International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System,

3(2): 1-3,

2014

Neutrosophic Relations Database

A. A. Salama1, Mohamed Eisa2 and M. M. Abdelmoghny3
1,3

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Port Said University Egypt.
drsalama44@gmail.com
2
Computer Science Department, Port Said University, 42526 Port Said, Egypt.
mmmeisa@yahoo.com

Received: 03 December 2012; Accepted: 04 January 2013

Abstract
In this paper we introduce and study new types of neutrosophic concepts " cut levels , normal
neutrosophic set, convex neutrosophic set". Added to we investigate a neutrosophic relations,
and neutrosophic database (NDB). Finaly we study some neutrosophic queries on a neutrosophic
database.
Keywords: Neutrosophic Set; Neutrosophic Relations; Neutrosophic Database.
Martin Science Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

1. Introduction
The fuzzy set was introduced by Zadeh [20] in 1965, where each element had a degree of
membership. The intuitionstic fuzzy set (Ifs for short) on a universe X was introduced by K.
Atanassov [1, 2, 3 ] as a generalization of fuzzy set, where besides the degree of membership and
the degree of non- membership of each element. After the introduction of the neutrosophic set
concept [4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The fundamental concepts of neutrosophic set, introduced by
Smarandache in [9, 10] and Salama at el. in [4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18],
provides a natural foundation for treating mathematically the neutrosophic phenomena which
exist pervasively in our real world and for building new branches of neutrosophic mathematics.
Neutrosophy has laid the foundation for a whole family of new mathematical theories
generalizing both their classical and fuzzy counterparts [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 19, 20], such as a
neutrosophic set theory. In this paper , we will begin with a definition of neutrosophic relation
and then define the various operations and will study its main properties. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets
are neutrosophic sets but the converse is not true. An intuitionistic fuzzy database introduced by

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Supriya at el. [19] is a generalization of fuzzy database. We here generalize intuitionistic fuzzy
database by incorporating neutrosophic tolerance relation .

2. Terminologies
We recollect some relevant basic preliminaries, and in particular, the work of Smarandache in [9,
10], Atanassov in [1, 2, 3], Salama [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] and Burillo at el [5].
Smarandache introduced the neutrosophic components T, I, F which represent the membership,

indeterminacy, and non-membership values respectively, where 0, 1 is non-standard unit interval.

2.1 Definition [9,

10]

Let T, I, F be real standard or nonstandard subsets of 0, 1 , with

Sup_T=t_sup, inf_T=t_inf
Sup_I=i_sup, inf_I=i_inf
Sup_F=f_sup, inf_F=f_inf
n-sup=t_sup+i_sup+f_sup
n-inf=t_inf+i_inf+f_inf,
T, I, F are called neutrosophic components
2.2 Definition [6, 10, 11]
Let X be a non-empty fixed set. A neutrosophic set ( NS for short or ( ( A N X ) ) A is an object
having the form A x , A x , A x , A x : x X Where A x , A x and A x which represent the
degree of membership function (namely A x ), the degree of indeterminacy (namely A x ), and
the degree of non-membership (namely A x ) respectively of each element x X to the set A .
2.3 Definition [11]
The NSs 0N and 1N in X as follows:
0N may be defined as:

01
02
03
04
1N

11
12
13
14
3.

x ,0,1,1 : x X
x ,0,1,0 : x X
x ,0,0,0 : x X

0N x ,0,0,1 : x X

0N
0N
0N

may be defined as:

x ,1,0,1 : x X
x ,1,1,0 : x X
x ,1,1,1 : x X

1N x ,1,0,0 : x X
1N

1N
1N

Levels for Neutrosophic Sets

We must first introduce the concept of -cut levels for neutrosophic sets

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3.1 Defintion
Let A = A ( x), A ( x), A ( x) be a nutrosophic set of the set X. For 0,1 , the cut of A is
the crisp set A defined by as two type :

