Physical

and Chemical
Properties

Klucel
Klucel
Klucel
Klucel
hydroxypropylcellulose
Klucel
Klucel
Klucel
Klucel
Klucel
Klucel
Klucel

HERCULES INCORPORATED
Aqualon Division
Hercules Plaza
1313 North Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19894-0001
(302) 594-5000
www.aqualon.com
ORDER PLACEMENT INFORMATION
(800) 334-8426

PRODUCT AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

(800) 345-0447

KLUCEL HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE

CONTENTS

PAGE
VISCOSITY IN ORGANIC SOLVENT
SOLUTIONS .................................................... 15
Viscosity and Precipitation Temperature
in Aqueous Alcohols...................................... 17

KLUCEL HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE...... 2
APPLICATIONS .................................................. 3
CHEMISTRY ...................................................... 4
GRADES AND VISCOSITY TYPES.................... 5
PROPERTIES......................................................
MOISTURE ABSORPTION ..................................
POLYMER STABILITY..........................................
BURNOUT TEMPERATURE ................................

6
6
6
6

DISPERSION AND DISSOLUTION....................

IN WATER ............................................................
Method 1 ........................................................
Method 2 ........................................................
Method 3 ........................................................
IN ORGANIC LIQUIDS ........................................
IN HOT-MELTS AND WAXES ..............................

7
7
7
7
7
7
8

THERMOPLASTICITY MOLDING
AND EXTRUSION .......................................... 18
FORMULATION OF MOLDING
COMPOUNDS ................................................ 18
FILMS AND COATINGS ..................................
FILM PROPERTIES............................................
PLASTICIZERS FOR FILMS ..............................
ADDITIVE AND MODIFIER FOR FILMS
AND COATINGS ..............................................
SOLUTION CASTING FOR FILMS
AND COATINGS ..............................................
INSOLUBILIZING FILMS AND COATINGS........

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS.......................... 9
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS...................................... 9
Effect of Concentration and Viscosity Type .... 9
Rheology........................................................ 10
Effect of Temperature .................................... 10
Precipitation Temperature in Water .............. 11
Compatibility With Surfactants...................... 11
Addition of Certain Ionic Surfactants ............ 11
Effect of pH .................................................. 11
Effect of Inorganic Salts ................................ 11
Compatibility With Other Polymers .............. 12
Water-Soluble Polymers ............................ 12
Water-Insoluble Polymers.......................... 13
Viscosity Stability .......................................... 13
Hydrolysis and Oxidation .......................... 13
Biological Stability .................................... 13
Preservatives ................................................ 13
Surface and Interfacial Tension .................... 14
Recommended Defoamers........................ 14

Hercules Incorporated, 2001.

19
19
19
19
19
19

PACKAGING, REGULATORY STATUS,

TOXICOLOGY, SAFETY ................................
PACKAGING ......................................................
REGULATORY STATUS ....................................
TOXICOLOGY....................................................
PRODUCT SAFETY ..........................................

20
20
20
20
20

APPENDIX ........................................................
METHODS OF ANALYSIS ................................
A. Moisture ..................................................
B. Viscosity in Water ....................................
B. Solution Preparation ..............................
B. Viscosity Determination ........................
C. Viscosity in Ethanol..................................
D. Ash Content ............................................
PRODUCT LISTING SUPPLEMENT ..................

21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23

KLUCEL HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE

KLUCEL hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) is a nonionic watersoluble cellulose ether with a remarkable combination of
properties. It combines organic solvent solubility, thermoplasticity, and surface activity with the aqueous thickening and
stabilizing properties characteristic of other water-soluble
cellulose polymers available from Hercules Incorporated,
Aqualon Division. KLUCEL films are flexible without plasticizers and non-tacky at high humidity.
The information in this booklet presents the physical and
chemical properties of KLUCEL as developed in our research
and plant facilities. Also included is information about the
behavior of KLUCEL with many of the materials that would be
used in most applications. A guide to regulatory status and
toxicological studies is provided for convenient reference.
The Appendix gives information about Aqualon test methods
for viscosity, moisture, and ash content.
To help the reader identify the versatile uses for this watersoluble polymer, a representative listing has been developed
and is presented on the following page. Many of these uses
for KLUCEL are discussed in detail in technical literature
available from your Aqualon sales representative by request,
and/or from our website at www.Aqualon.com.

APPLICATIONS

Applications for KLUCEL Hydroxypropylcellulose

Types of Uses

Specific Applications

Properties Utilized

Adhesives

Solvent-based
Hot-melt

Thickener
Thermoplastic

Aerosols

Food whipped toppings

Emulsions cosmetics
Solvent-based

Binder

Coatings

Cosmetics

Stabilizer, foaming aid

Film-former, binder

Burnout types
Electrical insulators
Ceramic glazes
Alcohol core-wash compounds
Matrix board manufacture

Ready burnout, low residue,

solvent-soluble
Thickener, binder suspending agent
Solvent-soluble

Edible food coatings

Textile and paper coatings
Film coatings

Glaze, oil- and oxygen-barrier

Solvent-soluble film-former, oil- and
fat-barrier, heat-sealable

Hair styling aids

Alcohol-based preparations
Perfumes and colognes
Emulsion creams, lotions, and
shampoos

Alcohol-soluble thickener and film-former

Emulsion stabilizer, thickener

Encapsulation

Micro- and macroencapsulation

Soluble, edible, flexible film barrier, fast release

Extrusion

Film and sheet

Profiles and filament

Binder, thermoplastic, water- and

solvent-soluble

Foods

Whipped toppings
Edible coatings for nuts and candies
Glaze for confections
Fabricated foods

Stabilizer, whipping aid

Protective coating and oil barrier
High gloss and color coatings
Binder for molding and extrusion

Molding

Injection-, compression-, and

blow-molding

Binder, thermoplastic, water- and

solvent-soluble

Paint removers

Acid-based
Scrape-off and flush-off

Thickener, acid resistant

Paper

Coatings

Solvent-soluble, flexible, thermoplastic film barrier

Pharmaceuticals

Tablet binder
Tablet coating
Modified release
Liquids and semisolids

Aqueous and solvent solubility

Thermoplastic binder
Non-ionic, pH insensitive
Thickener, suspending agent, diffusion barrier
Flexible films, surface active

Plastic foams

Foamed sheet, tube, rod

Thermoplasticity

Polyvinyl chloride
processing

Suspension polymerization

Surface-active protective colloid

Printing

Inks (water-, alcohol-, and glycol-based)

Thickener, binder, suspending agent

Miscellaneous

Cleaners (acid-based)
Polishes (aqueous- and solvent-based)

Thickener, acid resistant

Thickener, stabilizer, suspending agent

}
3

CHEMISTRY

It is probable that most of the primary hydroxyls on the

cellulose have been substituted and that the reactive groups
remaining are secondary hydroxyls. Some typical molecular
weight values are given in Table I.

