902
6,436
6,267
14,250
18,584
11,508
-521
2,059
Slovakia
1,012
901
1,774
3,865
6,626
9,527
12,695
12,963
10,890
9,323
2,966
Finland
5,802
5,222
5,755
6,677
8,986
10,344
13,586
15,457
14,548
13,731
16,821
Sw eden
United Kingdom
28,654
31,078
28,772
25,442
27,111
50,842
54,067
55,877
63,040
49,948
45,288
171,000
153,000
148,000
245,000
206,000
198,000
233,000
163,000
198,000
252,000
215,000
Sources: Eurostat: Immigration by sex, age group and citizenship [migr_imm1ctz], Eurostat: Emigration by sex, age group and
citizenship [migr_emi1ctz], ONS Long-Term International Migration 2011
19
4.2
Migration of foreign nationals in European Union countries
Table 8a: Immigration of foreign nationals in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Belgium
82,228
93,368
78,746
83,960
97,888
101,872
Bulgaria
11,323
43,648
57,438
50,804
58,576
66,125
Czech Republic
2008
2009
2010
2011
109,926
113,695
125,927
60
87
102,511
83,077
53,876
30,050
18,971
Denmark
33,654
30,597
27,692
27,870
29,989
34,281
42,623
37,488
32,505
33,717
34,562
Germany
685,259
658,341
601,759
602,182
579,301
558,467
574,752
573,815
606,300
684,000
842,000
Estonia
759
981
1,488
1,952
1,929
2,228
1,197
1,674
Ireland
38,100
41,775
42,025
60,050
87,825
84,365
71,643
45,644
22,480
22,699
32,350
Greece
Spain
France
86,691
133,185
74,724
84,193
54,933
50,370
394,048
443,085
592,723
645,844
682,711
802,971
920,534
692,228
469,342
430,368
415,521
166,620
158,907
153,049
155,583
145,732
152,888
149,546
160,020
172,836
161,914
424,856
394,756
282,780
254,588
515,201
496,549
406,725
424,499
354,327
Cyprus
13,866
12,216
14,785
20,243
21,879
14,535
18,064
9,831
18,308
20,956
Latvia
1,140
1,233
1,080
1,237
1,269
2,308
2,555
2,526
2,167
2,110
5,772
Lithuania
3,980
4,301
3,415
2,156
2,084
2,237
2,468
2,960
1,666
1,060
1,673
Luxembourg
11,055
10,988
12,554
12,245
13,759
13,731
15,766
16,728
14,596
15,749
19,063
Hungary
20,308
17,972
19,365
22,164
25,582
23,569
22,607
35,547
25,582
472
658
5,559
7,846
6,004
6,997
3,738
Netherlands
94,507
86,619
73,566
65,121
63,415
67,657
80,258
94,335
81,889
Austria
74,786
86,144
93,341
104,246
97,995
82,899
91,748
94,376
63,644
65,130
96,109
Poland
Italy
Malta
355
259
500
1,242
1,136
1,824
1,611
11,968
Portugal
20,132
14,263
7,850
7,155
Romania
10,350
6,582
3,267
2,987
3,704
7,714
9,575
10,030
Slovenia
6,773
7,702
8,011
8,597
13,294
18,251
27,504
27,964
27,371
12,657
10,765
531
458
4,562
7,919
7,665
11,309
14,848
16,470
14,436
12,659
3,751
11,037
9,972
9,432
11,511
12,744
13,868
17,504
19,684
17,803
17,903
20,149
Slovakia
Finland
Sw eden
United Kingdom
44,117
47,603
47,988
47,580
51,297
80,398
83,536
82,972
83,472
78,681
75,546
370,000
418,000
411,000
500,000
469,000
513,000
500,000
505,000
471,000
498,000
488,000
Table 8b: Emigration of foreign nationals in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Belgium