Type 1. A x : x X , either A ( x), A ( x) or A ( x) 1 , 0, 1 or

Type 2. A x : x X , either A ( x) , A ( x) or A ( x) 1 , 0, 1

it may condition A ( x) ensures A ( x) 1 but not conversely. So, we can define cut of A

as A x : x X , A ( x) 1 .
3.2 Definition

For a neutrosophic set A = A ( x), A ( x), A ( x) the weak -cut defined as two types

Type 1. A x : x X , either A ( x), A ( x) or A ( x) 1 , 0, 1 or

Type 2. A x : x X , either A ( x) A ( x) or A ( x) 1 , 0, 1

The strong -cut defined as two types

Type 1. A x : x X , either A ( x), A ( x) or A ( x) 1 , 0, 1 or

Type 2. A

x : x X , either A ( x) , A ( x) or A ( x) 1 , 0, 1

3.3 Definition
A neutrosophic set with A ( x) 1 , A ( x) 1 , ( x) 1 is called normal neutrosophic set. In
other words A is called normal neutrosophic set if and only if
max A ( x) max A ( x) max A ( x) 1 .
xX

xX

xX

3.4 Definition
When the support set is a real number set and the following applies for all x a, b over
any interval a, b : A ( x) A (a) A (b) ; A ( x) A (a) A (b) and A ( x) A (a) A (b) , A is said
to be neutrosophic convex.
3.5 Definition
When A X and B Y , the neutrosophic subset A B of X Y that can be arrived at the
following way is the direct product of A and B.
A B A B ( x, y) A ( x) B ( x)

AB ( x, y) A ( x) B ( x)
AB ( x, y) A (n) B ( x)

Making use -cut, the following relational equation is called the resolution principle.

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3.1 Theorem
A ( x) A ( x) A ( x) Sup

x 0 ,1

A ( x) A ( x) A ( x) Sup A ( x)

A ( x)

Proof
Clear

The resolution principle is expressed in the form A

0 , 1

In other words, a neutrosophic set can be expressed in terms of the concept of -cuts without
resorting to grade functions , and .
This is what wakes up the representation theorem, and we will leave it at that -cuts are
very convenient for the calculation of the operations and relations equations of neutrosophic sets.
In the next section we introduce the concept of neutrosophic database .

4 Neutrosophic Relations
Let X, Y and Z are ordinary finite non-empty sets.
4.1 Definition
We will call neutrosophic relation R from set X to set Y (or between X and Y) is a
neutrosophic set in the direct product X Y x, y : x X , y Y , that is, every neutrosophic sub
sets
of
that
is,
to
every
expression
R
given
X Y
R x, y , R ( x, y ), R ( x, y ), R ( x , y ) : x X , y Y where X Y is characterized by membership
function R (x) , the degree of indeterminacy R (x) , and the degree of non-membership
R (x) respectively of each element x X , y Y to the set X and Y. where

R : X Y 0, 1 , R : X Y 0, 1 , and R : X Y 0, 1 .

Given sets X x1, x2 ,, xm , Y y1, y2 ,, yn ,a neutrosophic relation in XY can be expresses

by an mn matrix like the one in Fig 3.1. This kind of matrix, which expressed of neutrosophic
relation, is called a neutrosophic matrix. Since the triple R , R , R has values with in the

interval 0, 1 , the elements of the neutrosophic matrix also have values within 0, 1 . In order to

express neutrosophic relation R for R ( xi , yi ), R ( xi , yi ), R ( xi , yi ) .The neutrosophic

relation is defined as neutrosophic subsets of XY, having the
form R { x, y , R ( xi , yi ), R ( xi , yi ), R ( xi , yi ) : x X , y Y } . Where the triple R , R , R has

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values with in the interval 0, 1 , the elements of the neutrosophic matrix also have values with

in 0, 1 .