KLUCEL hydroxypropylcellulose is manufactured by reacting

alkali cellulose with propylene oxide at elevated temperatures
and pressures. The propylene oxide can be substituted on
the cellulose through an ether linkage at the three reactive
hydroxyls present on each anhydroglucose monomer unit of
the cellulose chain. Published information suggests that
etherification takes place in such a way that hydroxypropyl
substituent groups contain almost entirely secondary
hydroxyls. The secondary hydroxyl present in a side chain
is available for further reaction with the oxide, and chainingout may take place. This results in formation of side chains
containing more than one mole of combined propylene oxide.

An idealized structure for a portion of a hydroxypropylcellulose molecule with a molar substitution (MS) of 3.0 is
given in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Structure of Hydroxypropylcellulose (MS 3.0)

GRADES AND VISCOSITY TYPES

KLUCEL hydroxypropylcellulose is produced in several

grades, determined by intended markets. For each grade,
up to six viscosity types are available designated as H, M,
G, J, L, E. Product designation is a combination of viscosity
type followed by grade designation. For example: Klucel H
Industrial, HF, H CS, and HF Pharm. Table I gives the water
and ethanol viscosity specifications by grade for each available viscosity type.

Grades of KLUCEL
Intended Market

Grade Designation

Industrial
Food
Personal Care
Pharmaceutical

Industrial
F
CS
F Pharm

Table I KLUCEL Viscosity Types, Viscosities (cps)(a), and Their Corresponding Molecular Weights
Industrial Grade

Concentration in Water by Weight, %

Viscosity Types

10

Mw(b)

H Industrial
M Industrial
G Industrial
J Industrial
L Industrial
E Industrial

1,275-3,500

3,500-7,500
125- 450

125-450
65-175

250-800

1,150,000
850,000
370,000
140,000
95,000
80,000

Viscosity Types

10

Mw(b)

H CS, HF Pharm
M CS, MF Pharm
GF, G CS, GF Pharm
JF, J CS, JF Pharm
LF, L CS, LF Pharm
EF, E CS
EF Pharm

1,500-3,000

4,000-6,500
150- 400

150-400
75-150

200-600
300-600

1,150,000
850,000
370,000
140,000
95,000
80,000
80,000

Food Grade, Personal Care

Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade

Personal Care Grade,

Pharmaceutical Grade

(a)
(b)

Concentration in Anhydrous Ethanol, by Weight, %

Viscosity Types

H CS, HF Pharm
M CS, MF Pharm
G CS, GF Pharm
J CS, JF Pharm
L CS, LF Pharm
E CS, EF Pharm

1,000-4,000

3,000-6,500
75- 400

75-400
25-150

10

Mw(b)

150-700

1,150,000
850,000
370,000
140,000
95,000
80,000

All viscosities are determined at 25C using a Brookfield LVF viscometer with spindle and speed combinations depending on viscosity level. See Appendix.
Weight-average molecular weight determined by size exclusion chromatography.

PROPERTIES

All grades conform to the specifications given in Table II.

Typical properties are given in Table III.

POLYMER STABILITY
Long-term storage stability of KLUCEL hydroxypropylcellulose
is affected by the initial molecular weight of the polymer
and storage conditions. Studies have shown that low- and
medium-viscosity types maintain an average of 97% of their
original viscosity after three years when stored at room
temperature with frequent exposure to the atmosphere.

Table II Product Specifications for KLUCEL HPC

Viscosity
Physical form
Particle size(1)

Ash content,
calculated as Na2SO4, %
Moisture content
(as packed), %
pH in water solution

Moles of substitution

Values are shown in

Table I.
White to off-white,
granular solid
min. 85% through 30
min. 99% through 20
Industrial Grade:
min. 80% through 30
min. 98% through 20

H viscosity types have a higher molecular weight and,

therefore, are more susceptible to viscosity loss over time.
Studies have shown that H viscosity types may sustain up
to 10% viscosity loss after one year and 20% viscosity loss
after two years. Storage at room temperatures with infrequent
exposure to the atmosphere improves viscosity stability.
Customers are encouraged to retest H viscosity types after
one year and quarterly thereafter to assure material viscosity.

mesh
mesh
mesh
mesh

0.2 max, silica free

(No ash specification for
Industrial Grades)

Table III Typical Properties for KLUCEL

Product as Shipped

5.0 max
Food and Personal Care
Grades: 5.0-8.0
Pharmaceutical Grade:
5.0-7.5

Solubility in water(a)
Solubility in organic solvents

3.4 to 4.4
Bulk density, g/ml
Softening temperature
Burnout temperature

(1)

Fine x-grind Pharmaceutical Grade E and H viscosity types are available and
designated as EXAF Pharm and HXAF Pharm. Particle size specifications are:
min. 80% through 100 mesh
min. 90% through 80 mesh
min. 99.9% through 60 mesh

Biological Oxygen Demand

MOISTURE ABSORPTION
KLUCEL absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, as do other
water-soluble materials. The amount absorbed depends on
relative humidity and temperature of the environment. As
packed, moisture content of all grades does not exceed 5% by
weight, and is generally between 2% and 3%. It is suggested
that KLUCEL be stored in tightly closed containers and in a
dry atmosphere to prevent any increase in moisture content.

Solutions in Water
Specific gravity, 2% solution
at 30C
Refractive index, 2% solution
Surface tension, at 0.1%
Interfacial tension, 0.1%
KLUCEL in water vs refined
mineral oil
Bulking value in solution,

KLUCEL has a low affinity for water. At any given relative

humidity (RH), it has a lower equilibrium moisture content
than most other water-soluble polymers. Typical values for
KLUCEL are given below.
Equilibrium moisture content at 50% RH
and 73F (23C)
Equilibrium moisture content at 84% RH
and 73F (23C)

(a)

Solutions are clear and

smooth at temperatures
below 38C.
Dissolves easily in many
polar solvents to give
clear, smooth solutions
0.5 (varies with type)
100-150C
Burns out completely at
450 to 500C in N2 or O2
14,000 ppm

1.010
1.337
43.6 dynes/cm
12.5 dynes/cm
0.04 (0.334) gal/lb (l/kg)

Silicon dioxide is added as an anticaking agent and may contribute a

slight haze.

BURNOUT TEMPERATURE
KLUCEL has excellent binding properties. It is often used
as a temporary binder in production of ceramics, glazes,
refractories, and powdered metal products. This polymer is
vaporized, or burned out, over the temperature range of 250
to 500C in oxidizing, reducing, or inert atmospheres. The
very low ash content of the original KLUCEL and the complete absence of organic residues after firing ensure virtually
uncontaminated end products after burnout.

4%
12%

DISPERSION AND DISSOLUTION

KLUCEL HPC is soluble in water at room temperature. It

is insoluble in water above 45C. It is readily soluble in many
organic solvents, hot or cold. The best methods for preparing solutions of KLUCEL in water or organic solvents are
described in the following paragraphs.

In the second step, the hot slurry is diluted with cold water
(room temperature or lower). Agitation is continued until all
particles are dissolved and solution is completely free of
gels. High-shear agitation is not necessary, and may be
undesirable because of the tendency for foaming and air
entrainment. In this dissolving step, the time factor is more
important than high shear when it comes to ensuring
complete solution of all gel particles.