37,748
37,732
39,216
43,179
44,298
45,573
Bulgaria
20,566
31,091
33,203
33,784
21,796
31,388
Czech Republic
2008
2009
2010
2011
45,437
24,082
43,827
35
18,424
23,185
37,498
37,731
40,589
Denmark
17,292
17,750
18,194
19,081
19,620
20,447
17,795
22,615
25,516
26,791
26,557
Germany
496,987
505,572
499,063
546,965
483,584
483,774
475,749
563,100
578,800
530,000
539,000
Estonia
648
646
563
444
543
682
627
601
Ireland
39,604
44,746
43,092
46,221
Greece
51,489
60,362
76,663
63,023
Spain
6,567
27,652
41,936
48,721
120,254
198,974
232,007
288,269
366,044
445,126
France
139,451
63,022
92,746
9,176
9,982
12,886
14,019
15,951
16,974
20,316
27,023
32,270
32,817
32,404
Cyprus
13,909
5,650
9,687
6,645
10,573
9,181
3,735
4,258
Latvia
5,267
2,822
1,703
2,032
1,459
3,332
2,302
2,449
3,470
3,457
3,859
Lithuania
3,832
3,615
3,458
1,983
2,265
2,321
2,431
3,641
5,549
3,842
2,358
Luxembourg
7,625
8,269
6,860
7,497
7,170
7,678
8,641
7,945
7,305
7,643
7,458
Hungary
1,944
2,388
2,553
3,466
3,320
3,956
4,133
4,241
5,600
6,047
2,687
3,679
5,159
5,618
4,091
3,256
Netherlands
20,397
21,157
21,870
23,549
23,984
26,476
29,037
30,329
35,079
Austria
51,010
44,478
48,940
50,018
49,800
55,045
52,604
55,184
41,079
38,378
52,585
Poland
38
22
17
95
68
191
179
6,955
1,895
2,761
1,633
2,554
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
3,369
4,645
3,980
6,004
6,528
11,046
11,765
7,323
15,045
11,730
7,345
160
70
3,611
5,002
1,080
1,524
1,996
3,305
3,321
2,930
160
2,157
2,757
2,278
4,186
2,632
2,713
3,113
4,480
4,022
3,097
3,317
Slovakia
Finland
Sw eden
United Kingdom
12,702
14,196
15,134
16,021
15,852
20,033
20,428
19,079
18,277
21,940
23,553
150,000
177,000
172,000
148,000
175,000
192,000
169,000
255,000
228,000
203,000
202,000
20
Table 8c: Net migration of foreign nationals in European Union countries, 2001-2011
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Belgium
44,480
55,636
39,530
40,781
53,590
56,299
Bulgaria
-9,243
12,557
24,235
17,020
36,780
Czech Republic
2008
2009
2010
2011
64,489
113,695
82,100
25
84
34,737
84,087
59,892
16,378
-7,681
-21,618
Denmark
16,362
12,847
9,498
8,789
10,369
13,834
24,828
14,873
6,989
6,926
8,005
Germany
188,272
152,769
102,696
55,217
95,717
74,693
99,003
10,715
27,500
154,000
303,000
Estonia
111
335
925
1,508
1,386
1,546
570
1,073
Ireland
6,040
-22,266
-20,393
-13,871
Greece
23,235
23,831
-21,730
-12,653
Spain
436,518
565,071
603,908
633,990
682,717
721,560
460,221
181,073
64,324
-29,605
France
13,437
86,524
67,274
163,660
151,932
411,970
380,737
266,829
237,614
494,885
469,526
374,455
391,682
321,923
Italy
Cyprus
-43
14,593
12,192
7,890
7,491
650
18,308
16,698
-4,127
-1,589
-623
-795
-190
-1,024
253
77
-1,303
2,110
1,913
148
686
-43
173
-181
-84
37
-681
-3,883
-2,782
-685
3,430
2,719
5,694
4,748
6,589
6,053
7,125
8,783
7,291
8,106
11,605
18,364
15,584