4.2 Definition
Given a neutrosophic relation between X and Y we can define R 1 between Y and X by means of
1 ( y, x) R ( x, y), 1 ( y, x) R ( x, y), 1 ( y, x) R ( x, y)( x, y) X Y .to which are will call inverse
R
R
R
neutrosophic relation of R.
4.1 Example
When a neutrosophic relation R on X= {a, b, c} is
R ( x, y), (0.2,0.4,0.3)( a, a), (1,0.2,0)( a, b), (0.4,0.1,0.7)(a, c), (0.6,0.2,0.1)(b, b), (0.3,0.2,0.6)(b, c), (0.2,0.4,0.1)(c, c)

0.2,0.4,0.3
0.6,0.2,0.1

The neutrosophic matrix for R is as shown: R

1,0.2,0
0.3,0.2,0.6

0.4,0.1,0.7
0.3,0.2,0.6

Fig. 3.1
4.2 Example
Let X be a real number set. For x, y X , and the neutrosophic relation R can be characterized by
the following:

R ( x, y )
1

10

y x

R ( x, y )

R ( x, y )
1

;x y

0
1
2

;x y

0
1
2

y x

;x y

;x y

0
1
2

y x

;x y

;x y

As a generalization of neutrosophic relations, the n-array neutrosophic relation R in

X 1 X 2 X 3 X n is given by
R

R ( x1, x2 ,, xn ), R ( x1, x2 ,, xn ), R ( x1, x2 ,, xn )

X1 X 2 X 3X n

, xi X and we get the following:

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R : X 1 X 2 X n 0, 1

R : X 1 X 2 X n 0, 1

R : X 1 X 2 X n 0, 1

When n=1, R is a unary neutrosophic relation, and this is clearly a neutrosophic set in X. when
n =2, we have the relations of this paper. Other ways of expressing neutrosophic relations include
matrices
We can define the operations of neutrosophic relations
4.3 Definition
Let R and S be two neutrosophic relations between X and Y for every x, y X Y we can define
1) R S may be defined as two types
i) Type 1: R S R ( x, y ) S ( x, y ), R ( x, y ) S ( x, y ), R ( x , y ) S ( x , y )
ii) Type 2: R S R ( x, y ) S ( x, y ), R ( x, y ) S ( x, y ), R ( x , y ) S ( x , y )
2) R S may be defined as two types
i) Type 1: R S { x, y , R ( x, y ) S ( x, y ), R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y) }
ii) Type 2: R S { x, y , R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y) }
3) R S may be defined as types:
i) Type 1: R S { x, y , R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y) }
ii) Type 2: R S { x, y , R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y), R ( x, y) S ( x, y) }
(4) The complement of neutrosophic relation R ( R c for short) may be defined as three types:
i)

Type 1: R c { x, y , c R ( x, y ), c R ( x, y ), c R ( x , y ) }

ii)

Type 2: Rc { x, y , R ( x, y ), c R ( x, y ), R ( x , y ) }

iii)

Type 3: Rc { x, y , R ( x, y ), R ( x, y ), R ( x , y ) }

4.1 Theorem
Let R, S and Q be three neutrosophic relations on N ( X Y ) then
i) R S R 1 S 1 ,
ii) R S 1 R 1 S 1 ,
iii) R S 1 R1 S 1

iv) R 1

R.

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v) R S Q R S R Q .
vi) R S Q R S R Q .
vii) If S R, Q R, then S Q R.
viii) If R S , R Q, then R S Q.
Proof
i) If R S then

R 1

R 1

( y, x) R ( x, y) S ( x, y)

( y, x) R ( x, y) S ( x, y) or S ( x, y) and

S 1

( y, x), for every ( x, y) of X Y

. Analogously

( y, x) R ( x, y) S ( x, y)

S 1

proof for

R 1

( y, x) for every

( x, y) of X Y .

ii)

( R S )1

( y, x) R S ( x, y) R ( x, y) S ( x, y) 1 1 ( y, x)
R S

( RS )1

R 1

( y, x)