Note: As a general aid to preparation of solutions, the

following points should be kept in mind:
Wherever possible, KLUCEL should be put into solution
before adding other soluble ingredients. Other dissolved
materials compete for the solvent and slow the solution
rate of KLUCEL. In this regard, soft water is preferred to
hard water for solution preparation.

Dissolving periods of 10 minutes or more may be required,

depending on solution concentration and viscosity type being
used. Solutions of lower-viscosity KLUCEL types at lowsolids concentration require the shortest time for preparation.
Method 2
Add powdered KLUCEL to the vortex of well-agitated water
at room temperature. The rate of addition must be slow
enough to permit particles to separate in the water. Addition
of the powder should be completed, however, before any
appreciable viscosity buildup is obtained in the solution. The
rate of agitation then may be reduced, but continued until a
gel-free solution is obtained. Throughout the mixing period,
solution temperature should be maintained below 35C.

KLUCEL is less soluble in hot water than in cold. In organic

solvents, application of heat speeds the solution rate.
IN WATER
Most soluble polymers have a tendency to agglomerate, or
lump, when the dry powder is first wet with solvent. Hydration of the outer surface of a particle, or an agglomerate of
particles (lump), results in the formation of a viscous gel layer
that inhibits wetting of the inside materials. The faster the rate
of hydration of the polymer, the more quickly the gel layer will
be developed, and the greater the tendency for lumping as
the dry powder is added to the solvent.

Method 3
Dry-blend KLUCEL with any inert or nonpolymeric soluble
material that will be used in the formulation. Blending aids
separation of particles of KLUCEL at first wetting and
reduces the tendency to lump. For best results, KLUCEL
should be less than 20% of the total dry blend. This blend
is then handled as described in Method 2.

KLUCEL hydrates somewhat slowly, and lumping can be

avoided during solution preparation if the recommended
procedures are followed. Lump formation should be avoided,
as this can greatly increase the time required to prepare
homogeneous solutions.

IN ORGANIC LIQUIDS
All types of KLUCEL have excellent solubility in a wide range
of polar organic liquids and give clear, smooth solutions at
ambient or elevated temperatures. There is no tendency for
precipitation of KLUCEL in hot organic solvents; this is in
contrast to its behavior in water solutions. Generally, the
more polar the liquid, the better the solution. Methyl and
ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, dioxane, and Cellosolve are
some of the best organic solvents for all types of KLUCEL.

To prepare lump-free, clear solutions of KLUCEL in the

shortest time, the following methods are suggested.
Method 1
The preferred method involves pre-slurrying the powder in a
nonsolvent, such as hot water or glycerin, prior to addition to
the main volume of water.
In the first step, prepare a high-solids slurry by adding dry
KLUCEL powder to 6 times (or more) its weight of wellagitated hot water at a temperature of 50 to 60C. Temperature should not exceed the 60C maximum indicated. The hot
slurry must be maintained above 50C during this presoak to
ensure that there is no premature dissolving of the particles
that would result in the formation of a gelatinous mass. The
slurry should be allowed to stir for a few minutes before
addition to the main volume of cold water. This presoak
results in a faster dissolving of particles in the second step.

Table VIII, page 15, lists the type of solutions obtained with
G viscosity types in many organic liquids. The molecular
weight of the type of KLUCEL can have a marked effect on
solution quality in an organic liquid that is a borderline solvent
for KLUCEL.

In general, principles discussed for preparing water solutions apply when using organic solvents to make solutions
of KLUCEL. Methods 1, 2, and 3 described for preparing
water solutions can therefore be used to prepare solutions
of KLUCEL in organic solvents. The pre-slurry principle of
Method 1 can be employed through the use of nonsolvents
such as glycerin, aliphatics, aromatics, and others.

G viscosity types are intermediate in viscosity (i.e., molecular

weight) between high H viscosity types and very low E
viscosity types. In comparison with G viscosity types, lowerviscosity types are more readily soluble and may give better
solutions. The higher-viscosity types may give slightly
inferior solutions in some of the liquids listed in the table.
For example, acetone gives excellent solutions with the
E viscosity types, but acetone solutions of the G viscosity
types are hazy and somewhat granular.

In aqueous-organic systems, the proportion of organic

solvent will determine whether elevated temperature will
speed or slow the rate of solution of KLUCEL. (See Viscosity
and Precipitation Temperature in Aqueous Alcohols, page 17).

Solution quality in borderline solvents often can be greatly

improved through the use of small quantities of cosolvents.
Water, methanol, and ethanol function as excellent cosolvents and, in many cases, are effective in relatively small
quantities (5% to 15%). For example, methylene chloride
is a borderline solvent for high H viscosity types, and
solutions are granular. Addition to the system of 10%
methanol results in a smooth solution of normal viscosity
(5,000 cps at 1% solids).

IN HOT-MELTS AND WAXES

At elevated temperatures, many waxes are sufficiently good
solvents so that KLUCEL is readily dissolved by addition of
the dry powder to the stirred molten wax. Examples of
materials that are good solvents for KLUCEL at an elevated
temperature are: acetylated monoglycerides (e.g., Myvacet
5-00 and 7-00 series); glycerides (e.g., Myverol 18-07);
polyethylene glycols (e.g., Carbowax); polypropylene glycol,
pine oil, and tall oil fatty acids.

Elevated temperatures will improve solvent power of organic

liquids for KLUCEL HPC, and there is no tendency for
precipitation of the polymer at these elevated temperatures.
Heating of solvents will (a) reduce viscosity, (b) increase rate
of solution, and (c) improve solution quality in the case of
borderline solvents.

KLUCEL is compatible with a number of high-molecularweight, high-boiling waxes and oils, and can be used to
modify the properties of these materials. The addition of
KLUCEL to these systems will increase viscosity and
improve hardness and crack resistance to coatings.

Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum distillates are nonsolvents for KLUCEL. However, relatively large
quantities of these nonsolvents can be tolerated in a solution
if KLUCEL is first dissolved in a solvent that is miscible with
these nonsolvents. Examples of solvent-nonsolvent systems
are given in Table VIII. Figure 2 details the effect of solvent
composition on viscosity of a solution of G Industrial in a
toluene:ethanol system.
Figure 2
Viscosity of G Industrial Dissolved in Toluene-Ethanol
5,000
G Industrial, at 2%

1,000
500
KLUCEL Soluble
KLUCEL
Insoluble
100

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

KLUCEL HPC has excellent solubility in water and in many

polar organic solvents, as discussed in the Dispersion and
Dissolution section starting on page 7. Solutions are clear,
smooth, and exceptionally free from gels and fibers.
Solutions are non-Newtonian in flow, since they change
in viscosity with rate of shear. But solutions display little
or no thixotropy.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
At room temperature, solutions of KLUCEL can be prepared
in a wide range of viscosities, depending on concentration
and viscosity type used. Since solutions are non-Newtonian,
it is essential to standardize viscosity determination methods.
The method used in the control laboratory at Aqualon is
described in detail in the Appendix.