16,812
18,698
22,262
19,613
18,474
31,306
19,982
1,880
2,687
386
2,906
482
Netherlands
74,110
65,462
51,696
41,572
39,431
41,181
51,221
64,006
46,810
Austria
23,776
41,666
44,401
54,228
48,195
27,854
39,144
39,192
22,565
26,752
43,524
Poland
317
237
483
1,147
1,068
1,633
1,432
5,013
18,237
11,502
6,217
4,601
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
3,404
3,057
4,031
2,593
6,766
7,205
15,739
20,641
12,326
927
3,420
Slovakia
Finland
Sw eden
United Kingdom
371
388
951
2,917
6,585
9,785
12,852
13,165
11,115
9,729
3,591
8,880
7,215
7,154
7,325
10,112
11,155
14,391
15,204
13,781
14,806
16,832
31,415
33,407
32,854
31,559
35,445
60,365
63,108
63,893
65,195
56,741
51,993
220,000
241,000
239,000
352,000
294,000
322,000
330,000
251,000
242,000
294,000
286,000
21
4.3
Migration of domestic nationals in European Union countries
Table 9a: Immigration of domestic nationals in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Belgium
28,182
30,489
33,314
33,276
34,922
35,827
Bulgaria
1,595
1,031
2,577
2,649
1,718
2,058
Czech Republic
2008
2009
2010
2011
36,483
16,990
18,426
1,498
1,148
1,934
25,190
21,744
18,267
8,141
Denmark
22,330
22,181
22,062
21,990
22,469
22,469
22,033
19,851
19,281
18,508
18,261
Germany
193,958
184,202
167,216
177,993
128,051
103,388
106,014
108,331
114,700
115,000
116,000
Estonia
338
455
746
1,789
1,742
1,655
1,611
2,034
Ireland
26,825
19,950
16,850
18,025
14,175
18,895
17,136
17,857
14,734
16,603
19,651
60,453
Greece
64,137
20,724
40,175
79,543
38,717
36,573
37,873
37,732
33,781
29,635
34,800
42,128
69,016
69,417
66,722
66,488
63,824
64,049
101,613
107,347
35,416
60,887
45,635
49,810
42,893
43,052
42,818
38,163
36,215
34,357
31,466
3,619
2,154
1,994
1,760
2,540
1,010
953
1,101
1,881
2,054
Latvia
303
195
284
428
617
493
986
939
521
254
1,481
Lithuania
714
809
1,313
3,397
4,705
5,508
6,141
6,337
4,821
4,153
14,012
Luxembourg
1,080
1,113
604
627
638
621
909
957
1,116
1,148
1,160
Hungary
1,771
1,883
1,962
2,134
2,238
2,163
1,754
2,105
2,312
1,171
1,171
1,178
1,226
1,201
1,784
Netherlands
38,897
34,631
30,948
28,898
28,882
33,493
36,561
40,160
36,929
Austria
15,142
21,981
18,528
18,301
16,470
15,636
14,911
15,313
9,521
8,650
8,071
Poland
6,270
6,328
6,548
8,253
8,228
8,978
13,384
35,891
9,586
18,044
19,725
12,512
Spain
France
Italy
Cyprus
Malta
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
1,030
1,432
1,268
1,574
1,747
1,765
1,689
2,631
2,903
2,711
3,318
Slovakia
1,492
1,854
1,989
2,471
1,745
1,302
1,417
1,350
1,205
1,111
1,078
Finland
7,918
8,141
8,406
8,822
8,611
8,583
8,525
9,208
8,612
7,424
9,065
16,678
16,484
15,807
14,448
13,932
15,352
15,949
17,853
18,517
19,765
20,615
110,000
98,000
100,000
89,000
98,000
83,000
74,000
85,000
96,000
93,000
78,000
Sw eden
United Kingdom
Table 9b: Emigration of domestic nationals in European Union countries, 2001-2011

