Modul-Bahasa-Inggris SMA

DISCUSSION MATERIALS
OF
GENRE
For
SENIOR HIGH SCHOLL STUDENTS
Disusun oleh
Drs. NOFRI ANTEN. M.Pd
GURU BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 4 SOLOK
SMA Students Modul of English
DAFTAR ISI
I.
Understanding Types of Text...........................................................5
1.
Analytical Exposition Text..........................................................5
What is Analytical Exposition?......................................................................5
Example of Analytical Exposition..................................................................6
A.
Is Smoking Good for Us?......................................................................6
B.
Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis............................................7
C.
Laptop as Students' Friend..................................................................7
D.
Career in Translation............................................................................ 8
E.
Writing is a Great for Money Online.....................................................9
2.
Anecdote Text........................................................................... 9
What is Anecdote?...................................................................................... 10
Example of Anecdote..................................................................................10
A.
Blessing behind Tragedy....................................................................10
3.
Description Text......................................................................12
What is Descriptive Text?............................................................................ 12
Example of Description............................................................................... 13
A.
My Friend's New Shoes.......................................................................13
B.
Borobudur Temple..............................................................................13
4.
Narrative Text.........................................................................14
What is Narrative?....................................................................................... 14
Example of Narative.................................................................................... 15
A.
Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks.....................................................15
B.
The Smartest Parrot...........................................................................16
C.
The Legend of Toba Lake....................................................................17
D.
Cinderella 1........................................................................................ 18
E.
The Smartest Animal..........................................................................19
5.
Procedure Text........................................................................20
What is Procedure?..................................................................................... 20
Example of Procedure................................................................................. 21
A.
Planting Chilies..................................................................................21
B.
Writing For Business...........................................................................21
C.
How to Make a Cheese Omelet..........................................................22
6.
News Item Text........................................................................22
What is News Item?..................................................................................... 22
Example of Procedure................................................................................. 23
A.
Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms...............................23
B.
Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex...................................24
C.
Indonesian Maid beheaded................................................................25
7.
Discussion Text.......................................................................25
What is Discussion?.................................................................................... 25
Example of Discussion Text.........................................................................26
A.
Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power...................................26
B.
Hunting Fox........................................................................................ 28
8.
Explanation Text......................................................................28
What is Explanation?................................................................................... 28
Example of Explanation Text.......................................................................29
A.
Tsunami.............................................................................................. 29
B.
How Day and Night Happen...............................................................29
C.
Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter Daylight....................30
9.
Hortatory Exposition Text........................................................30
What is Hortatory Exposition?.....................................................................30
Example of Hortatory Exposition.................................................................31
A.
Watch your Kids While Watching TV...................................................31
B.
More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory...............................32
C.
Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text.......................33
D.
Millions from Property Market; a hortatory exposition text................34
10.
Report Text.............................................................................34
What is Report?........................................................................................... 34
Example of Report Text...............................................................................35
A.
Platypus; a report text.......................................................................35
11.
Spoof Text...............................................................................36
What is Spoof?............................................................................................ 36
Example of Spoof text.................................................................................37
A.
That Phone is Off............................................................................ 37
B.
Saved by Stilts................................................................................... 38
C.
Private Conversation..........................................................................39
D.
Nasreddins Coat................................................................................ 39
E.
Penguin in the Park............................................................................ 40
12.
Recount Text...........................................................................41
What is Recount?........................................................................................ 41
Example of Recount text............................................................................. 41
A.
Vacation to London............................................................................ 41
B.
Between Recount and Narrative........................................................42
C.
Visiting Bali........................................................................................ 42
D.
My Horrible Experience......................................................................43
E.
My Grandpas Funeral in Toraja..........................................................44
13.
Review Text.............................................................................45
Example of Review text............................................................................... 46
A.
Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses...................................................46
B.
Good Translation................................................................................ 47
C.
Recording Mommy Journey................................................................47
D.
Good Young Mother............................................................................48
E.
Recommended Software Applications................................................48
14.
Similarities and differenties.....................................................48
A.
The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text.......................48
B.
Between Explanation and Procedure Text..........................................49
C.
Between Recount and Narrative........................................................49
D.
Between Explanation and Procedure Text..........................................50
15.
A Complete Overview Of Tex Types...........................................50
16.
Bentuk Soal Reading...............................................................54
II.
1.
FUNCTIONAL SKILL.....................................................................56
Offering Help or Things (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu)Error!
Bookmark not defined.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
III.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
Introducing (memperkenalkan)..........................................................57
Greeting (memberi salam).................................................................58
Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)......................................................59
Expressing Thanks (terimakasih).......................................................60
Congratulations (ucapan selamat).....................................................61
Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)...............................................62
Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang).................................63
Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)...................64
Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)................65
Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju)65
Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)..............................66
Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)......................................67
Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)...................67
Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)...68
Request (permintaan)........................................................................69
Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)........................................70
Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)...................................71
Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan).........72
LANGUAGE USAGE......................................................................73
TENSES.............................................................................................. 73
DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)...............................................78
PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif)...........................................................83
DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)...........................86
QUESTION TAGS.................................................................................87
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)............................88
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung).................................89
SUBJUNCTIVE WISH............................................................................90
CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET........................................................................90
GERUND............................................................................................. 91
PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)......................................................92
CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung).....................................................92
CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)........................................................93
ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION...................................................................94
I.
Understanding Types of Text

Text can be classified into several types. The term of 'type' is sometime
stated as 'genre'. These types of text are;
1.
Analytical Exposition
8.
Explanation
2.
Anecdote
9.
Hortatory Exposition
3.
Descriptive
10. Report
4.
Narrative
11. Spoof
5.
Procedure
12. Recount
6.
News Items
13. Review
7.
Discussion
These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main

elements of text. These elements of text are:
The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its
writer
The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in
composing the text, in what way is the text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of
the text, what kind of language feature is used to build the text by its
writer.
1. Analytical Exposition Text

What is Analytical Exposition?
1. Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the
phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader
that the idea is important matter.
2. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writers position
Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writers position
Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writers
position more
Reiteration: Restating the writers position
3. Language Features of Analytical Exposition
Using relational process
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and structures of the text

Cars should be banned in the city
Thesis
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know,

cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and
other accidents.
Arguments
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the

pollution in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as
bronchitis, lung cancer, and triggers off asthma. Some
of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from
them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander
everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the
city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads
biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you
may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on
your homework, and especially talk to someone.
Reiteration
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city

for the reasons listed.
Example of Analytical Exposition

A. Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About
50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of
smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly
a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we
smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung
cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the
risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of
bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half
times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop
bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker
breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked
fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do

make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good
for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure:
From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical
exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while
hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writers point of
view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear
position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this
analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of
the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not
a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as
important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of
argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of
analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail
arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is
not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do
not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from
the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is
something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments.
The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points
again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around
smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis
US financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the
world could also create new opportunity for Indonesia in term of
foreign direc investment and the development of basic infrastructure.
As the US, financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich
countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Arab Emirate which have
accumulated hundreds of billion of Dollars in their foreign reserve, are
now reviewing their holding or investment vehicle. They are looking for
more diversified investment outside the US and Europe.
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and
Malaysia over the past few months, Indonesia which has largely
Muslim population could become one of these oil-rich countries'
favorite place for foreign direct investment. That wil be true if the
conditions, legal and market infrastructures are conducive for Islamic
financial instruments.
The government had improved the legal framework with the
recent actment of laws on sharia banking and bonds. The long term
nature of Islamic bonds could make them the most suitable investment
instrument for Indonesia, as these bonds grant an investor a share in
an asset along with the cash flows and risks commensurate with such
ownership.
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening
economic growth in the rest of the world will serve to the government
to accelerate the investment reform measures in order to grab the
hidden opportunity in the global crisis.
(Simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
Small Notes
Analytical Exposition
(Eksposisi Analitis)
Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Memaparkan dan
mempengaruhi audience
(pendengar atau pembaca)
bahwa ada masalah yang
tentunya perlu mendapat
perhatian.
(b)Struktur Teks/Generic structure
Thesis; Pernyataan
pendapat
Argument; terdiri atas
point yang dikemukakan
dan elaborasi;
Reiteration ; Penguatan
pernyataan.
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:

Menggunakan:
General nouns, misalnya car,
pollution, leaded petrol car,

dsb.
Abstract nouns, misalnya
policy, government, dsb.
Technical verbs, misalnya
species of animals, dsb.
Relating verbs, misalnya It is
important, dsb.
Action verbs, misalnya She
must save, dsb.
Thinking verbs, misalnya Many
people believe, dsb
Modal verbs, misalnya we must
preserve, dsb.
NOTES ON Generic Structure:

Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It introduces the
topic of the text which state the potential
opportunity behind the glogal financial
crisis.
Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS
which support to the opinios stated in the
above thesis.
Paragraph 4 is REITERATION which restates
the thesis in another phrases to point the
writer'opinion.
C. Laptop as Students' Friend
Conventionally, students need book, pen,
eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other
stuff. Additionally, in this multimedia era,
students need more to reach their progressive
development. Students need mobile keyboards
to record every presented subject easily. Of
course it will need more cost but it will deserve
for its function.
First, modern schools tend to apply
fast transferring knowledge because the school
needs to catch the target of curriculum. Every
subject will tend to be given in demonstrative
method. Consequently students need extra
media cover the subject. Since there is a
laptop on every students desk, this method
will help student to get better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is
not difficult as it was. Recently there is an
online shop which provides comprehensive
information. The best is that the shop has service of online shopping.
The students just need to brows that online shop, decide which
computer or laptop they need, and then complete the transaction.
After that the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is
really easy and save time and money.
From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for
students who want to catch the best result for their study. Buying
laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price. This online way
is recommended since online shop also provides several laptop types.
Students just need to decide which type they really need.
D. Career in Translation
Functionally, translation is transferring the message or the
meaning and not the word. According to Nida, such translation is called
dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring the precise message
in different language.
Many people like to watch Hollywood movie but many get trouble
in understanding to the actors' dialogue. So the way they get the
understanding about the movie is reading the translating text running.
If Hindi translation is provided, it will bring the better understanding for
Indian moviegoer. Hollywood movie spread over other Asia countries.
Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian translation and Farsi
translation are widely needed and that is a big chance for English
master in that countries.
India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation
will grow better and. It seems Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will
reach that mark too soon. Translation job will be great in amount and
that is good development for translating job seekers.
E. Writing is a Great for Money Online
The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs
many ways to make money. Writers are one group that have benefited
from their talents as a result in the rise of internet based jobs.
Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online
determined by the owner of the blog. They are very popular because
of tBlogs are usually written on a certain subject area but can vary as
its content is heir simplicity to get up and running. There are many
free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you
choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a potential
money
Article writing is also good money to earn money online. Make
sure to gear your articles to promote and advertise you own business
ventures. These articles are a free way to market the products and
services you offer for free. The most effective advertising with these
articles comes from the dialogue box that is inserted at the end of
each article. These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any
website you would like to drive traffic to. For instance, you might have
one link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling and one to a
blog where you are promoting a discussing other products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's
done' earning potential can become very powerful.
Generic Structure Analysis
Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money
Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online
Language Feature Analysis
Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way
to earn money online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility,
etc
Causal conjunction ; because, etc
2. Anecdote Text
What is Anecdote?
1. Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or
imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abstract
Orientation
Crisis
Incident.
3. Language Feature of Anecdote

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Using
Using
Using
Using
Using
Using
exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc

imperative; listen to this
rhetoric question; do you know what?
action verb; go, write, etc
conjunction of time; then, afterward
simple past tense
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Snake in the Bath

Abstract
How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A

nasty one too!
Orientation
We had just moved into a new house, which had

been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible
mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first,
Small Notes
so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Crisis
2. Anecdote
(Cerita Lucu)
Suddenly to my horror, a snakes
head appeared
in
Ciri Umum:
the plug-hole. Then out slithered the
rest of his long thin
(a) slippery
Tujuan Komunikatif
Teks:
body. He twisted and turned on the
bottom
of the
bath, spitting and hissing at us. Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu
berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa
Incident
For an instant I stood there quite

paralysed.
Then I
nyata yang
bertujuan menghibur.
yelled for my husband, who luckily
(b)came
Struktur running
Teks/Genericand
structure
killed the snake with the handle ofa broom.
Anna, who
Abstrak (Abstract)
was only three at the time, was quite
interested
in the
Pengenalan
(Orientation)
her
Krisisout
(Crisis)
whole business. Indeed I had to pull
of the way or
Tindakan
(Incident)
shed probably have leant over thebath
to get
a better
Koda (Coda)
look!
Coda
Ever since then Ive always put the plug in firmly

seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan
before running the bath water.
retorik dan kata-kata seperti Listen
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:

to this! And do you know what?
Its awful, isnt it? dsb.
action verbs, misalnya go, write,
dsb.
Example of Anecdote
A. Blessing behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years
ago. They were Clark family with nine children. conjunctions yang berhubungan
dengan waktu, seperti then,
They had a dream to go to America. The family
afterwards, dsb.
worked and saved. They were making plan to
travel with their children to America. It had
taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They
had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family
member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their
new life in America. However few days before their departure, the
youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy.
Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being
quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the
departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not
make the trip to America as they had planned.
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the
dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed
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tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the
misfortune.
Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The
ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and
crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had
sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the
bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the
news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He
thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
(Adapted from Look Ahead 2)
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the
dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it.
What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to
travel to America. They prepared well for their plan
Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was
bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to
forget their plan.
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father
was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America
and the father could not accept it.
Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank
to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving
behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
3. Description Text
What is Descriptive Text?
1. The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its
purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
2. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and

characteristics.
3. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
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Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense

MacQuarie University
Identification
Macquarie University is one of the largest universities

in Australia. This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40 th
anniversary.
Description
The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt,

Sydney, where the New South Wales government sets
aside 135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie
area was a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the
campus and its surroundings have evolved beyond
recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a
district of intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and
growing university.
Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe,
Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that
retains and enrich the universitys most attractive natural
features. A pleasing balance between buildings and
plating is evident across the campus. This emphasis on
the importance of landscape has created images of
Macquarie as a place that members of the university are
most likely to pleasurably recollect.
One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars
Creek zone. It comprises landscaped creek sides and
valley floor, a grass amphitheatre, and artificial lake
surrounded by rocks and pebbles, native plants and
eucalypts.
Today, a railway station is under construction. In three
years1 time, Macquarie will be the only university in
Australia with a railway station on site. Macquarie is
poised to be the most readily accessible in Sydney region
by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.
Example of Description
A. My Friend's New Shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She
always want to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much
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attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot

legs from blowfish shoes products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are
walking on that shoes, all her friends, including me watch and admire
that she has the most suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The
style, bright color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the
day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products
covered all genders. The blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she
has. The products provide varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot
athletic shoes are designed in attractive way. The products are
international trader mark and become the hottest trend.
B. Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth
century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom.
Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is
influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is
constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone
terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls
adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are
circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire
adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the
top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of
passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the
structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian
monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in
general; Borobudur temple
Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces
of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is
constructed, etc
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4. Narrative Text
Small Notes
Description (Deskripsi)
Ciri Umum:

Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri
seseorang, benda atau tempat
tertentu secara spesifik.

Identification; Identifikasi tentang
topik yang akan dideskripsikan,
Misalnya: I have many pets, but
my favourite one is a cat.
Description; berisi deskripsi
tentang bagian-bagiannya.
Misalnya tampilan fisik (physical
appearance), kualitas, perilaku
umum, sifat-sifat (characteristic).

Menggunakan:
nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher,

house,my cat, dsb.
simple present tense.

detailed noun phrase untuk
memberikan informasi tentang
subjek, misalnya It was a large
open rowboat, a sweet young lady,
dsb.
berbagai macam adjectives, yang

bersifat describing, numbering,
classifying, misalnya, two strong
legs, sharp white fangs, dsb.
What is Narrative?
1. Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing specific
participants. Its social function is to tell
stories or past events and entertain the
readers.
2. Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text consists of the following
structure:
1. Orientation: Introducing the
participants and informing the time
and the place
2. Complication: Describing the rising
crises which the participants have to
do with
3. Resolution: Showing the way of
participant to solve the crises, better
or worse
3. Language Features of Narrative
Using processes verbs

Using temporal conjunction
Using Simple Past Tense
relating verbs untuk memberikan

informasi tentang subjek,
misalnya, My mum is realy cool, It
has very thick fur, dsb.
Snow White
Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named
thinking verbs dan feeling verbs
Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle
untuk mengungkapkan pandangan
because her parents were dead.
pribadi penulis tentang subjek,
misalnya
Police believe
Complication
1 the
One day she heard her Uncle and
suspect is armed, I think it is a
about leaving Snow White in the castle
clever animal, dsb.
Aunt talking
because
they both wanted to go to America and they didnt
action verbs, misalnya Our new
have enough money to take Snow White.
puppy bites our shoes, dsb.
abverbials untuk memberikan

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Resolution 1
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt

to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran
away. The next morning she ran away from home
when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast.
She ran away into the woods.
Complication 2
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked

but no one answered so she went inside and fell
asleep.
Resolution 2
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming

home from work. They went inside. There they found
Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up.
She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, what is your
name? Snow White said, My name is Snow
White.
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, If you wish,
you may live here with us. Snow White said, Oh
could I? Thank you. Then Snow White told the
dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7
dwarfs lived happily ever after.
Example of Narative
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks
Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful
queen of Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her
list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young
and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It was very hard to decide
who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three
sheiks. As they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something
to eat. The first gave her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her
some unappetizing camels tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim,
offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the
disguised queen left the sheiks camp.
The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her
palace. She ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had
given her the evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat,
refused to eat it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him.
This Sheik Hakims act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the
man for her. Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you she
announced her choice to the sheiks. So it is Hakim I will marry.
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Narrative Complication in Generic Structure