Because KLUCEL is used extensively to modify viscosity of

solutions, dispersions, emulsions, and suspensions involving
water and/or organic solvents, a discussion of some of the
factors that affect solution viscosity follows.

Effect of Concentration and Viscosity Type

The viscosity of solutions of KLUCEL increases rapidly with
concentration and becomes almost a straight-line relationship when plotted on a semi-log basis. (See Figure 3.) The
bands in this figure indicate the viscosity range within which
each type is supplied. (See also Table I, page 5.)

Figure 3
Effect of Concentration and Type of KLUCEL on Viscosity of Water Solutions

Brookfield Viscosity at 25C, cps (mPas)

100,000
H Viscosity
Types

M Viscosity
Types

G Viscosity
Types

10,000
J Viscosity
Types

L Viscosity
Types

1,000
E Viscosity
Types
100

10

0
2
4
6
Solids Concentration of KLUCEL, wt%

10

12

14

Effect of Temperature
Viscosity of an aqueous solution of KLUCEL decreases as
temperature is increased. This effect is normal for polymers
in solution. This change in viscosity is illustrated in Figure 4
for H viscosity type and J viscosity type. As shown, viscosity
is halved as temperature is raised through 15C. This effect is
uniform up to the precipitation temperature (40 to 45C).

Rheology
Solutions of KLUCEL are exceptionally smooth-flowing and
exhibit little or no structure or thixotropy. However, solutions
are pseudoplastic under conditions of high rates of shear
and will show a temporary decrease in viscosity while under
shear. The viscosity returns to the original value when the
shear is removed. The lower the molecular weight of
KLUCEL and the lower the shear rate, the less will be
this decrease in viscosity experienced under shear.

Figure 4
Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of KLUCEL
10,000

H Viscosity Type,
at 1%

Viscosity, cps (mPas)

Precipitation Temperature
1,000

Cooling

Heating

KLUCEL
Precipitates
J Viscosity type,
at 5%
100
0

10

20

30
Temperature, C

10

40

50

60

70

Compatibility With Surfactants

Compatibility of KLUCEL with surface-active agents will vary
according to the particular agent and concentration, as well
as to the grade and concentration of KLUCEL used.

Precipitation Temperature in Water

As already stated, KLUCEL HPC will precipitate from water
solution at a temperature between 40 and 45C. This precipitation is completely reversible. The polymer redissolves upon
cooling the system below 40C with stirring, and the original
viscosity is restored.

Because of its hydroxypropyl substitution, KLUCEL is more

lipophilic in nature than other water-soluble cellulose derivatives. Accordingly, it is compatible with a wide range of
anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants.

As the temperature reaches 40 to 45C, this precipitation

phenomenon is evidenced by appearance of cloudiness in
the aqueous solution and by a marked reduction in viscosity.
These effects are due to separation of the polymer as a highly
swollen precipitate. The transition from dissolved to precipitated polymer takes place without the formation of a gel. The
only apparent viscosity change is one of a rapid decrease, as
shown in Figure 4.

Addition of Certain Ionic Surfactants

Studies with KLUCEL using certain ionic surfactants have
aided the development of technology to permit thickening at
temperatures in excess of the normal cloudpoints for KLUCEL.
Aqueous solutions of M viscosity type and sodium lauryl
sulfate, at a surfactant to KLUCEL ratio of 1:3 or greater,
result in cloudpoints in excess of 70C. At some ratios,
cloudpoints greater than 95C may be achieved.

The form in which KLUCEL precipitates from aqueous

solutions depends not only on the molecular weight of the
polymer, but also on other materials present in solution and
whether or not stirring is employed. Low-viscosity types tend
to separate as highly swollen and finely divided precipitates.
High-viscosity types, particularly under agitation, may
agglomerate on heating and form a stringy, rather than a
finely divided, precipitate. The addition of Aqualon cellulose
gum or surfactants reduces the tendency for agglomeration
of the KLUCEL polymer as it precipitates, and by this means,
the high-viscosity types also can be separated in finely
divided form.

Included in these studies were the following ionic surfactants,

which proved to be effective:

The nonionic surfactants studied were not effective in raising

the cloudpoints.

The precipitation temperature of KLUCEL is increased

through the addition of organic liquids that are solvents
for the polymer. The precipitation temperature in aqueous
alcohols and aqueous glycol is discussed in another section.

Effect of pH
KLUCEL HPC is a nonionic polymer, and viscosity of water
solutions is not affected by changes in pH. The viscosity of
solutions remains unchanged as pH is varied over the range
of 2 to 11.

The precipitation temperature is lower in the presence of

relatively high concentrations of other dissolved materials
that compete for the water in the system. The magnitude of
the lowering is dependent on the nature and concentration of
the other dissolved ingredients. The data in Table IV illustrate
this effect.

However, where long-term storage stability is required,

the solution pH is an important consideration because of
degradation that can occur under highly acid or alkaline
conditions, as described in the section titled Viscosity
Stability, page 13.

Table IV Comparative Effect of Solution

Composition on Precipitation Temperature
Ingredients and
Concentration
1% H viscosity type
1% H viscosity type + 1.0% NaCl
1% H viscosity type + 5.0% NaCl
0.5% H viscosity type + 10% Sucrose
0.5% H viscosity type + 20% Sucrose
0.5% H viscosity type + 30% Sucrose
0.5% H viscosity type + 40% Sucrose
0.5% H viscosity type + 50% Sucrose

Sodium lauryl sulfates

Ammonium lauryl sulfates
Lauryl alcohol ether sulfate
Trimethylcoco ammonium chloride

Effect of Inorganic Salts

The compatibility of KLUCEL with dissolved inorganic salts
in water solution varies according to the salt. If relatively high
concentrations of dissolved salts are used, there is a tendency for the KLUCEL polymer to be salted out from
solution as a finely divided and highly swollen precipitate.

Precipitation
Temperature, C
41
38
30
41
36
32
20
7

This salting-out phenomenon generally results in some

decrease in viscosity and in the appearance of cloudiness in
the solution. In borderline cases, this salting out may not be
immediately apparent, but may occur upon standing.

11

Water-Soluble Polymers
KLUCEL is compatible with most natural gums and synthetic
water-soluble polymers. Solutions in water are homogeneous,
and films cast from these solutions are uniform. The following
have been tested and found to be compatible:

The compatibility of G viscosity types with a number of

selected salts is illustrated in Table V.
Table V Compatibility of KLUCEL HPC With Some
Inorganic Salts(a)
Salt

Aluminum sulfate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Calcium chloride
Disodium phosphate
Ferric chloride
Potassium ferrocyanide
Silver nitrate
Sodium acetate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium nitrate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfite
Sodium thiosulfate
Sucrose

Salt Concentration,
% by weight
2

10

50

C
C
C
C
I
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

I
C
I
C

C
C
C
C
I
C
C
I
I
I
C

C
I
C
I

I
C

AQUALON sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

NATROSOL hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)
BENECEL methylcellulose (MC)
SUPERCOL guar gum
Gelatin
Sodium caseinate
Polyethylene oxide
Carbowax 1000
Polyvinyl alcohol
Sodium alginate
Locust bean gum

The effect on solution viscosity of blends of KLUCEL and

other water-soluble polymers varies, depending on the ionic
nature of the copolymer. To illustrate, blends of KLUCEL with
NATROSOL hydroxyethylcellulose and CMC were studied.
The blends were prepared at a 1:1 ratio of the two polymers.
The results of this study are given in Table VI.
Solution viscosity of blends of nonionic polymers KLUCEL
and NATROSOL was essentially in agreement with the
calculated value. This was true for all viscosity types studied.