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Belgium
37,513
38,228
40,183
40,716
42,601
42,590
Bulgaria
903
1,298
1,023
1,034
2,269
2,075
Czech Republic
2008
2009
2010
2011
45,615
6,417
23,603
2,923
2,109
2,076
28,293
24,284
23,337
15,321
Denmark
26,688
25,731
25,272
25,936
26,249
26,339
23,771
15,730
14,379
14,661
15,031
Germany
109,507
117,683
127,267
150,667
144,815
155,290
161,105
174,759
155,000
141,000
140,000
Estonia
2,279
3,964
4,964
3,940
3,860
3,972
4,665
5,608
Ireland
17,130
20,507
30,583
39,693
Greece
43,322
62,961
Spain
29,674
36,646
13,156
19,290
22,042
28,091
34,453
35,372
36,969
62,616
France
1,486
116,137
120,621
46,901
39,401
50,084
50,830
49,078
58,256
44,880
53,924
48,327
45,954
50,057
629
294
229
816
387
212
242
Latvia
1,335
440
507
712
991
1,920
1,881
3,558
3,918
7,245
26,521
Lithuania
3,421
3,471
7,574
13,182
13,306
10,281
11,422
13,374
16,421
79,315
51,505
Luxembourg
1,199
1,183
886
983
1,117
1,323
2,033
2,100
1,848
1,651
1,793
647
738
569
354
338
358
367
5,350
4,883
5,056
7,779
1,079
1,350
1,436
1,771
1,863
1,562
Netherlands
42,921
45,571
47,015
51,500
59,415
64,552
62,250
59,364
49,885
Austria
21,644
30,353
23,056
21,703
20,333
19,387
19,324
20,289
14,938
13,460
Poland
23,330
24,510
20,796
18,782
22,174
46,745
35,301
67,329
Portugal
18,462
14,138
22,127
41,444
Romania
9,921
8,154
10,673
13,082
10,938
14,197
8,830
8,739
Slovenia
1,442
2,624
1,887
2,265
2,077
2,703
3,178
4,766
3,717
3,905
4,679
1,703
Italy
Cyprus
Hungary
Malta
Slovakia
: :
15,063
851
1,341
1,166
1,523
1,704
1,560
1,574
1,547
1,432
1,512
Finland
10,996
10,134
9,805
9,470
9,737
9,394
9,330
9,161
8,114
8,782
9,326
Sw eden
19,439
18,813
19,889
20,565
22,266
24,875
24,990
26,052
20,883
26,792
27,506
159,000
186,000
191,000
196,000
186,000
207,000
171,000
173,000
140,000
136,000
149,000
United Kingdom
22
Table 9c: Net migration of domestic nationals in European Union countries, 2001-2011
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Belgium
-9,331
-7,739
-6,869
-7,440
-7,679
-6,763
Bulgaria
692
-267
1,554
1,615
-551
-17
Czech Republic
2008
2009
2010
2011
-9,132
16,990
-5,177
-1,425
-961
-142
-3,103
-2,540
-5,070
-7,180
Denmark
-4,358
-3,550
-3,210
-3,946
-3,780
-3,870
-1,738
4,121
4,902
3,847
3,230
Germany
84,451
66,519
39,949
27,326
-16,764
-51,902
-55,091
-66,428
-40,300
-26,000
-24,000
Estonia
-1,941
-3,509
-4,218
-2,151
-2,118
-2,317
-3,054
-3,574
Ireland
727
-5,773
-13,980
-20,042
Greece
20,815
-2,508
Spain
10,501
42,897
25,561
17,283
15,831
9,641
-672
-5,737
-2,169
-20,488
France
62,563
-14,524
-13,274
-11,485
21,486
-4,449
-1,020
-6,185
-15,204
-2,062
-15,761
-12,112
-11,597
-18,591
1,131
2,246
781
137
714
1,881
1,812
Latvia
-1,032
-245
-223
-284
-374
-1,427
-895
-2,619
-3,397
254
-25,040
Lithuania
-2,707
-2,662
-6,261
-9,785
-8,601
-4,773
-5,281
-7,037
-11,600
-75,162
-37,493
-119
-70
-282
-356
-479
-702
-1,124
-1,143
-732
-503
-633
1,124
1,145
1,393
1,780
1,900
1,805
1,387
-3,245
-2,571
92
-179
-258
-545
-662
222
Netherlands
-4,024
-10,940
-16,067
-22,602
-30,533
-31,059
-25,689
-19,204
-12,956
Austria
-6,502
-8,372
-4,528
-3,402
-3,863
-3,751
-4,413
-4,976
-5,417
-4,810
-6,992
Poland
-17,060
-18,182
-14,248
-10,529
-13,946
-37,767
-21,917
-31,438
-8,876
3,906
-2,402
-28,932
Italy
Cyprus
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
-412
-1,192
-619
-691
-330
-938
-1,489
-2,135
-814
-1,194
-1,361
-625
Slovakia
641
513
823
948
41
-258
-157
-197
-227
-401
Finland
-3,078
-1,993
-1,399
-648
-1,126
-811
-805
47
498
-1,358
-261
Sw eden
-2,761
-2,329
-4,082
-6,117
-8,334
-9,523
-9,041
-8,199
-2,366
-7,027
-6,891
-48,000
-88,000
-91,000
-107,000
-88,000
-124,000
-97,000
-87,000
-44,000
-43,000
-70,000
United Kingdom
23
Migrants living in European Union countries
Table 10 shows the estimated number foreign-national and foreign-born migrants in EU

