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    Multiplication of Vectors

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    chashma
    In mathematics, Vector multiplication refers to one of several techniques for the multiplication of two (or more) vectors with themselves. It may concern any of the following articles: Dot product — also known as the "scalar product", an operation that takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Alternatively, it is defined as the product of the projection of the first vector onto the second vector and the magnitude of the second vector. Thus, A ⋅ B = ||A|| ||B|| cos θ. Cross product — also known as the "vector product", a binary operation on two vectors that results in another vector. The cross product of two vectors in 3-space is defined as the vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the two vectors whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between the two vectors. So, if n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by vectors A and B, A × B = ||A|| ||B|| sin θ n.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Multiplication of Vectors

    Uploaded by

    chashma
    156 views8 pages
    In mathematics, Vector multiplication refers to one of several techniques for the multiplication of two (or more) vectors with themselves. It may concern any of the following articles: Dot product — also known as the "scalar product", an operation that takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Alternatively, it is defined as the product of the projection of the first vector onto the second vector and the magnitude of the second vector. Thus, A ⋅ B = ||A|| ||B|| cos θ. Cross product — also known as the "vector product", a binary operation on two vectors that results in another vector. The cross product of two vectors in 3-space is defined as the vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the two vectors whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between the two vectors. So, if n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by vectors A and B, A × B = ||A|| ||B|| sin θ n.

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    In mathematics, Vector multiplication refers to one of several techniques for the multiplication of two (or more) vectors with themselves. It may concern any of the following articles: Dot product — also known as the "scalar product", an operation that takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Alternatively, it is defined as the product of the projection of the first vector onto the second vector and the magnitude of the second vector. Thus, A ⋅ B = ||A|| ||B|| cos θ. Cross product — also known as the "vector product", a binary operation on two vectors that results in another vector. The cross product of two vectors in 3-space is defined as the vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the two vectors whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between the two vectors. So, if n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by vectors A and B, A × B = ||A|| ||B|| sin θ n.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    156 views8 pages

    Multiplication of Vectors

    Uploaded by

    chashma
    In mathematics, Vector multiplication refers to one of several techniques for the multiplication of two (or more) vectors with themselves. It may concern any of the following articles: Dot product — also known as the "scalar product", an operation that takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Alternatively, it is defined as the product of the projection of the first vector onto the second vector and the magnitude of the second vector. Thus, A ⋅ B = ||A|| ||B|| cos θ. Cross product — also known as the "vector product", a binary operation on two vectors that results in another vector. The cross product of two vectors in 3-space is defined as the vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the two vectors whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between the two vectors. So, if n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by vectors A and B, A × B = ||A|| ||B|| sin θ n.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    MultiplicationofVectors

    The vectors cannot be added algebraically, like scalar quantities. The angle between the two vectors
    playsanimportantroleinadditionofvectors.Similarly,anglebetweentwovectorsplaysanimportant
    rolewhenthetwovectorsaremultipliedtogether.
    Consider two quantities having magnitudes 3 and 2 respectively. If the quantities are scalars then
    thentheresultoftheirmultiplicationcannotbeanythingotherthan6.Weareatlibertytoexpressthese
    product as 3.2 = 6 or 3

    2 = 6. If the two quantities are vector quantities, the result of their

    multiplication can have any value lying in between 6 and +6. The result depends upon the angle
    betweenthem.Moreoverwearenotfreetoputadot(.)oracross(

    )inbetween.

    Multiplicationofvectorbyascalar:
    Let vector a is multiplied by a scalar m. If m is a positive quantity, only magnitude of the vector will
    changebyafactormanditsdirectionwillremainsame.Ifmisanegativequantitythedirectionofthe
    vectorwillbereversed.

    Multiplicationofavectorbyavector:
    Therearetwowaysinwhichtwovectorscanbemultipliedtogether.