Key: C = compatible; I = incompatible

Tests were conducted by adding a 2% solution of G viscosity type to salt
solutions of various concentrations. The salt concentration in the system is
indicated, and the final concentration of KLUCEL was approximately 0.1%
by weight in all cases.

When solutions of blends of KLUCEL and an ionic polymer,

CMC, were prepared, the resultant viscosity was greater
than the calculated value. The synergism of this combination
increased with increasing molecular weight of the polymers.

Compatibility With Other Polymers

KLUCEL has a wide range of compatibility with organic
materials. The dual solubility of KLUCEL permits its admixture with water-soluble, as well as solvent-soluble, resins,
polymers, and organic liquids.

The data shown in Table VI were obtained with solutions

prepared in distilled water or tapwater. The synergistic effect
may be drastically reduced in the presence of low levels of
dissolved salts or if pH is below 3 and above 10.

(a)

In spite of this wide compatibility, the KLUCEL polymer, when

used in aqueous systems, may not tolerate high concentrations of other dissolved materials. The balance of hydrophiliclipophilic properties of the polymer, which are required for
dual solubility, reduces its ability to remain hydrated in the
presence of high concentrations of other dissolved materials.
KLUCEL may precipitate or salt out under these conditions.
A detailed discussion of compatibility with natural and
synthetic polymers and inorganic salts follows.

12

Table VI Blends of KLUCEL HPC and Other Water-Soluble Polymers: Effect on Viscosity
Polymer Blend (1:1)

Concentration, %

Viscosity Types
J and NATROSOL 250J HEC
M and NATROSOL 250M
H and NATROSOL 250H
H and AQUALON CMC-7H

5
2
1
1

Solution Viscosity, cps (mPas)

Expected

Initial

After 24 Hours

235
6,250
2,320
2,220

240
5,900
2,440
4,400

235
5,600
2,440
3,860

Ultraviolet light will degrade the cellulose, and solutions of

KLUCEL will undergo some decrease in viscosity if exposed
to light for several months.

Water-Insoluble Polymers
KLUCEL is compatible with many natural and synthetic
latexes available as emulsions in water. KLUCEL is soluble
in the aqueous phase, and uniform films and coatings are
obtained upon drying.

Biological Stability
The high level of substitution of KLUCEL improves resistance
of this polymer to degradation by cellulase enzymes produced by molds and bacteria. However, water solutions are
susceptible to degradation under severe condtions, and a
viscosity decrease may result. If prolonged storage is contemplated, a preservative is recommended.

Using common solvents, KLUCEL has been incorporated

with water-insoluble polymers such as zein, shellac,
AQUALON ethylcellulose, and cellulose acetate phthalate.
Films and coatings prepared from these systems are homogeneous and of good quality.

Certain enzymes, produced by microbial action, will degrade

KLUCEL in solution. If microbial contamination is present in
makeup water, it is important that sterilization techniques
effective against enzymes as well as against microorganisms
be employed prior to preparing the solution of KLUCEL.

Viscosity Stability
Water solutions of KLUCEL possess best viscosity stability
when pH is held between 6.0 and 8.0, and when the solutions
are protected from light, heat, and action of microorganisms.
KLUCEL in water solution, like other water-soluble polymers,
is susceptible to both chemical and biological degradation.
This degradation generally results in reduction of molecular
weight of the dissolved polymer, with an accompanying
decrease in viscosity of the solution. Some loss of solution
clarity may occur in cases of severe biological degradation.

Solutions of KLUCEL in organic solvents do not generally

require preservative.
Preservatives
Listed below are some of the preservatives that are effective
in preserving solutions of KLUCEL. It is recommended that
the preservative manufacturer be consulted regarding kind,
amount, and rate of use for the preservative to be added.

KLUCEL has demonstrated greater resistance to chemical

and biological degradation than other cellulose ethers.
Techniques to minimize degradation mechanisms are
discussed in the following two sections.

Hydrolysis and Oxidation

KLUCEL in solution is susceptible to acid hydrolysis, which
causes chain scission and loss of viscosity of the solution.
The rate of hydrolysis increases with temperature and
hydrogen ion concentration. Solutions should be buffered to
pH 6.0 to 8.0 and maintained at low temperature to minimize
acid hydrolysis.

Dowicil 100 n-(3-chloroallyl)-hexaminium chloride

Formaldehyde
Phenol
Omadine

Some of the preservatives that are effective with KLUCEL and

are in compliance with the Food and Drug Administration for
use in food are listed below.

Alkali-catalyzed oxidative degradation will also degrade the

polymer and result in decrease in viscosity of solution. The
degradation can result from presence of dissolved oxygen
or oxidizing agents in the solution. Peroxides and sodium
hypochlorite under alkaline conditions cause rapid degradation. For best stability on storage, pH should be maintained
between 6.0 and 8.0 and antioxidants should be used if
oxidative degradation is likely to occur.

Sodium benzoate
Sorbic acid and its potassium, sodium, and calcium salts
Sodium propionate
Methyl and propyl parahydroxybenzoate

Note: Solutions of KLUCEL have demonstrated some

incompatibility with a number of preservatives based on
substituted phenol derivatives.

13

Surface and Interfacial Tension

KLUCEL HPC is a surface-active polymer. Water solutions
display greatly reduced surface and interfacial tension.
Because of this, KLUCEL functions as an aid in both emulsifying and whipping. These properties, coupled with protective
colloid action, enable it to perform dual functions in the
following systems:

Table VII Surface and Interfacial Tensions of KLUCEL

Solutions at 25C

Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilizer and emulsification aid

Foamed Systems Stabilizer and whipping aid
The reduction in surface and interfacial tension of water
solutions containing KLUCEL is illustrated in Table VII. All
viscosity types have essentially the same effects, and a
concentration of KLUCEL as low as 0.01% produces close
to the maximum reduction in surface tension.
Recommended Defoamers
The low surface tension of water solutions containing
KLUCEL tends to promote foaming and air entrainment. If
this presents a difficulty, a water-dispersible antifoam agent
can be used and should be added to the water prior to
solution preparation.
Water-dispersible defoamers such as HERCULES 1512
defoamer; Colloid 581-B; Nopco NDW and KFS; Antifoam
AF; or lauryl or octyl alcohol are effective. Defoamed concentrations generally run 25 to 200 ppm, but it is suggested that
the manufacturers be consulted for their recommendations
for the particular system involved.

