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    Canaanite Languages

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    Dimitris Kakarot
    The Canaanite languages were a subfamily of Semitic languages spoken by ancient peoples in the Canaan region, including Hebrew, Phoenician, and Punic. These languages utilized one of the earliest known alphabets and were the first to use alphabetic writing. While the Canaanite languages went extinct by the 1st millennium CE, distinct forms of Hebrew remained in religious use among Jews and Samaritans. Modern Hebrew emerged in the 19th-20th centuries as a revived spoken language of Jews in Israel.

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    Canaanite Languages

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    Dimitris Kakarot
    439 views3 pages
    The Canaanite languages were a subfamily of Semitic languages spoken by ancient peoples in the Canaan region, including Hebrew, Phoenician, and Punic. These languages utilized one of the earliest known alphabets and were the first to use alphabetic writing. While the Canaanite languages went extinct by the 1st millennium CE, distinct forms of Hebrew remained in religious use among Jews and Samaritans. Modern Hebrew emerged in the 19th-20th centuries as a revived spoken language of Jews in Israel.

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    The Canaanite languages were a subfamily of Semitic languages spoken by ancient peoples in the Canaan region, including Hebrew, Phoenician, and Punic. These languages utilized one of the earliest known alphabets and were the first to use alphabetic writing. While the Canaanite languages went extinct by the 1st millennium CE, distinct forms of Hebrew remained in religious use among Jews and Samaritans. Modern Hebrew emerged in the 19th-20th centuries as a revived spoken language of Jews in Israel.

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    439 views3 pages

    Canaanite Languages

    Uploaded by

    Dimitris Kakarot
    The Canaanite languages were a subfamily of Semitic languages spoken by ancient peoples in the Canaan region, including Hebrew, Phoenician, and Punic. These languages utilized one of the earliest known alphabets and were the first to use alphabetic writing. While the Canaanite languages went extinct by the 1st millennium CE, distinct forms of Hebrew remained in religious use among Jews and Samaritans. Modern Hebrew emerged in the 19th-20th centuries as a revived spoken language of Jews in Israel.

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    At a glance
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    The passage discusses the Canaanite language family and its relation to other Semitic languages like Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, and Ugaritic. It also talks about the origins and evolution of these languages over time.

    Phoenician, Punic, Philistine Semitic (also known as Ekronite), Hebrew, Ammonite, Moabite, Edomite, Biblical Hebrew, and various regional dialects of Hebrew are mentioned.

    The passage notes that Canaanite languages used the prefix 'h-' as a definite article, whereas Aramaic used a postfixed '-a'. It also discusses differences in first person pronouns and a vowel shift.

    Canaanite languages

    Moabite extinct Hebraic dialect of the


    Moabite people mentioned in the Bible (not a
    distinct language[3] )
    Edomite extinct Hebraic dialect of the
    Edomite people mentioned in the Bible (not
    a distinct language[4] )
    Biblical Hebrew extinct Hebraic dialect of
    the ancient Jewish Israelites. Literary, poetical, liturgical; also known as Classical Hebrew, the oldest form of the language attested
    in writing. The original pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew is only accessible through reconstruction. There are dierent pronunciations traditions associated with dierent diaspora groups, inuenced by vernacular languages spoken locally, which are listed below.
    Tiberian Hebrew Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of
    Tiberias in Palestine c. 750-950 CE.
    Mizrahi Hebrew Mizrahi Jews,
    liturgical
    Yemenite Hebrew Yemenite Jews,
    liturgical
    Sephardi Hebrew Sephardi Jews,
    liturgical
    Ashkenazi Hebrew Ashkenazi
    Jews, liturgical
    Mishnaic Hebrew (Rabbinical Hebrew)
    Jews, liturgical, rabbinical, any of the Hebrew dialects found in the Talmud.
    Medieval Hebrew Jews, liturgical,
    poetical, rabbinical, scientic, literary; lingua franca based on Bible,
    Mishna and neologisms forms created by translators and commentators
    Haskala Hebrew Jews, scientic,
    literary and journalistic language
    based on Biblical but enriched with
    neologisms created by writers and
    journalists, a transition to the later
    Modern Hebrew Transformation
    and enlargement of the former into
    a spoken language which, in turn
    emerged as the new contemporary
    Israeli Hebrew
    Israeli Hebrew Israelis (Jews,
    Samaritans and others), the main
    language of the State of Israel,
    revived