    (A)Dotproductorscalarproduct:
    The dot product of two vectors a and b is defined as the
    productoftheirmagnitudesandthecosineofthesmallerangle
    betweenthetwo.
    Itiswrittenbyputtingadot(.)betweentwovectors.Theresult
    ofthisproductdoesnotpossessanydirection.So,itisascalar
    quantity.Henceitisalsocalledascalarproduct.
    =|

    ||

    |cos=abcos

    whereaandbarethemagnitudesoftherespectivevectorsandistheanglebetweenthem.Thefinal
    product is a scalar quantity. If two vectors are mutually perpendicular then = 900 and cos 90 = 0,

    Hence,theirdotproductiszero.

    Someexamplesofdotproduct:
    Work(W):Workisthedotproductoftheforce(
    W=

    )anddisplacement(

    ).Workisscalarquantity.

    =Fscos

    Power(P):Poweristhedotproductofforce(

    )nadvelocity(

    ).Powerisalsoascalarquantity.

    P=

    Characteristicsofdotproduct:
    Dotproductoftwovectorsobeysthefollowingcharacteristics.
    (i)Commutative:
    Dotproductbetweentwovectorsiscommutativeinnature.
    If

    and

    aretwovectors,

    then,
    Itmeansthattheorderofvectorsintheproductcanbechangedwithoutaffectingtheresult.
    (ii)Distributive:
    Dotproductofvectorwiththesumofanumberofothervectorsisequaltothesumofthedotproducts
    ofthevectortakenwithothervectorsseparately.
    Mathematically,itcanbeexpressedas

    (iii)Dotproductintermsofrectangularcomponent:
    Here,

    (iv)Perpendicularvectors:

    Fortwoperpendicularvectors
    =|

    ||

    and

    ,=90.

    |cos=abcos90=0

    Thus,theproductoftwononzerovectors,whichareperpendiculartoeachother,isalwayszero.This
    statementisknownasconditionofperpendicularity.
    (v)Collinearvectors:
    (a)Parallelvectors:
    Inthiscase,=0,
    So,

    =|

    ||

    |cos=abcos0=ab

    (b)Antiparallelvectors:
    Inthiscase,=180,
    =|

    ||

    |cos=abcos180=ab

    Therefore,thedotproductofcollinearvectorsisequaltotheproductoftheirmagnitudes.Itispositiveif
    theyareparallelandnegativeiftheyareantiparallel.Thestatementiscalledconditionofcolinearity.
    (vi)Equalvectors:
    Vectorsareequaliftheypossesssamemagnitudeanddirection,i.e.,
    =0
    Sodotproductoftwoequalvectorsisgivenby
    =|a||a|cos0=A2
    Dotproducttwoequalvectorsisequaltothesquareofthemagnitudeoftheeither.
    Thus,

    Problem1:
    FindtheanglebetweenthevectorsAandBwhere
    =2i+3j+3k,

    =i+2j3k

    Solution:
    Weknowthat,
    =|A||B|coswhere|A|=(22+32+32)=22
    |B|=(12+22+32)=14
    Hencecos=(

    )/(|A||B|)

    =((2i+3j+3k)(i+2j3k))/(2214)

    =(2+69)/(277)=(1)/(277)

    Thus,=cos1((1)/(277))

    Crossproductorvectorproduct:
    Cross product of two vectors
    vector

    and

    is defined as a single

    whosemagnitudeisequaltotheproductoftheirindividual

    magnitudes and the sine of the smaller angle between them and is
    directedalongtyhenormaltotheplanecontaining
    x

    Here

    and

    =absin

    istheunitvectorinadirectionperpendiculartotheplanecontaining

    and

    Crossproductoftwovectorsbeingavectorquantityisalsoknownasvectorproduct.

    Tospecifythesenseofthevectorc,refertothefiguregivenbelow.