14

KLUCEL, wt%

Surface
Tension,
dynes/cm
(mN/m)

Interfacial Tension
vs Refined Mineral Oil,
dynes/cm
(mN/M)

0 (water)
0.01
0.1
0.2

74.1
45.0
43.6
43.0

31.6

12.5

VISCOSITY IN ORGANIC SOLVENT SOLUTIONS

The viscosity-vs-concentration curve for KLUCEL HPC
dissolved in organic liquids, which are good solvents for the
polymer, shows the same general pattern as that for KLUCEL
dissolved in water (Figure 3, page 9). The viscosity rises
rapidly as the concentration of polymer is increased. The
curves for viscosity in ethanol and methanol parallel those
for viscosity in water, but are displaced toward somewhat
lower viscosity values.
Table VIII Solvents for KLUCEL(a)
A. CLEAR AND SMOOTH
Acetic acid (glacial)
Acetone:water (9:1)
Benzene:methanol (1:1)
Cellosolve
Chloroform
Cyclohexanone
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dioxane
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene chlorohydrin
Formic acid (88%)
Glycerin:water (3:7)

Isopropyl alcohol (95%)

Methanol
Methyl Cellosolve
Methylene chloride:
methanol (9:1)
Morpholine
M-Pryol
Propylene glycol
Pyridine
t-Butanol:water (9:1)
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene:ethanol (3:2)
Water

B. MODERATELY GRANULAR AND/OR HAZY

Acetone
Butyl acetate
Butyl Cellosolve
Cyclohexanol
Isopropyl alcohol (99%)
Lactic acid

Methyl acetate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methylene chloride
Naphtha:ethanol (1:1)
Tertiary butanol
Xylene:isopropyl alcohol
(1:3)

C. INSOLUBLE
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobenzene
Kerosene
Trichloroethylene
Xylene
(a)

Methyl chloroform
Mineral oils
Soybean oil
Toluene
Gasoline
Glycerin
Linseed oil

Solvents were tested using G viscosity types at 2% solids concentration by

weight. All ratios indicated in this table are on a by-weight basis.

15

Where organic liquids that are borderline solvents for

KLUCEL HPC are used, unusual viscosity effects can be
observed. Viscosity may be abnormally high or abnormally
low, depending on the degree of solvation of the polymer. For
example, as shown in Table IX, H viscosity types in methylene
chloride gave a poor solution with reduced viscosity. The L
viscosity types, which was better solvated, gave a solution
with unusually high viscosity. In both cases, the addition of a
small amount of a cosolvent (10% methanol) gave solutions
with normal viscosities.
Table IX lists typical solution viscosities for various types of
KLUCEL in a number of solvents.

Table IX Comparative Viscosity of KLUCEL in Water and Certain Organic Solvents

Viscosity(a) Type of KLUCEL and Concentration,
cps (mPas)

Solvent

H at 1%

(b)

L at 9%

E at 10%

Water
Methanol
Methanol:water (3:7 by weight)

2,100
800

270
85
360

80
25

275
75

Ethanol
Ethanol:water (3:7)

1,600

210
500

65

255

(b)

145
130

570
420

(b)

50
1,240 (b)
400

Isopropyl alcohol (99%)

Isopropyl alcohol (95%)

(a)

G at 2%

(b)

Acetone
Methylene chloride
Methylene chloride:methanol (9:1)

4,500
5,000

Chloroform
Propylene glycol
Ethylene chlorohydrin

6,000
470

(b)
(b)

6,640
430

2,560
5,020
310

(B)

Viscosities shown are presented only as typical values. Some variation in these viscosities will be obtained from lot to lot of each type of KLUCEL.
Borderline solvent for the particular type of KLUCEL. Solutions are granular and may be hazy.

16

175
14,600 (b)

17,000 (b)
>10,000
1,110

Figure 5
Viscosity of Aqueous Alcohol Solutions (G viscosity types
at 2% concentration by weight)

Viscosity and Precipitation Temperature in

Aqueous Alcohols
The viscosity of solutions of KLUCEL HPC in aqueous
alcohols varies with composition of the solvent. The viscosity
goes through a maximum value at a solvent composition of
7 parts water: 3 parts alcohol by weight. This is illustrated
in Figure 5. This type of viscosity curve is obtained when
KLUCEL is added directly to aqueous alcohol or when it is
first dissolved in either water or alcohol with subsequent
addition of the second solvent.

1,000
Ethanol-Water

Addition of alcohol to a water solution of KLUCEL will

increase the temperature at which the polymer will precipitate
from solution. Temperature elevation is dependent on type
and concentration of alcohol. The effect obtained with
methanol and ethanol is detailed in Figure 6. As shown,
solutions of KLUCEL containing 45% (by volume) of ethanol
or methanol can be heated to the boiling point of the solution
without precipitation of KLUCEL.

Viscosity, cps (mPas)

Methanol-Water

Propylene glycol performs similarly to methanol, and elevation of precipitation temperature falls on the same curve.
Other water-miscible organic liquids, which are good solvents
for KLUCEL, will also function to elevate precipitation
temperature of the polymer in the system.

100

10
0

20
40
60
80
Water Content of Aqueous Alcohol
Solvent, % by weight

Precipitation Temperature, C

Figure 6
Precipitation Temperature of KLUCEL in Aqueous Alcohols

Boiling Points

Ethanol-Water

Methanol-Water

Alcohol Content, % by volume

17

100

THERMOPLASTICITY MOLDING AND EXTRUSION

Antioxidants also can be added to the low-molecular-weight

types to prevent discoloration and thermal degradation.
Butylated hydroxytoluene, lauryl thiodipropionate, and
ascorbic acid are a few of the effective antioxidants
commonly used.

KLUCEL HPC is an excellent thermoplastic polymer that can

be processed by virtually all fabrication methods used for
plastics. Injection- and compression-molding; blow-molding;
injection foam molding; vacuum-forming; and extrusion of
film, sheet, foam profiles, and filament have been demonstrated on conventional plastics equipment, using pelletized
molding powder.

Fillers, extenders, and compatible polymers may be added to

KLUCEL to impart some functional property, to vary physical
characteristics, or to reduce costs. In general, any filler
material that will withstand the melt temperatures of KLUCEL
can be incorporated and processed as with other plastics.
Numerous filler materials, such as starch, talc, detergents,
fragrances, pigments, fertilizers, various food products, and
some drugs and medicinals, have been successfully evaluated in molding and extrusion systems. Depending on the
particle size and bulk density of the filler, loadings of 40 to
95 weight % are possible with KLUCEL.

All molecular weight types are thermoplastic and can be

readily molded and extruded. In general, the low-molecularweight types are preferred in injection- and blow-molding,
where rigidity, hardness, and dimensional stability are most
important. The medium- to high-molecular-weight types are
recommended for most extrusion systems where greater
flexibility and higher tensile properties are desired. When
fillers or extenders are used, the higher-molecular-weight
types of KLUCEL are selected for their superior binding
properties and their ability to maintain good flexibility and
toughness, even at filler levels up to 90% by weight.