As it is said many times that, the heart of narrative text is the
existence of the complication. It will drive the plot of the story to
keep amusing. The existence of
conflict inside the Queen Maura is
Small Notes
what builds the story keep running.
Narrative (Naratif, dongeng)
The psychological conflict inside
Ciri Umum:
Maura, which she strikes against
herself, is arousing the readers
Menghibur pendengar atau
attention to continue reading the
pembaca (yang bertalian dengan
story. They want to know what next
pengalaman nyata, khayal atau
will happen, who will be chosen by
peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke
suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya
Queen Maura; in what way she will
menemukan suatu penyelesaian).
decide who the best is. Keeping
knowing them really entertaining as
well increasing the moral value
Orientation; Pengenalan tokoh,
added.
waktu, dan tempat terjadinya
peristiwa.
Complication; Masalah, konflik

dalam cerita.
Resolution; Penyelesaian
masalah.
Koda: perubahan yang terjadi

pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang
dapat dipetik dari cerita.
Orientation: the text introduces

the Queen Maura and three sheiks
in Arabia once time.
Complication: Queen Maura finds
out that it was very difficult to
choose one as the best among them
Resolution: finally Queen Maura
has a convincing way to choose one
and he is Sheik Hakim

Menggunakan:
nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti

orang, hewan dan benda tertentu
dalam cerita, misalnya,
stepsisters, housework, dsb.
adjectives yang membentuk noun

phrase, misalnya, long black hair,
two red apples, dsb.
time connectives dan

conjunctions untuk mengurutkan
kejadian-kejadian, misalnya then,
before that, soon, dsb.
adverbs dan adverbial phrases

untuk menunjukkan lokasi
kejadian atau peristiwa, misalnya
here, in the mountain, happily
ever after,dsb.
action verbs dalam past tense;
B. The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful
parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The
parrot could say every word, except one
word. The parrot would not say the name of
the place where it was born. The name of
the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the
smartest parrot but he could not understand
why the parrot would not say Catano. The
man tried to teach the bird to say Catano
however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to
the bird but then he got very angry. You
stupid bird! pointed the man to the parrot.
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Why cant you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you the man said
angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the
man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; Say Catano or Ill
kill you. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say
Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the
parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for
next dinner You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them Said the
man angrily. Then he continued to humble; You know, I will cut the chicken
for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot. After
that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the
door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the
chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment,
the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; Say
Catano or Ill kill you.
Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation:
It
sets
the
scene
and
introduces
the
participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is
the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also
the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot
took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the
crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story,
paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find
that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano.
To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard
he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the
complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been
resolved. It must be our note that resolved means accomplished
whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot
story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the
word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher
degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest
parrot.
C. The Legend of Toba Lake

Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru
Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find
out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
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Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was
free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara
Guru so much. He felt in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to
marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she
had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell
anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara
Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He
shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were
crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The
mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes
started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People believed that the
big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba Lake.
D. Cinderella 1
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived
with her step mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They
treated Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the
hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and
pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other
hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many
handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the
kings son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and
spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day
of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help
crying after they had left.
Why are crying, Cinderella? a voice asked. She looked up and saw her
fairy godmother standing beside her, because I want so much to go to the
ball said Cinderella. Well said the godmother,youve been such a
cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do
go to the ball.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and
mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderellas
raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she
gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. Now, Cinderella, she said; You
must leave before midnight. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again
with the kings son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran
toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper
was left behind.
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A few days later, the king son proclaimed that he would marry the girl
whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it
was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it.
In the end, the kings page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her
foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The kings son was overjoyed to
see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure
Orientation: They were Cinderella her self as the main character of
the story, her step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her
steps sister which supported her mother to make Cinderella was
treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in this story.
She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and
sisters.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there
are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella
story. Cinderella got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad
crisis which drives into several minor complications which Cinderella
has
to
overcome.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and
Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It
is the happy resolution of the bad treatment.
E. The Smartest Animal.

Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening,
he ploughed his field with his buffalo.
One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The
tiger was very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The
tiger wanted to know more about the big animal and the small animal.
After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; you are so big
and strong. Why do you do everything the man tells you? The buffalo
answered; oh, the man is very intelligent.
The tiger asked; can you tell me how intelligent he is?. No, I cant tell
you, said the buffalo; but you can ask him
So the next day the tiger asked to the man; Can I see your
intelligence?. But the man answered; it at home. Can you go and get it?
asked the tiger. Yes said the man; but I am afraid you will kill my buffalo
when I am gone. Can I tie you to a tree?
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After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didnt go home to get his
intelligence. He took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; Now you
know about my intelligence even you havent seen it.
1. Orientation; introducing specific participants; farmer and his
buffalo, once in Laos
2. Complication; revealing a series of crisis: the tiger wanted to know
more about the farmer and the buffalo, the tiger wanted to know
about the farmers intelligence.
3. Resolution; the crisis is resolve: the farmer hit the tiger
Using saying verb; answered
Using thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
Using action verb; tie, hit
Using time conjunction; once, one day
Using connectives; after, the next day
Using past tense; there was a farmer, the man tied the tiger.
5. Procedure Text
What is Procedure?
1. Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that shows a process in order. Its social function is to

describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series
2. Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing the purpose

2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
3. Language Feature of Procedure
Using temporal conjunction

Using action verb
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Using imperative sentence

Using Simple Present Tense
Tujuan
(Goal)
How to Make a Cheese Omelet
Bahan
(Material)
Ingredients
1 egg, 50 g cheese, cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking
oil, a pinch of salt and pepper
Utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate
Langkahlangkah
(Step)
Method
1. Crack an egg into a bowl
2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
3. Add milk and whisk well
4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
5. Heat the oil in a frying pan
6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan
7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns
8. Cook both sides
9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper
10. Eat while warm.
Example of Procedure
A. Planting Chilies
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided
information on how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and
yield us some fresh chilies soon.
Goal; informing on how to plant chillies.
Material; excluded
Steps; showing the steps or method in planting chillies;

from drying seed to putting the sprout in big pot.
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Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put it,
etc
Action verb; put, dry, etc
Temporal conjunction; next, finally, firstly,

secondly
Small Notes
Simple present tense pattern; planting is a

nice activity, the following is a guided
information
B. Writing For Business

Writing something for your business can be
pretty intimidating. Well, you don't have to.
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not
saying that following these rules will make your
company the next Google, but it will help.
Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features.
Your customers don't care about you. They want to
know "What's in it for me?"
Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it.
Use regular words. Read aloud what you've
written. How does it sound?
Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe
how your company may, might or should help
customers but talk about how your company will.
Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences
are long and some are short. Mix them up and
keep things interesting.
Fifthly,re-read what you've done before
publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to make
mistakes which you don't notice the first time
through.
Procedure (Prosedur)
Ciri Umum:
Memberi petunjuk tentang
cara melakukan sesuatu
melalui serangkaian tindakan
atau langkah.
(b)Struktur Teks/Generic
structure
Aim/Goal; Tujuan
kegiatan
Materials; Bahan-bahan
Note: Materials are
not required for all
Procedure text
Steps; Langkah-langkah.
Menggunakan:
pola kalimat imperative,

misalnya, Cut, Dont mix,
dsb.
action verbs, misalnya

turn, put, dont, mix, dsb.
connectives untuk
mengurutkan kegiatan,
misalnya then, while, dsb.
adverbials untuk
Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniel_F_O'connor
Goal; informing on how to write for business
Material; excluded
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Steps/ method; showing the method in writing for

business; choosing the advantageous topic, writing the
topic like the way it is talked, re-reading what have been
written .
Imperative sentences; write like you talked, re-read what

you have done, etc
Action verb; write, read, etc
Temporal conjunction, firstly, secondly, etc
C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Well, to make a cheese omelet, you need an egg, fifty gram cheese, a
quarter cup of milk, three tablespoons cookin oil, a pinch of satlt and pepper.
Next, you need some tools, such as; frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater,
bowl and plate.
Listen carefully,
First, crack an egg into a bowl and whisk the egg with a fork until it is
smooth. Next, add
First,
6. News Item Text

What is News Item?
1. Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The
events are considered newsworthy or important.
2. Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
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3. Language Feature of News Item

1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Town Contaminated
Newsworthy
events
Moscow A Russian journalist has uncovered

evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which
killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Background
Events
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak

to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear
submarine at the naval base of shkotovo 22 near
Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the
Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the
base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials
of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in
the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit
had been a thermal and not a nuclear explosion. And
those involved in the clean up operation to remove more
than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to
secrecy.
Sumber
Informasi
Sources
A board of investigators was later to describe it as

the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Example of Procedure
A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a
condom to protect against HIV, a news report said.
This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first
ones to get exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)
Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. But
this just a suggestion, its up to them.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids
Memorial day, which was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in
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Small Notes
News Item (Berita)
Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif

Teks:
Memberitakan kepada
pembaca,
pendengar
atau penonton tentang
peristiwa-peristiwa atau
kejadian-kejadian yang
dipandang penting atau
layak diberitakan.
(b)Struktur Teks/Generic
structure
Newsworthy events;
bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In the past the

event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified
as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he
said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000
Malaysian have been infected with HIV, less then 10
percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah
Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex
workers, many women who contract HIV are
housewives, were infected unknowingly by their
husbands. Its not that people dont know that
condoms can protect them. But there are some men
who dont care to take precaution, even though they
know they have HIV she said.
(Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)
Kejadian inti.
Background Events;
Latar belakang
kejadian, orang yang
terlibat, tempat
kejadian dsb.
Sources; komentar
saksi kejadian,
pendapat para ahli,
dsb.