    Imaginerotatingarighthandscrewwhoseaxisisperpendiculartotheplaneformedbyvectorsaandb
    soastoturnitfromvectorsatobtroughtheanglebetweenthem.Thenthedirectionofadvancement
    ofthescrewgivesthedirectionofthevectorproductvectors

    and

    Examples:
    Angularmomentum(
    )andmomentum(
    =

    ):Angularmomentum(
    )isalsoavectorquantity.

    )whichisthecrossproductofpositionvector(

    Characteristicsofcrossproduct:
    (i)Notcommutative:
    Crossproductoftwovectorsisnotcommutativeinnature.

    Thus,

    (ii)Distributive:
    Crossproductofavectorwiththesumofanumberofvectorsisequaltothesumofcrossproductof
    thevectortakenwithothervectorsseparately.
    So,
    (iii)Collinearvectors:
    (a)Parallelvectors:
    Inthiscase,=0,sin=0,
    So,

    =anullvector

    (b)Antiparallelvectors:
    Inthiscase,=180,sin=0
    Thus,again,

    =anullvector

    Therefore,crossproductoftwolinearvectorsisalwaysanullvector(zeromagnitude).Thestatementis
    knownasconditionofcolinearity.
    (iv)Equalvectors:
    Forequalvectors,
    =0,sin=0,
    So,

    =anullvector

    (v)Perpendicularvectors:
    Forperpendicularvectors,
    =90,sin=1,
    So,

    =ab

    The magnitude of the cross product of two perpendicular vectors is equal to the product of their
    individualmagnitudes.
    (vi)Orthogonalunitvectors:
    Incaseoforthogonalunitvectors,

    Problem2:
    Obtainaunitvectorperpendiculartothetwovectors

    =2i+3j+3k,

    Solution:
    Weknowthat
    n=(

    =ABsinn
    )/ABsin

    Wehave

    =17i2j7k

    A=29B=14
    and=cos18/(1429)(Useconceptofdotproducttofind).
    Fromtheabovevalueswecanfindn
    Solvingweget,
    n=(17i2j7k)/(2914sin)where=cos18/(1429)

    Theresultofdotproductoftwovectorsisascalarquantity.
    Dotproductoftheperpendicularvectorsisalwayszero.
    Dotproductoftwosimilarvectorsisequaltothesquareofthe
    magnitudeofeitherofthem.
    Changeintheorderofvectorsdoesnotproduceachangein
    theresultofdotproduct.
    Crossproductoftwovectorsisavectorquantity.
    Changeintheorderofvectors,inacrossproduct,resultsinthe
    introductionofanegativesign.
    Directionofcrossproductisalwaysperpendiculartotheplane
    containingtwovectors.
    Whileapplyingrightthumbrule,forcrossproduct,itmustbe

    =i2j+3k

    ensuredthatboththevectorsaredirectedawayordirected
    towardsthepointofintersection.
    Crossproductoftwolinearvectorsisalwaysanullvector
    Areaoftheparallelogramformedbythetwovectorsisequalto
    themagnitudeoftheircrossproduct.

    Question1:
    If

    ,then:

    (a)

    isperpendicularto

    only.

    (b)

    isparallelto

    (c)

    isperpendiculartoboth

    (d)

    isparalleltoboth

    .
    and

    and

    Question2:
    Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?
    (a)
    (b)
    (c)
    (d)
    Question3:
    Theanglebetweenthetwovectors

    and

    willbe:

    (a)zero(b)450(c)900(d)1800
    Question4:
    If|

    |=|

    |=|

    |thenanglebetweenAandBwillbe:

    (a)900(b)1200(c)00(d)600
    Question5:
    A boat which has a speed of 5 km/h in still water crosses a river of width 1 km along the shortest
    possiblepathin15minutes.Thevelocityoftheriverwasinkm/his
    (a)1(b)4(c)21(d)3

    Q.1
    c

    Q.2
    d

    Q.3
    c

    Q.4
    b

    Q.5
    d

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