countries on 1 January 2012. The figures are presented both as counts and as a percentage
of each countrys total population.13
Table 10: Foreign-national and foreign-born populations of EU countries, at 1 Jan 2012
Foreign-national population
Foreign-born population
% of total
Total
% of total
Number
population
Number
population
Number
Belgium
1,224,904
11.0%
1,699,152
15.3%
11,094,850
Bulgaria
42,423
0.6%
88,067
1.2%
7,330,215
422,966
4.0%
390,843
3.7%
10,505,445
Denmark
358,714
6.4%
531,540
9.5%
5,580,516
Germany
7,409,754
9.1%
9,931,855
12.1%
81,843,743
Estonia
206,558
15.7%
210,842
16.0%
1,318,005
Ireland
487,898
10.6%
685,535
15.0%
4,582,769
Greece
975,374
8.6%
1,259,908
11.2%
11,290,067
Spain
5,562,067
12.0%
6,555,013
14.2%
46,196,276
France
3,858,295
5.9%
7,358,218
11.3%
65,327,724
Italy
4,825,573
7.9%
5,457,820
9.0%
60,820,696
Cyprus
172,427
20.0%
200,313
23.2%
862,011
Latvia
332,893
16.3%
297,983
14.6%
2,041,763
3,007,758
Czech Republic
Lithuania
20,585
0.7%
147,781
4.9%
Luxembourg
229,870
43.8%
216,156
41.2%
524,853
Hungary
207,574
2.1%
465,562
4.7%
9,957,731
Malta 1
20,521
4.9%
31,190
7.5%
417,520
Netherlands
697,741
4.2%
1,906,295
11.4%
16,730,348
Austria
947,717
11.2%
1,332,801
15.8%
8,434,455
Poland
57,450
0.1%
674,908
1.8%
38,538,447
Portugal
439,111
4.2%
853,813
8.1%
10,541,840
Romania
36,536
0.2%
193,519
0.9%
21,355,849
Slovenia
85,555
4.2%
230,109
11.2%
2,055,496
Slovakia
70,727
1.3%
156,883
2.9%
5,404,322
Finland
181,697
3.4%
260,856
4.8%
5,401,267
Sw eden
646,095
6.8%
1,426,402
15.0%
9,482,855
4,802,331
7.6%
7,625,821
12.1%
62,989,551
United Kingdom
Notes: 1. Data on the foreign-born population of Malta is for 1 Jan 2011.