Informasi singkat
tertuang dalam
headline

News worthy event: Malaysian women
is urged to carry condoms to protect HIV.
Background event 1: International
Memorial Day was held openly in
Malaysia to reduce stigma for HIV
victims.
Background event 2: The number of
Malaysian women who are infected with
HIV is steadily rising.
Source:
Malaysian
Aids
Council
president said that there were some
men who did not care to take precaution
even though they knew they had HIV
B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex

A 45-year old Indonesian maid admitted having sex with her Hong Kong
employers 14-year old son after watching internet porn together.
The maid is a divorcee and a mother of two children. The maid, named
Suwartin, had worked with the boy family for 11 years.
A court heard how the maid had sex with the boy in relationship that
lasted five months. The boy tried to end the affair but she refused. The
teenager eventually confessed to the relationship to the leader of Christian
group he belonged to.
Then the maid was arrested. She pleaded guilty to five charges of
committing an indecent act with underage partner. She will be sentenced in
two weeks time.
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She later apologized and said that she would live with the shame of
what she had done for the rest of life. She had acted out of loneliness the
maids lawyer said.
(Adapted from Reuters, Hong Kong, May 6, 2008)

News worthy event: Indonesian maid court and admitted
having sex with her young employer
Background event: The maid is a divorcee. She had worked in
the boy family for 11 years. She had relationship the boy for
five months. She apologized and felt guilty
Source: The maid lawyer said that the maid had acted out of
loneliness
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded
An Indonesian housemaid has been executed in Saudi Arabia after being
convicted of killing her employer, the Saudi Interior Minister said.
The woman was beheaded in the Southern Asir province in what was
the second execution in the country.
The maid was earlier found of suffocating her female boss and stealing
her jewellery. Rape, murder and other serious crimes can carry the death
penalty in the conservative desert kingdom.
Last year, Saudi Arabia, which follow a strict intepretation of Syaria,
Islamic law executed more than 130 people.
(Taken from: www.news.bbc.co.id)

Main event; an Indonesian maid was beheaded in Saudi
Arabia.
Background 1; the maid was found guilty of suffocating her
bos.
Background 2; serious crimes can carry death penalty in Saudi
Arabia.
Background 3; Saudi Arabia executed more than 130 people
last year.
Resource; the Saudi Interior Minister statement.
Focussing circumtances; law of serious crimes.
Using material process; behead, execute, carry, etc
7. Discussion Text
What is Discussion?
1. Definition of Discussion
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Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem

will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found
in philosophical, historic, and social text.
2. Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the

presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the

supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
3. Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the

hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Homework
Issue
I have been wondering if homework is necessary.
Statement of
issue and
Preview
I think we should have homework because it helps us to

learn and revise our work.
Homework helps people who arent very smart to
remember what they have learned. Homework is really
good because it helps with our education.
Statement of
various
viewpoints
But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I

think we shouldnt have homework because I like to go
out after school to a restaurant or the movies.
Sometimes homework is boring and not important.
I think homework is bad because I like to play and
discuss things with my family.
Example of Discussion Text

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Small Notes
A. Example of Discussion
Nuclear Power
Text
on
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear

Power
Nuclear power is generated by using

uranium which is a metal mined in various
part of the world. The first large scale of
nuclear power station was opened at
Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines
have nuclear power plant for engine.
Nuclear power produces around 11% of
the world's energy needed, and produces
huge amounts of energy. It cause no
pollution as we would get when burning
fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear
plant are as follow:
It costs about the same coal, so it is not

expansive to make.
It does not produce smoke or carbon

dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
Discussion (Pembahasan)
Ciri Umum:

Mengetengahkan suatu
masalah (isu) yang ditinjau
paling tidak dari 2 (dua) sudut
pandang, sebelum sampai pada
suatu kesimpulan atau
rekomendasi.
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure

Isu;(statement of issue and
Preview)
Pendapat yang mendukung:

Gagasan Pokok 1,
Elaborasi (uraian),
Gagasan Pokok 2,
Elaborasi (uraian).
Pendapat yang menentang:
(Statement of various
viewpoints)
Gagasan Pokok,
Elaborasi (uraian),
Kesimpulan.(conclusion or
recomendation)
It produces huge amounts of energy

from small amount of uranium.
It produces small amount of waste.
general nouns untuk menyatakan
It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is

very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up
and buried for many years to allow the
radioactivity to die away. Furthermore,
although it is reliable, a lot of money has
to be spent on safety because if it does go
wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major
accident.
People are increasingly concerned
about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear
power was the fastest growing source of
power in many parts of the world.
Menggunakan:
kategori, misalnya uniforms,
alcohol, dsb,
relating verbs untuk memberi

informasi tentang isu yang
didiskusikan, misalnya smoking is
harmful, dsb.
thinking verbs untuk

mengungkapkan pandangan
pribadi penulis, misalnya feel,
believe, hope, dsb.
additives, contrastives dan

causal connectives untuk
menghubungkan argumen,
misalnya similarly, on the hand,
however, dsb.
detailed noun groups untuk

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memberikan informasi secara

padu, misalnya the dumping of
unwanted kittens, dsb.
modalities, seperti perhaps,

must, should, should have been,
could be, dsb.
adverbials of maner, misalnya

deliberately, hopefully, dsb.
Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different
ideas. It is important to to get the understanding between the two
differences. In many social activities, discussion is the effective way to
calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and
recommendation.
This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the
advantage and disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy
needed. It is a case which need to be talked and discussed from two
points. They are represented in the generic structure which is used:
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using
nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.
Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the
advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the
world's energy needed
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives
the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of
energy.
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation
on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
B. Hunting Fox
Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people
believe that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.
Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue
that the fox is a pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled.
(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Stating the issue; hunting fox.
Supporting point; farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox
because they attack livestok.
Contrastive point; many people disagree hunting fox with dog
because it is cruel.
Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in
safe way.
Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists.
Using thinking verb; believe.
Using connectives;
Using modalities; must, always
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8. Explanation Text
What is Explanation?
1. Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of
the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and
history text books.
2. Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be

explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the

phenomena.
3. Language Feature
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern

Making Paper from Woodchips
A general
statement
Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and

paper products from forest trees.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees
are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a
coupe.
A sequenced
explanation of
Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out
and then the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how
At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the
something occurs logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small
pieces called woodchips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt
and other impurities.
At this stage they are either exported in this form or
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changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.

The pulp is then bleached and the water content is
removed.
Closing
Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
Example of Explanation Text

A. Tsunami
The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese which means harbour
("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when
water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and
vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of
the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating
tsunamis, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental
plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to
regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by
the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea
keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.
(simplified from www.panda.org)
B. How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day
and sets at night. However the sun does not actually move around the earth.
Earth's turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as
rotation. It causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It
takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The revolution
process causes the changes of the season
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Small Notes
Explanation Text
Ciri Umum:
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Menerangkan proses-proses
yang terjadi dalam
pembentukan atau kegiatan
yang terkait dengan
fenomena alam, dunia ilmiah,
sosial-budaya, atau lainnya
yang bertujuan menjelaskan.
Struktur Teks/Generic structure
A general statement;
Penjelasan umum
A sequenced explanation of
why or how something occurs;
Penjelasan proses
Penutup.
Ciri Kebahasaan:
Menggunakan;
general dan abstract nouns,

misalnya word chopping,
earthquakes;
action verbs;
simple present tense;
passive voice;
conjunctions of time dan

cause;
noun phrase, misalnya the

large cloud;
abstract nouns, misalnya the

temperature;
adverbial phrases;
complex sentences;
bahasa teksni;
kalimat pasif
C. Why Summer Daylight is Longger than

Winter Daylight
In the summer, the amount of daylight
that we get is more than we get in winter. This
is not because as much people think we are
closer to the sun but because of the tilt of the
earth.
The earth is actually closer to the sun in
winter than it is in summer but you would be
forgiven for thinking that this can not be true
after looking out of your window on a cold and
frosty morning.
It seems strange that as the earth get
closer to the sun during its orbit then the
amount of daylight that we get decrease. But
that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that
determine the amount of daylight that we get
and so the length of time that for us the sun is
above the horizon.
(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)

General
statement;
stating
the
phenomenon whic daylight in summer is
longer than in winter.
Explanation; it is the tilt of the earth that
determines the amount of daylight not
the distance of the earth from the sun.
Focusing generic participant; daylight.
Using chronological connection; then, so,
but.
Using pasive voice; you would be
forgiven.
Using present tense; the earth is actually
closer to the sun.
9. Hortatory Exposition Text