    The Canaanite languages are a subfamily of the Semitic


    languages, which were spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region, the Canaanites (including
    the Israelites and Phoenicians), Amorites, Ammonites,
    Moabites, Edomites, and Carthaginians. All of them
    seem to have become extinct as native languages by the
    early 1st millennium CE (although it is uncertain how
    long Punic survived), although distinct forms of Hebrew
    remained in continuous literary and religious use among
    Jews and Samaritans. This family of languages has the
    distinction of being the rst group of languages to use an
    alphabet, derived from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, to
    record their writings.
    The Phoenician and Carthaginian expansion spread the
    Phoenician language and its Punic dialect to the Western
    Mediterranean for a time, but there too it died out, although it seems to have survived slightly longer than in
    Phoenicia itself.
    Modern Hebrew as a spoken language is the result of a
    revival by Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries in an effort spearheaded by Eliezer Ben Yehuda. It is currently
    spoken as the colloquial language by the majority of the
    Israeli population.

    Classication

    A part of the Classication of Semitic languages


    Hebrew and Phoenician are the two major branches of
    the subfamily. The Canaanite languages, together with
    the Aramaic languages and Ugaritic, form the Northwest
    Semitic genealogical subgroup. Eorts of classication
    are complicated by the fact that some language varieties
    thought to be Canaanite or closely related thereto have
    few or no extant texts written in them, such as the Amorite
    language.
    Phoenician extinct
    Punic extinct
    Philistine Semitic, also known as Ekronite - not to be
    confused with the pre-Semitic Philistine language.
    It is attested by several dozen inscriptions in Phoenician script scattered along Israels southwest coast.
    Hebrew
    Ammonite extinct Hebraic dialect of the
    Ammonite people mentioned in the Bible (not
    a distinct language[2] )
    1

    6
    Ancient Samaritan Hebrew extinct dialect
    spoken by the ancient Samaritan Israelites
    Samaritan Hebrew Samaritans, liturgical

    Distinctive features

    Some distinctive typological features of Canaanite in relation to Aramaic are:


    The prex h- used as the denite article (whereas
    Aramaic has a postxed -a). This seems to be an
    innovation of Canaanite.
    The rst person pronoun being nk ( anok(i), versus Aramaic n/ny) which is similar to Akkadian,
    Ancient Egyptian and Berber.
    The * > vowel shift (Canaanite shift).

    Canaanite texts

    See also: Ancient Hebrew writings


    The main sources for study of Canaanite languages are
    the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and inscriptions such as:
    in Moabite: Mesha Stele, El-Kerak Stela
    in Biblical Hebrew:
    Qeiyafa pottery sherd

    Gezer calendar, Khirbet

    in Phoenician: Ahiram sarcophagus inscription, sarcophagus of Eshmunazar,[5] Kilamuwa inscription,


    the Byblos inscription
    in later Punic: in Plautus' play Poenulus at the beginning of the fth act.
    The Deir Alla Inscription is written in a dialect with
    Aramaic and South Canaanite characteristics, which is
    classied as Canaanite in Hetzron.
    The extra-biblical Canaanite inscriptions are gathered
    along with Aramaic inscriptions in editions of the book
    "Kanaanische und Aramische Inschriften", from which
    they may be referenced as KAI n (for a number n); for
    example, the Mesha Stele is "KAI 181".

    See also
    Northwest Semitic languages
    Ugaritic language

    EXTERNAL LINKS

    5 References
    [1] Nordho, Sebastian; Hammarstrm, Harald; Forkel,
    Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). Canaanite.
    Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
    Anthropology.
    [2] Harald Hammarstrm, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath, and Sebastian Nordho (eds.). Language: Ammonite. Glottolog 2.3. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
    [3] Harald Hammarstrm, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath, and Sebastian Nordho (eds.).
    Language:
    Moabite. Glottolog 2.3. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
    [4] Harald Hammarstrm, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath, and Sebastian Nordho (eds.).
    Language:
    Edomite. Glottolog 2.3. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
    [5]

    The Semitic Languages. Routledge Language Family


    Descriptions. Edited by Robert Hetzron. New York:
    Routledge, 1997.
    Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). A
    neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic
    yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic.
    Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
    75.1: 135145. doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261.

    6 External links
    Some West Semitic Inscriptions
    How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs Biblical Archaeology Review

    Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

    7.1

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    Canaanite languages Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_languages?oldid=669840666 Contributors: Heron, Stevertigo,


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