Source: Eurostat: Population by sex, age group and citizenship [migr_pop1ctz], Eurostat: Population by sex, age group and
country of birth [migr_pop3ctb]
The EU countries with the largest number of foreign-national residents in January 2012 were
Germany (7.41 million), Spain (5.56 million), Italy (4.83 million), the UK (4.80 million) and
France (3.86 million). The countries with largest number of foreign-born residents were
Germany (9.93 million), the UK (7.63 million), France (7.36 million) and Spain (6.56 million).
The countries with the smallest foreign national population were Malta (21,000), Lithuania
(21,000) and Romania (37,000); while the countries with the smallest foreign-born
populations were Malta (31,000), Bulgaria (88,000) and Lithuania (148,000).
13
Note that these are estimates of the size of each countrys migrant population on a given date, so the estimate
given here for the UK differs slightly from that provided in Chapter 3.
24
When measured as a proportion of the total

population, foreign nationals were 7.6% of
the UK population, which places the UK 12th
among the 27 EU countries on this measure.
Foreign-born people were 12.1% of the UK
population, which places the UK 11th among
EU countries on this measure.
The countries with the largest number of
foreign nationals as a proportion of the
population were Luxembourg (43.8%),
Cyprus (20.0%), Latvia (16.3%), and Estonia
(15.7%). Those with the smallest proportion
of foreign nationals were Poland (0.1%),
Romania (0.2%), Bulgaria (0.6%), and
Lithuania (0.7%).
The countries with the largest number of
foreign-born residents as a proportion of the
population were Luxembourg (41.2%),
Cyprus (23.2%), Estonia (16.0%) and Austria
(15.8%). Those with the smallest proportion
were Romania (0.9%), Bulgaria (1.2%),
Poland (1.8%) and Slovakia (2.9%).
25
Chart 7: Foreign nationals as a percentage of