What is Hortatory Exposition?
1. Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to

have the addressee do something or act in certain way.
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2. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
3. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Thesis
In all discussion over the removal of lead from

petrol ( and the atmosphere), there doesnt seem to
have been any mention of the diffence between
driving in the city and in the country.
Arguments
While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the

air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel
through the country,where you only see another car
every five to ten minutes,the problem is not as
severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalise older , leaded petrol
vehicles and their owners donnt seem to appreciate
thet in the country there is no public transport to
fall back upon and ones own vehicle is the only way
to get about.
Recomendation
I feel that country people, who often have to travel

huge distances to the nearest town and who already
spend a great deal of money on petrol,should be
treated differently to the people who live in the city
Example of Hortatory Exposition

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A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV

Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes
place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as
separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are
watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes" and that should be done
by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the
children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on
watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption,
stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between
the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and
early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids
who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with
the following tips:
Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the
show
Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory
Exposition example
Firstly, we have to always remember that the social function of
hortatory exposition text is driving the readers to act like the
writer thought as stated in the text. Then the purpose of this
hortatory is influencing and persuading the readers by presenting
the supporting arguments. In many social activities, hortatory is
applied for writing recommended thought, sales letter,
advertising, speech campaign, and news advertorial.
Thesis: The writer's thought is presented as thesis which is
proven with several arguments. In the first paragraph, the writer
points his thought about the importance of accompanying
children while they are watching TV show. It is important to
protect the children from the bad influences of TV show.
Arguments: The next paragraphs show the writer arguments in
supporting his thesis. It is supported by various researches that
there are a great relationship between watching TV and the
watcher's personality. One study describes that much time in
watching TV can cause bed-time disruption. The others show the
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possibility of becoming an aggressive character because of

watching television too much.
Recommendation: After stating the thesis and proving with
various arguments, the text is completed with the writer's
recommendation on how the parents should protect the children
from the bed effect of watching TV.
Basically, both hortatory and analytical exposition have the
similar position. Both take place as argumentative essays. Both
show how important idea of the writer to be known. However the
last paragraph of the essay usually make the difference from
hortatory and analytical exposition. If it is a hortatory text, it will
be ended with a strong recommendation while for analytical
exposition, it will be closed with restatement of the writer's first
paragraph.
B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory
To improve comfort and cleanliness at the school, there should be an
increasing number of dust bins.
When we look at classroom, school corridors and schoolyard, there
papers, mineral water cops, straws, and napkin everywhere. The condition of
unseemliness really hinders learning and teaching environment. They can be
filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for mosquito to
spread out.
Anyway I notice that most of the students have responsibilities for their
school environment. They put their litter on the proper place but some of
them are not diligent enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of the dust
bins in the school are not enough. More dust bins should be put beside each
step, outside of the classrooms and some along of the corridors. Probably
one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to throw
away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, students do not have
problem of discomfort any more. So provide more dust bins and school will
be very clean and become a very nice place to study.
C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text
The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short
time. Euphoria will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will
be sorry to hear that there are some of them do not succeed in their national
final examination. For those who succeed soon will think to decide; where
will they be after graduating high school? Actually it will be easy to decide
for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for those have not
planed yet, it will be quite confusing.
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Continuing study or looking for work is the

primary choice among them. When they think
about continuing study, they will think hard about
the time and cost. How long the higher study will
last? And how high is about the cost. In the same
way, when they think about straightly seeking job,
what skill and competence they have got is a big
matter of questioning. So, doing both choices in
the same time is an alternative.
Continuing study as well as seeking job is
possibly done but it will be hard for them.
Conventionally studying in the university needs
much time to spend especially in the first year. It is
true because they have to do and adapt a lot of
things in their new higher school. it will be very
hard to looking for job. Therefore it should come to
their mind of continuing studying at higher school
from their own home. As result, the available time
will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very
possible to seek job and get the appropriate one.
This type of studying is publicly known as distance
learning.
As the alternative method of studying,
besides the conventional studying which students
and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and
place regularly, distance learning provides
possibility to grow better. Possibly working and
studying surely will create high quality graduate.
Distance learning should appear as a considerable
choice for them.
Small Notes
Hortatory Exposition
(eksposisi hortatory)
Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks

(Communicative
Purpose)
Memaparkan dan
mempengaruhi audience
(pendengar/pembaca)
bahwa seharusnya
demikian atau tidak
demikian .
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic

structure
Thesis; Pernyataan isu yang

dipersoalkan
Arguments: berupa alasan

mengapa ada keprihatinan,
dan mengarah ke
rekomendasi
Recomendation: pernyataan
tentang bagaimana
seharusnya atau tidak
seharusnya
(c) Ciri kebahasaan

menggunakan:
Abstrac nouns,misalnya
policy,government dsb.
Technical verbs, misalnya

species of animals,dsb.
Relating verbs, misalnya

should be, doesnt seem to
have been , dsb.
Action verbs, misalnya, we

must save, dsb.
Thinking verbs, misalnya I

believe , dsb.
Modal verbs, misalnya We

must preserve, dsb.
Modal adverbs, misalnya

certainly,we, dsb.
Connectives, misalnya
firstly, secondly, dsb.
Simple
present tense
SMA Students
Modul of English
37
Bahas evaluatif, misalnya

SMA
Students
Modul
of English
important,
valuable,
dsb.
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Kalimat pasif (passive

voice)
D. Millions from Property Market; a hortatory

exposition text
Dear friend,
Are you tired of the daily grind? Sick of
working all hours of the day for litle reward? Tired
of having enough money to really enjoy yourself?
Well, now there is a way out.
We can show the way to give up work. Sit
back and make millions for yourself and your loved
ones on property market.
Albert Smith felt just like you untill he read our leaflet. Now he drives a
sport car arround the South of France and his wife has one of her own too.
Generic Structure Analyse
Thesis; there is a way out of financial problem.
Argument; Albert Smith is the proof.
Recommendation; Join property market !
Using abstract noun; reward
Using action verb; give up, make, etc
Using thinking verb; felt
Using simple present tense; are you tired?, he drives a sport car, etc
10.Report Text
What is Report?
1. Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is
as a result of systematic observation and analysis
2. Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing;
animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part
per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
3. Language Feature of Report
Introducing group or general aspect
Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
THE PELICAN REPORT

General Clasification
The white pelican is

successful fish-eating birds.
Description
The success is largely due to its command

hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen
birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance
offshore. The birds then begin to move forward
towards the shore, beating the water furiously
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one
of
the most
with their wings, driving the fish before them.

When the water is shallow enough for the
birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as
each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its
meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains
from its bill leaving the fish which are then
swallowed.
Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds,
Fossils of this genus have been found dating back
40 million years.
Example of Report Text
A. Platypus; a report text
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like
duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm
and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and
stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has
ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig
burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to
protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does
not need any burrow to stay.
Analyzing on the Text
Generic Structure analysis
General classification; stating general classification, the
animal of platypus.
Description; describing in detail characterization of
platypus' body and habitual life
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus
conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams,
male platypus does not need any burrow, etc
Small Notes
Report
Ciri Umum:

Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis
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atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan
manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan
umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan
anaknya.

General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan
klasifikasinya.
Description:tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits
or behaviors; Gambaran dari fenomena yang akan didiskusikan seperti bagian bagiannya,
kebiasaan atau tingkah laku jika benda hidup, kegunaannya jika non natural.

Menggunakan:
general nouns, seperti Reptiles in Comodo Insland, dsb.
relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku
untuk semua reptilia), dsb.
action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, dsb.
present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually
weight more than 160 kg, dsb.
istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb.
paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.
11. Spoof Text

What is Spoof?
1. Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with
unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and
share the story.
2. Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
3. Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
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Penguin In The Park

Pengenalan
Once a man was walking in a park when he

came across a penguin.
Kejadian/peristiwa/
kegiatan 1
He took him to a policeman and said, I have

just found this penguin. What should I do? The
policeman replied, take him to the zoo.
Kejadian/peristiwa/
kegiatan 2
The next day the policeman saw the same

man in the same park and the man was still
carrying the penguin with him. The policeman
was rather surprised and walked up to the man
and asked, Why are you still carrying that
penguin about? Didnt you take it to the zoo?
I certainly did, replied the man.
Twist (Akhir yang

and it was a great idea because he really
lucu)
enjoyed it, so today Im taking him to the moviest!
Example of Spoof text
A. That Phone is Off
Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very
rich and had no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he
decided to set up his own real estate agency.
Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in.
he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming
toward the door of his office.
It must be my first customer Dave thought. He quickly picked up the
telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from
someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the
country.
The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and
waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the
man said to Dave; I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to
connect your telephone
Notes on the Spoofs Generic Structure

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Small Notes
Spoof (Laporan kejadian
atau peristiwa lucu)
Ciri Umum:

Menceritakan kejadian,
peristiwa aneh atau lucu
berdasarkan kejadian atau
peristiwa dalam kehidupan
nyata yang bertujuan
menghibur, yang biasa diakhiri
dengan sesuatu yang tidak
diharapkan (twist).
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure

Pengenalan;
Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan
1;
Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan
2;
Orientation: Dave was a lucky

man. He suddenly became a
very rich man because of the
death of his rich uncle who had
no children. He inherited his
uncles money.
Event 1: Being rich, he wanted
to set up his estate company
Event 2: He had his new
office.
In
his
office,
he
pretended to be a very
successful businessman. He
acted as had an important
client. He showed by making
conversation on the phone.
Twist: The man whom he
showed
is
a
telephone
technician. He came to Daves
office to connect that phone.
Twist (akhir yang tidak
B. Saved by Stilts
The king wanted to test Abu Nawas
smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the
palace. You want me, your Majesty? greeted
Terfokus pada orang,
binatang, benda tertentu;
Abu Nawas. Yes, you have fooled me three times
and thats too much. I want you to leave the
Menggunakan action verbs,
country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail said
misalnya eat, run;
the king. If that is what you want, I will do what
Menggunakan keterangan
you said said Abu Nawas sadly. Then
Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country
anymore the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu
Nawas house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his
house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu
Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. Hey Abu Nawas,
why havent you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on
the ground of this country anymore, didnt he? said the guards. Sure he
did answered Abu Nawas calmly. But look at me! Do I step on the ground
of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the
water continued Abu Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu
Nawas house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they
had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas excuse not to
terduga atau lucu).
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leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to
come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said
Abu, I will surely punish you because you havent done what I have said.
You have not left this country. The King continued And now, look at you.
You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be
furious.
I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty Abu Nawas answered
calmly. This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I
had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on
this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this
country. The king was not able to say anything.
(Adapted from S. Hariantos Abu Nawas and King Aaron)

Orientation: Introducing Abu Nawas and the King on the
counteracts about leaving and staying in the country
Event 1: Abu Nawas was swimming on the pool
Event 2: Abu Nawas was walking on the stilts
Twister: Abu Nawas explained that swimming in the pool and
walking on the stilts meant not stepping on the ground of the
country
C. Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was
very interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were
sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could not
hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman
angrily. They did not pay any attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned
around again. I could not hear a word I said angrily.Its none of your
business the young man said rudely. This is a private conversation
(From: English New Concept)

Orientation: introducing a writes as point of view I which
is in a theatre last week
Event 1: the other theatregoers, young man and young
woman, were talking noisily.
Event 2: the writer used physical language by turning
around to the young man and young woman talk to not to
make noisy.
Event 3: the write used verbal language by saying I
could not hear a word.
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Twister: the young man misunderstood the writers word

and said; Its none of your business. Its a private
conversation.
D. Nasreddins Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the
party by wearing old clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave
him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his
clothes
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to
the party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host
offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the
best food
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; Eat the
food, Coat! the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin;
What are doing? Nasreddin replied calmly; When I came here with my old
clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes.
I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink.
So, you give food to my coat instead of me. Getting Nasreddin's answer,
they just shook the head.
Orientation: one day, Nasreddin was invited to a dinner
party
Event 1: He was in the party with his old cloth
Event 2: He was in the party with his best newest coat
Twist: Among the hosts and guests, he aske his coat to
eat the served food
E. Penguin in the Park
Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it
to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it
to the zoo!".
The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man
was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and
walked up to the man and asked; "Why are you still carrying the penguin?
Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a
great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to
the movie".
Analyzing the Text
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Orientation;introducing participants: "He" and Penguin. They
were in the park
Event1; The man tended to take the penguin to the park
Event; The following day, the man were still carrying the
penguin
Twist; Even, finally the man would take the penguin to the
movies
Focusing on certain certain participants; He, penguin,
policeman
Using action verb; carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place; once, in the park
Told in chronological order; chronological order by days, the
next day
12.Recount Text
What is Recount?
1. Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its
purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no
complication among the participants and that differentiates from
narrative
2. Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to
the story
3. Language Feature of Recount
Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
Using simple past tense
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Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Orientation
On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at

David and Dellas house. It has a big garden with lots of
colourful flowers and a tennis court.
Events
On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the

scenic railway. It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went
shopping with Della. We went to some antique shops and
I tried on some old hats.
On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked.
We saw cockatoos having a shower.
Reorientation
In the afternoon we went home.
Example of Recount text

A. Vacation to London
Mr. Richards family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with
two sons. They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their
tickets. They went to the British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They
had booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation.
They also included tours around London
They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours.
On the plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper
and magazine to read. They gave them food and drink. There was a film for
their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part of the
way.
On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and
Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They checked the document
carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr. Richard and his family
collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the
transfer to a hotel.
The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view
of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for
the room, they inserted a key-card to open the door. On the third floor, there
was a restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food.
The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they
were quite tired but they felt very happy.
B. Between Recount and Narrative
Something which happened in the past is the main resource to compose
both recount and narrative text. In writer's point of view, the thing is an
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Small Notes
experience. It can be what the writer has done,

hear, read, and felt. Composing recount and
narrative is retelling the experiences of the past
event to be a present event.
What does recount differ from narrative?
The easiest way to catch the difference is
analyzing the generic structure. Recount text
presents the past experiences in order of time
or place; what happened on Sunday, then on
Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount
describes series of events in detail. It does not
expose the struggle on how to make them
happen. The event happened smoothly. On the
other hand, narrative introduces crises and how
to solve them. Narrative text always appear as a
hard potrait of participant's past experience. It
reveals the conflict among the participants.
Cinderella's conflicts with her step mother and
sister are the example. The conflict is the most
important element in a narrative text. Narrative
without comflicts is not narrative any more.
C. Visiting Bali
There were so many places to see in Bali
that my friend decided to join the tours to see
as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on
arrival. He spent the first three days swimming
and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour
agents and selected two tours. The first one was
to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My
friend and his group drove on through
mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90
thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town.
The street are lined with trees and there are
many old Dutch houses. Then they returned
very late in the evening to Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very
different tour. It was not to see the scenery but
to see the art and the craft of the island. The
first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone
sculpture. There my friend watched young boys
were carving away at big blocks of stone. The
next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths
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Recount (Laporan
peristiwa, kejadian atau
kegiatan masa lampau)
Ciri Umum

Melaporkan peristiwa,
kejadian atau kegiatan
dengan tujuan
memberitakan atau
menghibur.
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic

structure
Orientation; Pengenalan,
yaitu memberikan
informasi tentang siapa, di
mana dan kapan;
Events; Rekaman
peristiwa, kejadian atau
kegiatan yang terjadi, yang
biasanya disampaikan
dalam urutan kronologis;
Komentar pribadi dan/atau
ungkapan penilaian;
Reorientation; Pengenalan
ulang yang merangkum
rentetan peristiwa,
kejadian atau kegiatan.

Menggunakan:
nouns dan pronouns

sebagai kata ganti orang,
hewan atau benda yang
terlibat, misalnya David,
the monkey, we dsb.
action verbs atau kata

kerja tindakan, misalnya
go, sleep, run dsb.
past tense, misalnya We

went to the zoo; She was
happy dsb.
conjunctions dan time

connectives yang
mengurutkan peristiwa,
kejadian atau kegiatan,
misalnya and, but, then,
after that, dsb.
adverbs dan adverb

phrases untuk
mengungkap tempat,
waktu dan cara, misalnya
yesterday, at my house,
slowly dsb.
adjectives untuk
menerangkan nouns,
misalnya beautiful, funny,
dsb.
and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati
and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his
day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He
was quiet satisfied.
D. My Horrible Experience
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week.
When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from
my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire.
I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I
saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like
matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the
rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere.
There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my
house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost
nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although
nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person
point of view, I was on the car las week.
Events; describing a series of event which happened. The
car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was
falling down, etc.
Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking
God because nobody was seriously injured.
Using personal participant; I
Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
Using linking verb; was, were
Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I
was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc
E. My Grandpas Funeral in Toraja
Last month my family and I went to Toraja to attend Grandpas funeral.
It was my first time to go to such a ceremony. We gathered there with our kin
in the ceremony.
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Overall, the ceremony was quite elaborate. It took about a week.