A twin-screw extruder is recommended for the preparation of

pelletized molding powders. A single-screw extruder can be
used if it is equipped with a nylon screw or metering screw
having a long, deep-flighted feed section.

FORMULATION OF MOLDING COMPOUNDS

While not essential, small amounts of plasticizers are normally
used with KLUCEL to ensure smooth, uniform melt flow and
homogeneous end products. The addition of plasticizers will
give finished articles softer and more flexible characteristics.
Plasticizers such as propylene glycol, glycerin, polyethylene
glycols, and trimethylolpropane are generally suitable.

Most articles fabricated from KLUCEL are custom-formulated

to obtain the desired physical properties and solubility rate
required for a specific application. We suggest that you
contact your Aqualon sales representative for assistance
in formulating a product to meet your needs.

Internal lubricants are added to KLUCEL molding powders to

provide lubrication at the die wall or mold wall, ensuring easy
release from mold surfaces and preventing lamination of the
KLUCEL to itself, as in a roll of KLUCEL hydroxypropylcellulose film. Glycerol monostearate, silicones, lecithin,
and various stearates have proved useful.

18

FILMS AND COATINGS

The excellent film properties of KLUCEL HPC make it a

useful material for fabrication of film and sheet. It is also
useful in the formulation of coatings on paper, fabrics, food
products, and other substrates. Flexible packaging films and
sheet can be produced with conventional extrusion techniques. Coatings can be applied by extrusion or from
aqueous or organic solvent systems.

ADDITIVE AND MODIFIER FOR FILMS AND COATINGS

The good film properties and wide range of solubility of
KLUCEL make it a useful additive and modifier for other films
and coatings. Solubility in polar organic solvents permits
addition to many organic-solvent-soluble resins, while a
broad range of compatibility ensures homogeneous films
of improved quality.

FILM PROPERTIES
All films of KLUCEL are characterized by the following
outstanding properties:

The addition of KLUCEL in coatings generally:

Improves flexibility.
Improves toughness.
Improves heat-seal properties.
Reduces water resistance.
Reduces the tendency to crack.

Excellent flexibility
Lack of tackiness at high humidity
Good heat sealability
Barrier to oil and fat

SOLUTION CASTING FOR FILMS AND COATINGS

The solubility of KLUCEL in water as well as in polar organic
solvents affords a wide choice in the preparation of solutions
used for casting film or for coating operations.

PLASTICIZERS FOR FILMS

Since films of KLUCEL HPC are inherently flexible, it is
not necessary to add plasticizers to cast films. However, in
extruded films, plasticizers provide desirable die lubrication,
reduction in melt viscosity, and improvement in melt uniformity. In all films of KLUCEL, added plasticizer will soften
the film, reduce heat-seal temperatures, and impart improved
flexibilty and increased elongation. Plasticizer levels of 5% or
less (usually 2% or less) are recommended. Higher addition
levels lead to reduced tensile properties, increased tackiness
at high humidity, and poorer clarity, dimensional stability, and
solubility characteristics.

KLUCEL is insoluble in hot water, so care must be exercised

when drying aqueous coatings to avoid the blushing that
can occur at high temperatures and that might impair the
film properties.
INSOLUBILIZING FILMS AND COATINGS
Films and coatings of KLUCEL can be made insoluble
through crosslinking with resins that are reactive with the
available hydroxyl groups on the KLUCEL polymer. A number
of resins are capable of performing this crosslinking reaction.

The following plasticizers are compatible in films of KLUCEL

at a concentration of 5%:
Propylene glycol
Glycerin
Trimethylolpropane
Polyethylene glycols

Rate of cure and extent of insolubility of the final composition

are generally dependent not only on the reactivity of the
insolubilizing resin, but also on the temperature of the cure,
pH of the system, and the amount of crosslinking resin used.
High temperature, low pH, and higher proportions of resins
tend to increase the rate of cure, improve water resistance,
and increase stiffness.

For improved resistance to tackiness at high humidity, the

following lubricants are recommended:
Polyethylene glycols (1,000 to 20,000 molecular weight)
Propylene glycol monostearate
Glycerol monostearate
Silicone

The crosslinked composition may possess a high degree of

insolubility in water, but the composition is not completely
resistant and generally swells in the presence of water. This
means that films and coatings have reduced wet strength
and lose toughness.

19

PACKAGING,
REGULATORY STATUS,
TOXICOLOGY, SAFETY

PACKAGING
KLUCEL HPC is shipped in fiber drums with a polyethylene
inner liner containing 100 lbs net.

PRODUCT SAFETY
KLUCEL is a flammable dust when finely divided and
suspended in air. An explosion can occur if the suspended
dust is ignited. Proper design and operation of facilities and
good housekeeping practices can minimize this hazard.

REGULATORY STATUS
Food grade, designated with a F, complies with the requirements of the US FDA for direct addition to food for
human consumption, as specified in the Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 21, Section 172.870. Food grade Klucel
also conforms to the specifications for hydroxypropylcellulose
set forth in the Food Chemicals Codex.

Floors subject to spills or dusting with KLUCEL can become

slippery when wetted with water. Follow good housekeeping
practices and clean up spills promptly.
Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
before using this product.

Personal Care grade, designated with CS, conforms to the

specifications for hydroxypropylcellulose set forth in the CTFA.

CASRN:
CAS Name:

Pharmaceutical grade, designated with F Pharm, conforms

to the specifications for hydroxypropylcellulose set forth in the
U.S. National Formulary, European Pharmacopoeia and the
Japanese Pharmacopoeia.
TOXICOLOGY
Toxicity testing indicates that KLUCEL is physiologically inert.
The results of repeat-insult patch tests on humans disclose
no evidence that it is either a primary skin irritant or skinsensitizing agent. Feeding of KLUCEL to rats for 90 days at
dietary levels up to and including 5.0% produced no gross or
histopathologic changes or other deleterious effects. KLUCEL
is considered nutritionally equivalent to purified cellulose in
that neither material is metabolized. For a complete report,
request a copy of Bulletin T-122, KLUCEL Hydroxypropylcellulose: Summary of Toxicological Investigations.

20

9004-64-2
Cellulose 2-hydroxypropyl ether

APPENDIX

The solution volumes specified under item 4 should not be

less than outlined or there may not be sufficient solution to
cover the appropriate Brookfield spindle.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS
All types of KLUCEL HPC meet certain specifications for
moisture, viscosity, and ash content. Detailed descriptions
are given of Aqualon methods for determining these values.