total population in EU27 countries, 1 Jan 2012
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Latvia
Estonia
Spain
Austria
Belgium
Ireland
Germany
Greece
Italy
United Kingdom
Sweden
Denmark
France
Malta
Netherlands
Portugal
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Finland
Hungary
Slovakia
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Romania
Poland
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Source: Eurostat, Population by sex, age group and citizenship
50%
Appendix
6.1
Data for Charts 1-4
Tables A1 to A4 set out the data illustrated in Charts 1 to 4 in Chapter 1.

Table A1: Long-term international migration in the UK, 1991-2012
thousands
Net m igration
Im m igration
Em igration
1991
329
285
44
1992
268
281
-13
1993
266
266
-1
1994
315
238
77
1995
312
236
76
1996
318
264
55
1997
327
279
48
1998
391
251
140
1999
454
291
163
2000
479
321
158
2001
481
309
171
2002
516
363
153
2003
511
363
148
2004
589
344
245
2005
567
361
206
2006
596
398
198
2007
574
341
233
2008
590
427
163
2009
567
368
198
2010
591
339
252
2011
566
351
215
2012
498
321
177
Sources: ONS Long-Term International Migration Estimates 2 series (LTIM calendar year)
26
Table A2: Long-term international migration, Years ending each quarter, 2006-13
thousands
Immigration
Emigration
Net migration
177
Jun-06
565
388
Sep-06
Dec-06
596
398
198
Mar-07
Jun-07
595
387
208
Sep-07
Dec-07
574
341
233
Mar-08
:
196
Jun-08
571
375
Sep-08
Dec-08
590
427
163
Mar-09
Jun-09
563
397
166
Sep-09
Dec-09
567
368
198
Mar-10
587
365
222
Jun-10
582
347
235
Sep-10
600
345
255
Dec-10
591
339
252
Mar-11
578
336
242
Jun-11
589
342
247
Sep-11
581
339
242
Dec-11
566
351
215
Mar-12
536
352
184
Jun-12
517
349
167
Sep-12
497
343
154
Dec-12
498
321
177
Mar-13
493
318
175
Jun-13
503
320
182
Sep-13
532
320
212
Source: ONS, Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, November 2014
27
Table A3: IPS estimates of long-term international migration in the UK, 1964-2012
thousands
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Im m igration
Em igration
Net m igration
211
206
219
225
222
206
226
200
222
196
184
197
191
162
187
195
173
153
201
202
201
232
250
211
216
250
267
255
207
204
243
235
261
273
318
354
359
372
386
427
518
496
529
527
538
528
553
531
462
271
284
302
309
278
293
291
240
233
246
269
238
210
208
192
189
228
232
257
184
164
174
213
209
237
205
231
247
235
223
197
198
223
232
206
245
278
250
305
314
310
328
369
318
409
337
310
332
298
-60
-78
-82
-84
-56
-87
-65
-40
-11
-50
-85
-41
-19
-46
-5
6
-55
-79
-56
17
37
58
37
2
-21
44
36
8
-28
-19
45
37
37
40
113
109
82
122
81
113
208
168
160
209
129
191
243
200
164
Sources: ONS Long-Term International Migration Estimates 3 series (IPS calendar year); ONS Annual Abstract of Statistics
(various editions)
28
Table A4: Estimated average annual net migration in the UK, 1901-2010
thousands
Censuses
Decade
Average annual
ending
net m igration
1901-11
1911
-82
1911-21
1921
-92
1921-31
1931
-67
1931-51
1941
22
1931-51
1951
22
1951-61
1961
12
1961-71
1971
-12
1971-81
1981
-27
1981-91
1991
1991-01
2001
61
2001-10
2010
197
Notes:
1. Historic net migration is estimated as the difference between two subsequent census populations that is not attributed to
recorded births and deaths. This component of change is then averaged over the period to estimate the average annual change.
These estimates should therefore be treated with caution as not all unexplained population change will be due to long-term net
migration.
2. There was no census in 1941.
3. Annual average net migration in the decade 2001-2010 is not estimated from census data but is based on the ONS long-term
international migration (LTIM) estimates.
Sources: ONS Annual Abstract of Statistics 2004, ONS Long-Term International Migration Estimates 2 series (LTIM calendar
year)
6.2
APS
IPS
LTIM
LFS
NISRA
ONS
List of abbreviations
Annual Population Survey
International Passenger Survey
Long-Term International Migration
Labour Force Survey
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
Office for National Statistics
29

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Migration Statistics

Social and General Statistics

This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties

Understanding migration statistics

Stocks and flows

The difference between migrants and asylum seekers

Migration in the United Kingdom

How has net migration changed during the current Parliament?

Historic migration estimates

From which countries do migrants come to the UK?

UK migration by country of birth

UK migration by country of last and next residence

Background to Tables 1-4

Migrants living in the UK

Background to Tables 5-6

Migration in European Union countries

Total migration in European Union countries

Migration of foreign nationals in European Union countries

Migration of domestic nationals in European Union countries

Migrants living in European Union countries

Data for Charts 1-4

Understanding migration statistics

This is the United Nations recommended definition of a migrant.

Stocks and flows

The difference between migrants and asylum seekers

Migration in the United Kingdom

Note: See Appendix Table A1 for data.

How has net migration changed during the current Parliament?

Average annual net migration

Note: See Appendix Table A2 for data.

HC Deb 23 Nov 2010 C169

Historic migration estimates

Note: See Appendix Table A3 for data.

European Union Other

Non European Union

Old Commonw ealth

New Commonw ealth

Note: See Background to Tables 1-4 on page 11.

Table 2a: Immigration to the UK by nationality, 2000-2012

European Union Other

Non European Union

Old Commonw ealth

New Commonw ealth

Table 2b: Emigration from the UK by nationality, 2000-2012

European Union Other

Non European Union

Old Commonw ealth

New Commonw ealth

Table 2c: Net migration in the UK by nationality, 2000-2012

European Union Other

Non European Union

Old Commonw ealth

New Commonw ealth

UK migration by country of birth

Table 3a: Immigration to the UK by country of birth, 2000-2012

European Union Other

Non European Union

Old Commonw ealth

New Commonw ealth