S 1

( y, x) .The

( y, x) 1 1 ( x, y)
( y, x) 1 1 ( x, y) and
( RS )1
R S
R S

done in a similar way. v), vii), and viii) clear from the definition of the operators and .
4.4 Definition
(1)The neutrosophic relation
x y
x y

1 if
0 if

I ( x, y)

x y
x y

0 if
1 if

I ( x, y)

called relation of identity , if

( x, y) X X

x y
x y

1 if
0 if

I ( x, y)

I NR( X X ) is

( x, y) X X or I ( x, y)

0 if
1
if

x y
x y

( x, y) X X

( x, y) X X

Will be represented by the symbol I I 1 .

(2) The complementary neutrosophic relation I c defined by
x y
( x, y) X X
x y

0 if
1 if

c ( x, y)
I

0 if
1 if

c ( x, y)
I

( x, y) X X

( x, y)
Ic

x y
( x, y) X X
x y

1 if

0 if

x y
x y

or

Ic

1 if
( x, y)
0 if

( x, y) X X

x y
x y

or

Ic

0 if
( x, y )
1 if

x y
x y

Note that I c ( I c )1 .

We can defined some types of neutrosophic relations

4.5 Defintion
The neutrosophic relation R NR( X X ) is called neutrosophic
(1) Reflexive if for every x X , R ( x, x) 1 , and R ( x, x) 0 or R ( x, x) 1

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Just notice R ( x, x) 0 x X .
(2) Anti-reflexive neutrosophic relation if for every x X ,
R ( x, x ) 0

R ( x, x) 0, or R ( x, x) 1

R ( x, x ) 1

4.2 Theorem
Let R be a reflexive neutrosophic relation in X X . Then
(1) R11 is reflexive neutrosophic relation.
(2) R1 R2 is reflexive neutrosophic relation for every R2 NR( X X ) .
(3) R1 R2 is reflexive neutrosophic relation R2 NR( X X ) is reflexive neutrosophic relation
Proof
Clear
Just notice that
1)
2)
3)

R1R2 ( x, x) R1 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x) 1 R2 ( x, x) 1
R1R2 ( x, x) R1 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x) 1 R2 ( x, x) 1 or 0 R2 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x)
R1R2 ( x, x) R1 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x) 1 R2 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x)
R1R2 ( x, x) R1 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x) 1 R2 ( x, x) R2 ( x, x)

or 0 R2 ( x, x) 0
4.6 Definition
(1) The neutrosophic relation R NR( X X ) is called symmetric if R R 1 , that is for
every ( x, y) X Y
R ( x, y ) R ( y , x )

R ( x, y ) R ( y, x)
( x, x ) ( y , x )
R
R

(2) The neutrosophic relation R NR( X X ) we will say that it is ant-symmetrical neutrosophic
relation if ( x, y) X Y , The definition of anti-symmetrical neutrosophic relation is justified
because of the following argument x R y if and only if is an order the referential X if the
neutrosophic relation R NR( X X ) is reflexive and anti-symmetrical.
4.3 Theorem
Let R NR( X X ) . R is anti-symmetrical neutrosophic relation if and only if ( x, y) X Y , with
x y then R ( x, y) R ( y, x)
Proof

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As R ( x, y) c R ( x, y) ( x, y) X Y , then R ( x, y) R ( y, x) if and only if

R ( x, y ) R ( y , x )

(
x
,
y
)

R
R ( y, x) or R ( x, y ) R ( y, x)

R ( x, y ) R ( y , x )

4.7 Definition
Let R NR( X X ) , we will call transitive neutrosophic closure of R to the minimum
neutrosophic relation T on X X which contains R and it is transitive, that is to say
i) R T
ii) If R, P N ( X , X ), R P and P is transitive, then T P.
4.4 Theorem
Let R, P, T , S NR( X X ) and R P and R T , R S , then T S .
Proof
Clear from Definitions.
4.8 Defintion
If R is a neutrosophic relation in XY and S is a neutrosophic relation in YZ, the composition
of R and S, R S is a neutrosophic relation in XZ as defined below