1. Weigh the specified amounts to 0.005 g, as obtained

from Table XIII, page 24, quickly into clean, ground-glassstoppered weighing bottles. Stopper immediately to
eliminate gain or loss of moisture content.
2. From the determined percent moisture, calculate the
water to be added for the respective viscosity solutions,
as follows:

A. Moisture
1. Weigh duplicate samples of 5 g, to the nearest 0.001 g, into
previously dried and weighed moisture cans with covers.
2. Place the samples in a gravity convection oven maintained at 105 0.5C. Heat for 3 hrs. Cool in a desiccator
and weigh.
3. Return the sample to the oven for 45 min. Cool and weigh
as before. If the second dried weight is not within 0.005 g
of the first dried weight, repeat the 45-min oven periods
until two subsequent weighings are in agreement. Then,
using the lowest dried weight obtained, calculate percent
moisture as follows:

a. For a 1% viscosity solution:

(Weight of KLUCEL, g)
x (99 % moisture) = Weight of water, g
b. For a 2% viscosity solution:

Original
sample weight dry sample weight
Original sample weight

(Weight of KLUCEL, g)
x (98 % moisture)

x 100 = % moisture

= Weight of water, g
2

B. Viscosity in Water
As explained on page 9, the apparent viscosity of a solution
of KLUCEL depends on a number of factors. If reproducible
results are to be obtained, a closely standardized method
of solution preparation and viscosity determination must
be followed.

c. For a 5% viscosity solution:

Preparation of the solution is critical in that KLUCEL must be

completely dissolved in order to obtain a significant measurement. In weighing out the proper amount of KLUCEL for a
viscosity determination, care must be taken to include a
moisture correction. This correction compensates for the
moisture in KLUCEL and places the viscosity measurement
of KLUCEL on a dry basis. The viscosity-measurement test
must be rigidly standardized because the viscosity reading
obtained is dependent on the rate of shear during dissolution,
the amount of agitation prior to measurement, the temperature, and the elapsed time between agitation and measurement. The method used in Aqualon laboratories is therefore
given here in detail.

d. For a 10% viscosity solution:

(Weight of KLUCEL, g)
x (95 % moisture)
= Weight of water, g
5

(Weight of KLUCEL, g)
x (90 % moisture)
= Weight of water, g
10
3. Add the calculated amount of distilled water to a
16-oz bottle.
4. Stir the water with a mechanical agitator to create a
vortex, and slowly sift the KLUCEL into the vortex over a
15 to 30-sec period to ensure good dispersion. An anchorshaped stirrer turned by a compressed-air or electric
motor has been found to be satisfactory. After the solution
appears to be complete, stir it for an additional 10 to 15
min at high speed. Be careful to avoid loss of solution.
5. When the solution is complete, cover the mouth of the
bottle with cellophane and screw the cap on securely.
Place it in a constant-temperature bath (25 0.2C) for
30 min, or for as long as necessary to adjust the solution
temperature to 25 0.2C.

Solution Preparation
Immediately after taking portions of the KLUCEL polymer
sample for moisture determination, portions of the same
undried KLUCEL should be taken for viscosity solution
preparation. Weighings of moisture and solution samples
should be carried out practically together to ensure that the
moisture content of the respective portions is the same at
time of weighings.
The standardized Aqualon method for determining the
viscosity of solutions of KLUCEL specifies use of the
Brookfield viscometer, Model LVF (Brookfield Engineering
Labs, Stoughton, Massachusetts; 4 spindles, 4 speeds
covering the range 0 to 100,000 cps).

21

Viscosity Determination
6. While the solution is in the constant-temperature bath,
select from Table XIII below the Brookfield spindle-speed
combination corresponding to the viscosity type of
KLUCEL HPC being tested. Determine the viscosity of
the KLUCEL within 2 hrs after removing it from the stirrer.
If the solution stands longer than 2 hrs, return it to the
stirrer for 10 min, place it in a bath for 30 min, and then
determine viscosity.
7. Remove the bottle from the constant-temperature bath
and stir the solution by hand for 10 sec, using a stirring
rod. Avoid shaking or vigorous stirring, as this will increase
air bubbles, which interfere with viscosity measurement.
8. Immediately insert the appropriate Brookfield viscometer
spindle into the solution and start the spindle rotating.
Allow it to rotate for 3 min before taking the reading.
9. Stop the instrument and read the dial. Multiply the dial
reading by the factor corresponding to the speed and
spindle used. The result is the viscosity of the solution
in centipoises.

C. Viscosity in Ethanol
The viscosity of ethanol solutions of KLUCEL is determined
in the same manner as for aqueous solutions, but with the
following modification:
1. To minimize evaporation of the ethanol, the bottle may be
capped and mechanically shaken to accomplish solution
of the KLUCEL instead of stirring the solution by hand.
2. Repeat steps 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 as described in the Viscosity
in Water procedures.
D. Ash Content
The ash components of KLUCEL are sodium salts. Determination of these is complicated by the presence of certain
anticaking agents, which contribute to the total ash. The ash
method is referenced in the National Formulary, current edition.

Table XIII Sample Weights of KLUCEL, and Brookfield Spindle and Speed for Viscosity Measurement
Viscosity
Type

Concentration, %
rpm

E
L
J
G
M
H

10
5
5
2
2
1

Brookfield Settings

Sample Wt, g

Spindle No.

25.0
11.0
11.0
5.2
5.2
2.3

30
30
60
60
60
30

22

2
1
2
2
4
3

PRODUCT LISTING SUPPLEMENT

The following list of products, along with their chemical identity

and source of supply, may be helpful to the reader who is
unfamiliar with some of the products referred to in this booklet.
Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDSs) before using these products.
Product

Chemical Identity

Manufacturer

Antifoam AF

Dimethylpolysiloxane materials

Stewart Hall Chemical

Aqualon CMC

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose

Hercules Incorporated

Benecel MC

Methylcellulose

Hercules Incorporated

Butyl Cellosolve

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether-solvent

Dow Chemical Co.

Carbowax 1000

Polyethylene glycol

Dow Chemical Co.

Cellosolve

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether-solvent

Dow Chemical Co.

Colloid 581-B

Hydrocarbon-based material containing surfactants, waxes, and metallic soaps

Rhne-Poulenc, Inc.

Defoamer 1512

Silica-type defoamer

Hercules Incorporated

Methyl Cellosolve

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

Dow Chemical Co.

M-Pyrol

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

GAF Corporation

Myvacet

Acetylated monoglyceride

Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.

Myverol

Monoglyceride

Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.

Natrosol HEC

Hydroxyethylcellulose

Hercules Incorporated

Nopco KFS

Proprietary blend of hydrocarbon oil, fatty acids, wax, and nonionic surfactants

Henkel Corporation

Nopco NDW

Proprietary blend of hydrocarbon oils, silicone, nonionic surfactants, and metallic soaps

Henkel Corporation

Omadine

Sodium 1-hydroxpyridine-2-thione

Olin Chemicals

23

The products and related information provided by Hercules are for manufacturing use only. Hercules makes no express, implied, or other representation, warranty, or guarantee concerning (i) the handling, use, or application of such products, whether alone, in combination with other products, or
otherwise, (ii) the completeness, definitiveness, or adequacy of such information for users or other purposes, (iii) the quality of such products, except
that such products are of Hercules standard quality. Users are advised to make their own tests to determine the safety and suitability of each product
or product combination for their own purposes. Read and understand the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) before using these products.

250-2F REV. 10-01 500

Supersedes all previous editions.

PRINTED IN U.S.A.