1- R S R S x, z R ( x, y) S ( y, z), R ( x, y) S ( y, z ), R ( x, y) S ( y, z )
y

2- R S R S x, z R ( x, y) S ( y, z), R ( x, y) S ( y, z ), R ( x, y) S ( y, z )
y

4. 9 Definition
A neutrosophic relation R on the cartesian set X X , is called
i)A neutrosophic tolerance relation on X X if R is reflexive and symmetric
ii) A neutrosophic similarity (equivalence) relation on X X if R is reflexive, symmetric and
Transitive
4.1 Example
Consider the neutrosophic tolerance relation T on X x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 given
x1
x2
x3
x4
x1
<1,0,0>
<0.8,0.2,0.1>
<0.6,0.1,0.2>
<0.3,0.3,0.4>
x2
<0.8,0.2,0.1>
<1,0,0>
<0.4,0.4,0.5>
<0.5,0.2,0.3>
x3
<0.6,0.1,0.2>
<0.4,0.4,0.5>
<1,0,0>
<0.6,0.2,0.3>
x4
<0.3,0.3,0.4>
<0.5,0.2,0.3>
<0.6,0.2,0.3>
<1,0,0>
It can be computed that for 1, the partition of X determined by T given
by {x1}, {x2 }, {x3 }, {x4 }, for 0.9, the partition of X determined by T givenby {x1 , x2 }, {x3 }, {x4 },
0.8, the partition of X determined by T given by {x1, x2 , x3},{x4},
0.7, the partition of X determined by T given by {x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 },
Moreover, we see that when (0.9,1] the partition of X determined by T given
by {x1}, {x2 }, {x3 }, {x4 },
when (0.8,0.9], the partition of X determined by T given by {x1 , x2 , x3},{x4 },

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when (0.7,0.8], the partition of X determined by T given by {x1 , x2 , x3},{x4 },

when (0,0.7], the partition of X determined by T given by {x1 , x2 , x3},{x4 },
In the next section we introduce the concept of neutrosophic database
5. Neutrosophic Database
5.1 Definition
A neutrosophic database relation R is a subset of cross product 2 D1 2 D2 ... 2 Dm , where
D
2 j 2 D1

5.2 Definition
Let R 2 D1 2 D2 ... 2 Dm , be a neutrosophic database relation. A neutrosophic set tuple (with
respect to R) is an element of R.
Let ti d i1 , d i2 ,...,d im be a neutrosophic tuple. An interpolation of t , is a tuple a1 , a2 ...am where
a j d ij for each domain D j. for each domain D j. , if T j be the neutrosophic tolerance relation then

the membership function is given by T j : D j D j [0,1] , the non-membershipe function is given

by T j : D j D j [0,1] and indeterminacy T j : D j D j [0,1] .
Let us make a hypothetical case study below:
We consider a criminal data file. Suppose that one murder has taken place at some area in deem
light. The police suspects that the murderer is also form the same area and so police refer to a
data file of all the suspected criminals of the that area. Listening to the eye-witness, the police has
discovered that the criminal for that murder case has more or less or non-more and less curly hair
texture and he has moderately large build. Form the criminal data file, the information table with
attributes " Hair Coverage", Hair Texture", and "Build" is given by
Name
Soso
Toto
Koko
Momo
Wowo
Bobo
Hoho
Vovo

Hair Coverage
Full Small (FS)
Rec.
Full Small(FS)
Bald
Bald
Full Big (FB)
Full Small
Rec.

Hair Texture
Stc
Wavy
Straight(Str.)
Curly
Wavy
Stc.
Straight
Curly

Build
Large
Very Small(VS)
Small(S)
Average(A)
Average(A)
Very large(VL)
Small(S)
Average(A)

Now, consider the Neutrosophic Tolerance Relation TD1 where D1 ="Hair Coverage", which is
given by:
FB
FS
Rec.
Bald
FB

<1,0,0>

FS

<0.8,0.3,0.1>

<0.8,0.3,0.1> <0.4,0,0.4>
<1,0,0>

<0.5,0,0.4>

<0,0.2,1>
<0,0,0.9>

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Rec.

<0.4,0,0.4>

Bald <0,0.2,1>

(2014)

<0.5,0,0.4>

<1,0,0>

<0.4,0,0.4>

<0,0,0.9>

<0.4,0,0.4>

<1,0,0>

Where, Hair Coverage= FB,FS,Rec., Bald.

The Neutrosophic Tolerance Relation TD2 where D2 ="Hair Texture" is given by:
Str.

Stc.

Wavy

Curly

Str.

<1,0,0>

<0.7,0.2,0.3>

<o.2,0.2,0.7>

<o.1,0.2,0.7>

Stc.

<0.7,0.2,0.3>

<1,0,0>

<0.3,0,0.4>

Wavy

<o.2,0.2,0.7>

<0.3,0,0.4>

<1,0,0>

<o.1,0.2,0.7>
<0.5,0,0.2>
<0.4,0,0.4>
Bald
Where, Hair Texture={Str., Stc., Wavy, Curly }.
Also, Neutrosophic Tolerance Relation TD3 where D3 ="Build" is given by:

<0.5,0,0.2>
<0.4,0,0.4>
<1,0,0>

Vl

Vs

<1,0,0>

<0.8,0,0.2>

<0.5,0,0.4>

<0.3,0,0.6>

<0,1,1>

<0.8,0,0.2>

<1,0,0>

<0.6,0,0.4>

<0.4,0,0.5>

<0,0,0.9>

<0.6,0,0.4>

<1,0,0>

<0.6,0,0.3>

<0.3,0,0.6>

<0.4,0,0.5>

<0.5,0,0.4>

<1,0,0>

<0.8,0,0.2>

<0,1,1>
<0,0,0.9>
Vs
Where, Build = { Vl, L, A, S, Vs }.

<0.3,0,0.6>

<0.8,0,0.2>

<1,0,0>

Vl
L
A
S

<0.5,0,0.4>
<0.3,0,0.6>

Now, the job is to find out a list of those criminals who resemble with more or less or non big
hair coverage with more or less or non curly hair texture and moderately large build. This list will
be useful to the police for further investigation. It can be translated into relational algebra in the
following form:
Project (Select (CRIMINAlS DATA FILE)
Where HAIR COVERAGE="FULL BIG",
HAIR TEXRURE="CURLY"
BUILLD="LARG"
With LEVEL (HAIR COVERAGE) =0.8
LEVEL (HAIR TEXRURE) =0.8
LEVEL (BUILLD) =0.7
With LEVEL (NAME) =0.0
With LEVEL (HAIR COVERAGE) =0.8
LEVEL (HAIR TEXRURE) =0.8
LEVEL (BUILLD) =0.7

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A.A.Salama / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System

gining LIKELY MURDERER)

Result: It can be computed that the above neutrosophic query gives rise to the following relation:
LIKELY MURDERER
NAME

HAIR COVERAGE

HAIR TEXRURE

BUILLD

{SOSO, BOBO}

{FULL BIG, FULL

SMALL}

{CURLY, STC.}

{LARG,VERY
LARG}

Therefore, according to the information obtained from the eye-witness, police concludes that
Soso or Bobo are the likely murderers. and, further investigation now is to be done on them only,
instead of dealing with huge list of criminals.

CONCLUSION
Neutrosophic set theory takes care of such indeterministic part in connection with each references
point of its universe. In the presnt paper we have introduced a concept of neutrosophic database
(NDB) and have shown by an example the usefulness of neutrosophic queries on a neutrosophic
database.

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