Several days before the ceremony was done, grandpas body was kept in a
series of houses arranged in a circular row around an open field called
tongkonan. His corpse was dressed in a fi ne wearing.
The funeral was performed in two phases. First, we slaughtered the pigs
and buffaloes, and then moved the corpse to face north. In this ceremony we
wore black clothes. After that, the corpse was placed in a sandal wood coffin.
Then, it was brought out of the house and placed on an open platform
beneath the granary. Meanwhile, my uncle, my brother, and I prepared the
wooden puppet and a funeral tower called lakian. The next phase of the
ceremony was held in this place. The coffin is borne from the house and
placed in the lakian. During the day, there were also buffalo matches. They
were great matches. In the night, we were feasting, chanting, and dancing.
On the last day, the grandpas coffin were lowered from the funeral
tower and brought up to the mountain side family graveyard. It was followed
by great shouting and excitement from the relatives and the guests. Finally,
we installed the wooden puppet on a high balcony where other puppets
representing the members of a whole family were already there. The funeral
ceremonies made my family and me tired. However, we were grateful
because it ran smoothly.
Questions
1. When did the writer attend the funeral?
2. How long did the writer and his family hold the ceremony?
3. What did they do to the corpse before the funeral was done?
4. What did they do after the corpse was placed in a sandal wood coffi n?
5. What did they do on the last day of the ceremony?
Notes:
A recount text is a text that tells you a part of experience. A
recount text has an orientation, a series of events in
chronological order, personal remarks on the events and a
reorientation that rounds off the sequence of events. In the
text, you find words and phrases used to start, connect a
sentence with the next one, and end your composition. Those
words and phrases are:
First,
Then,
After that,
Finally,
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13. Review Text

What is review text
1. Definition
Review is one of text genres. This classification of text types is commonly
based on the structure which used by the writer to compose his text. Each
text type will have different form of generic structure. As I said in my
previous post, review text usually has generic structure as:
2. Generic Structure
Introduction: it is the highlight of the general description about what will
be reviewed. It can be product, services which want to be sold, or just a
site which want to be known publicly. Then it will drive more traffic into
the site.
Evaluation: the second phase is coming inside into the product in
details. It states the parts, uniqueness, quality of the product which will
be known publicly. However too much detail description will teach the
will-buyer and it does not sound good. Evaluating as far as necessary for
the targeted buyer is more genuine. The term of evaluation will not be far
from simple word of good or bad. In this phase reviewer will apply much
evaluative word, valuable, useful, worthy, etc.
Interpretation: after writing about the objective thing of the product, it
is the time for reviewer to write about what he thinks or impresses on the
product. Of course this phase can be done after getting enough
evaluation on the product. It is personal idea about the product.
Frequently to support and strengthen his idea or impression, a reviewer
describes a comparison to other similar product. He states in which side
the product has additional value or honestly admitted that the product
lacks value in certain side.
Summary: this phase is recommending conclusion for reader of the
product. After clearly explanation, a reviewer will make a final comment
whether the product is valuable or not for targeted buyer. This phase is
the worth of the review for reader.
3. Dominant Language features:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Focus on specific participants

Using adjectives
Using long and complex clauses
Using metaphor
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Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

Pengenalan /
Orientasi
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the

books will always hold a special place in my heart.
Evaluasi 1
I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was

not my favorite.
Evaluasi 2
When the series began it was as much of a "feel good"

experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories
were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately
satisfying.
Tafsiran
(Interpretative
recount)
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some

instances this works...you feel a whole new level of
intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end.
I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book
just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping
pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and
parts of it do seem long, as if we're reading all about
Harry "just hanging out" instead of having his usual
adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an
old house, for example - housekeeping is still
housekeeping, magical or no, and I'm not very
interested in doing it or reading about other people
doing it.
A few other changes in this book - the "real" world
comes much more in to play rather than the fantasy
universe of the previous books, and Harry has
apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had
a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a
teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character
seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warmhearted, considerate person to someone who will bite
his best friend's heads off over nothing. It just seemed
like it didn't fit with his character, like he turned into a
walking clich of the "angry teen" overnight.
Rangkuman
The "real" story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the

book, and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending
(and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch
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and it made me care about the story even more. Still a

really good book, with some editing it would have been
great.
Example of Review text
A. Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses

Eyeglasses will become more and more important. It is not only because
for protecting our eyes from the hot light but also for holding the trend.
There are a lot of online sites which provides products of eyeglasses but
Zenni Optical was on FOX news! is just the perfect one.
If we visit the site, we will easily catch various information about
eyeglasses. The site is quite simple but very informative. It is real, easy and
not complicated design. With quick loading this site will bring us quickly in to
what we want.
There is information about Variable Dimension

Frames From Zenni. Titanium, aluminum and rimless frame are available.
The eyeglasses are designed for different users. Eyeglasses for children,
woman and man are available choice. Again, what makes it different is this
site gives the Great Eyeglasses For Less cost. The product can be sold in
cheap price because it has cut the marketing link. It straightly goes to the
end user.
B. Good Translation
Translation is transferring not only words by word but also message to
message. In certain case, it will be quite difficult to make translation. How is
to make good Arabic translation from English phrase of as white as snow
meanwhile there is no snow in Arabian?
The basic requirement of a good translator is mastering resource and
target language with all non-linguistic aspect . If he is an English translator
and wants to make Hindi translation, he should understand well the
language and aspect of India. Similarly, if he works with Farsi translation, he
has to be familiar with linguistics and non-linguistics of Farsian.
However, translation providers can bridge that difficulty. The translation
experts, such as India translation will help to fix the problem. The experts
who have grammatical, lexical, sociolinguistics specialization will match in
transferring the message from one language to another language.
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C. Recording Mommy Journey

Life itself is a journey. For Rosemarie, a pretty
young Filipino single mother for 2-year kid, the daily
activities are worthily documented. The site is her
effort to record of what she did, does and will do
daily.
The site consists of several topic; family,
motherhood, shopping, money, love fashion and
shopping. These topics are close related to her own
life. She is not only young but also pretty and she
has a kid. These topics will be useful to her.
Rosemarie is also interested with making money,
internet, business, computer, loan and other
interesting stuff. She is a widely knowledge mom.
The template design of her site is very girly,
pink centered. She has arranged her site very
attractive, fresh and bright. Again, this physical
appearing site must represent her personal mood
because she is a young and pretty mom. I like this
site and you, young mothers, surely will like the site
too.
D. Good Young Mother
Review (Ulasan atau

tinjauan)
Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif

Teks:
Melakukan kritik
terhadap peristiwa
atau karya seni
untuk pembaca
atau pendengar
halayak ramai,
misalnya film,
pertunjukan, buku,
dll.
(b) Struktur Teks:

Pengenalan;
(orientation)
Evaluasi 1;
Evaluasi 2;
Tafsir;(Interpretive)
Evaluasi 3;
Evaluasi 4, dsb.
Jika ada;
It is about a young mother. It has a title of

Rangkuman.
yummy mummy. This blog is representative of her
(Evaluative
idea of becoming young mother. He pours her
Summation)
thought and opinion on this blog in relating her
position of a mother of kid and a wife of a husband.
Terfokus pada
Beside that, she is trying to monetizing it
partisipan tertentu;
This blog has fresh physical appearance. She
Menggunakan:
choose green border of her template. She is young
adjectives
therefore she has to have a blog look fresh and
menunjukkan
energetic. She looks to have strong care to her
sikap, seperti bad,
baby that is why we find her monthly calendar of
good;
feeding milk to her baby attaches on the header of
klausa panjang dan
the blog.
kompleks;
She is not only a good mother for her baby but
metafor.
also a good wife for her husband. She expresses it
in her post labeled wedding anniversary. It is a
romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing this
blog. It must help her husband support financially the family. It is really a
reference blog for every young mother and wife.
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E. Recommended Software Applications

Software application have grown to their density. A lot of softwares have
been offered to us. They claim that they are the best product. A buyer is
really a king. He/she has so many choices to select which he/she likes most.
In one side, this phenomenon present us comparable software products but,
in the other hands, it make us complicated to choose.
Due to this complex phenomenon of consumer, a review site is
necessary. It will be a recommending bridge between consumer and
producer. A good reviewer will place hes/her self in the middle arena. He/she
will not tend to specially software producer or absolutely consumer. He/she
just presents the real description of the product. He/she will observes to find
the good and bad side of the product. In the last, he/she will recommends
whether the reviewed products deserve to choose or not. That is really
helpful for consumer.
14.Writing job application letters

The job application letter's sole purpose is to get the recipient to read your CV. It should be
clear, concise and straight to the point. Here you are simply telling the employer that you are
worth having a look at.
The application letter should be brief, no more than one page in length. It should be easy to
read and flow through. It should include only the absolute necessary information. Like most
other things, there is a formula that works extremely well for preparing job application letters.
Following we discuss each paragraph and give you some guidelines.
Addressing job application letters:

The style you choose is not important, there are many different styles of job applications and
professional letters, this comes down to personal preference. However somewhere on the top,
whether it is on the right or left hand sides, there should be your address and the date. Following
this, on the left hand side you should address it. Ensure you include the name of the person,
their title, company name, address and any position reference number. This is probably obvious,
but ensure that you spell their name correctly, nothing worse than receiving a letter incorrectly
addressed or misspelled. It gives a poor first impression.
The Introductory Paragraph:

The first paragraph should simply state why you are writing to them. If it is an advertised
position, mention the position title and where it was advertised. If you are "cold calling" a
company then you should specify that you are applying for any current or future employment
opportunities.
An easy way to start this paragraph is with the following statement: " Please find enclosed my
CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the position of......."
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The main body of job application letters:

The main body of the letter should be two to three paragraphs at the most. Here is where you
tell them what you have to offer and why they should read your CV. This is a good time to read
the job advertisement again. In one paragraph (two at the most) you need to summarise your
experience and skills, at the same time, you need to respond to the position requirements as per
the advertisement.
Analyse your career and summarise it in a few sentences, highlight what you specialise in, or
how many years in the industry you might have, or even the level that you have reached. This
paragraph should direct the reader to your CV and should sell you on some unique points that
you might have.
A good way to start this paragraph is with a statement like this: "You will see from my enclosed
CV...." then go ahead and tell them something about your career which will immediately get
their interest.
The next part of the body of the letter should be a brief description of your personal skills.
Again read the advertisement and respond to their needs. If they are asking for someone with
good co-ordination skills, then ensure you mention something to that effect. If it is
communication or perhaps leadership skills they value, then tell them that you have these. Use
adjectives like "demonstrated ability", "well developed", "strong".
Job Application Letters Closing Paragraph:

The closing paragraph should ask for some action from the recipient. This is where you ask for
an interview. It should also state where and how they can reach you, and it should thank the
recipient for giving you the opportunity to apply. You can include things like "should you
require further information....." .
Finish the letter by adding a closing remark, either "yours sincerely", "yours faithfully' or
whatever you feel comfortable with and obeying general letter writing etiquette. Leave a few
spaces for your signature and then place your full name.
Before you mail the application letter, read it over again, making sure that it is perfect. Special
attention should be placed to ensure the letter:
It is not too long.
There are no grammar or spelling errors.
That you have answered the job requirements.
The application letter flows and is easy to read.
You might have to type and edit the letter many times before you are happy with it, but just
remember that the job application letter is just as important as the CV itself. The letter should
invite the recipient to read the resume, in turn the resume should raise enough interest for them
to want to interview you. The Interview is where you will demonstrate your skills and abilities.
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15.Similarities and differenties

A. The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text
Some text types are quite difficult to differ. Such report and
descriptive text have the similarity in the social function and generic
structure. However if they are analyzed carefully, the slight difference
between the two text types will reveal.
The purpose of the two texts are to give the live-description of the
object/participant. Both the report and descriptive text try to show rather
than tell the reader about the factual condition of the object. Readers by
themselves will catch the impressive point of the object through that
showing writing style. What make different, between report and
descriptive text, is the scope of the written object. If we talk about, eg:
bicycle, it belongs to report text. It will talk about bicycle in general; its
parts, physical strengh, function for certain people or other general
characters of bike. In the other hand, descriptive text will convey more
focus, for example "my bicycle" with its specific characters; colour, lengh,
wheel style, etc.
In short, report text describes the way of certain things and
frequently refer to phenomenon of nature, animal and scientific object.
Mostly, report is written after getting careful observation. This scientific
and technical sense make clearer difference from descriptive text. The
way of descriptive text in showing thing is based on the objective fact of
the thing. It describe the specific thing simply as the thing is.
B. Between Explanation and Procedure Text

Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts
have the similarity in which both describe how to make or done
something. They give the detail description on something, phenomena,
goods, product case or problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have
to analyze the dominant language feature and how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It
uses pattern of commend in building the structure. It use the to infinitive
verb which is omitted the to. It is a kind of instruction text which uses
full commend verb. Procedure is commonly used to describe how to make
something which is close to our daily activity. For example how to make a
cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the best example of the
procedure text. It is such word; first boil water, secondly prepare the cup,
and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the
text. Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how
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certain phenomenon or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami

works are the best example of explanation text. It uses passive pattern in
describing the topic.
C. Between Recount and Narrative

Something which happened in the past is the main resource to
compose both recount and narrative text. In writer's point of view, the
thing is an experience. It can be what the writer has done, hear, read, and
felt. Composing recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the
past event to be a present event.
What does recount differ from narrative?
The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the generic
structure. Recount text presents the past experiences in order of time or
place; what happened on Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In
simple way, recount describes series of events in detail. It does not
expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The event happened
smoothly. On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to solve
them. Narrative text always appear as a hard potrait of participant's past
experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants. Cinderella's
conflicts with her step mother and sister are the example. The conflict is
the most important element in a narrative text. Narrative without
comflicts is not narrative any more.
D. Between Explanation and Procedure Text

Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts
have the similarity in which both describe how to make or done
something. They give the detail description on something, phenomena,
goods, product case or problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have
to analyze the dominant language feature and how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It
uses pattern of commend in building the structure. It use the to infinitive
verb which is omitted the to. It is a kind of instruction text which uses
full commend verb. Procedure is commonly used to describe how to make
something which is close to our daily activity. For example how to make a
cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the best example of the
procedure text. It is such word; first boil water, secondly prepare the cup,
and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the
text. Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how
certain phenomenon or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami
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works are the best example of explanation text. It uses passive pattern in
describing the topic.
16. A Complete Overview Of Tex Types

Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts
are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive,
report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure,
discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations are
known as GENRES.
14. Analytical Exposition
21. Explanation
15. Anecdote
22. Hortatory Exposition
16. Descriptive
23. Report
17. Narrative
24. Spoof
18. Procedure
25. Recount
19. News Items
26. Review
20. Discussion
a) ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
6. Using technical terms
Purpose: To reveal the readers

that something is the important
case
Generic Structure:
7. Using general and abstract

noun
8. Using connectives/transition
b) ANECDOTE
1. Thesis
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Purpose: to share with others an

account of an unusual or
amusing incident
Dominant Language Features:
Generic Structure:
1. Using modals
1. Abstract
2. Using action verbs
2. Orientation
3. Using thinking verbs
3. Crisis
4. Using adverbs
4. Reaction
5. Using adjective
5. Coda.
2. Arguments
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5. Reorientation
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical

question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
3. Chronologically arranged
c) DESCRIPTIVE
1. Using Past Tense
e) PROCEDURE
Purpose: To explain the

processes involved in the
formation or working of natural
or socio-cultural phenomena.
Purpose: to help readers how to

do or make something
completely
Generic Structure:
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
1. General statement
2. Materials/Equipments
2. Explanation
3. Steps/Methods
3. Closing
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
f) NEWS ITEM
5. Using adverbial phrase
Purpose: to inform readers

about events of the day which
are considered newsworthy or
important

noun
8. Using conjunction of time and
cause-effect.
d) NARRATIVE
Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the

readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
3. Sources
1. Orientation
1. Short, telegraphic information

about story captured in headline
2. Evaluation
3. Complication
3. Using saying verbs
4. Resolution
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4. Using adverbs : time, place

and manner.
Purpose: to persuade the

readers that something should
or should not be the case or be
done
g) DISCUSSION
Purpose: to present information
and opinions about issues in
more one side of an issue
(For/Pros and Against/Cons)
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
Generic Structure:
3. Recommendation
1. Issue
Dominant Language features:
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
2. Using modals
4. Using thinking verbs
2. Use of relating verb/to be
5. Using adverbs
3. Using thinking verb
6. Using adjective

noun
5. Using conjunction/transition

noun
6. Using modality
9. Using connectives/transition
7. Using adverb of manner
Then what is the basic

difference between analytical
and hortatory exposition. In
simple word. Analytical is the
answer of "How is/will" while
hortatory is the answer of "How
should". Analytical exposition
will be best to describe "How
will student do for his
examination? The point is the
important thing to do. But for
the question" How should
student do for his exam?" will be
good to be answered with
hortatory. It is to convince that
the thing should be done
h) EXPLANATION
Purpose: to describe a particular
person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
i) HORTATORY EXPOSITION
j) REPORT
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Purpose: to presents information

about something, as it is.
1. Using Past Tense
Generic Structure
3. Using adjectives
1. General classification
Narrative and recount in some

ways are similar. Both are telling
something in the past so
narrative and recount usually
apply PAST TENSE; whether
Simple Past Tense, Simple Past
Continuous Tense, or Past
Perfect Tense. The ways
narrative and recount told are in
chronological order using time
or place. Commonly narrative
text is found in story book;
myth, fable, folklore, etc while
recount text is found in
biography.
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general
aspect
2. Using conditional logical
connection
k) SPOOF
Purpose: to tell an event with a
humorous twist and entertain
the readers
Generic Structure:
The thing that makes narrative

and recount different is the
structure in which they are
constructed. Narrative uses
conflicts among the participants
whether natural conflict, social
conflict or psychological conflict.
In some ways narrative text
combines all these conflicts. In
the contrary, we do not find
these conflicts inside recount
text. Recount applies series of
event as the basic structure
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
1. Using Past Tense
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
l) RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something
that happened in the past and
to tell a series of past event
m) REVIEW
Purpose: to critique or evaluate
an art work or event for a public
audience
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
dominant Generic Structure:
2. Event(s)
1. Orientation
3. Reorientation
2. Evaluation

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3. Interpretative Recount
1. Focus on specific participants
4. Evaluation
2. Using adjectives
5. Evaluative Summation
3. Using long and complex

clauses
Dominant Language features:
4. Using metaphor
17.Bentuk Soal Reading

BEBERAPA pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam teks pada umumnya
siswa dituntut untuk dapat memberikan penjelasan seperti hal sebagai
berikut:
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan;
1. TEXT adalah segala bentuk tulisan yang ada pada sebuah buku, artikel
dll yang mempunyai makna. Non-continuous text misalnya brosur, label,
grafik, tabel, map, diagram dsb. Continuous text misalnya narrative,
descriptive,exposition, spoof dsb.
2. PARAGRAPH adalah bagian dari sebuah tulisan/teks dan mungkin saja
terdiri dari sebuah kalimat atau sekumpulan kalimat yang merupakan
pengembangan dari pokok pikiran/main topic/main idea.
3. Kalimat yang menggambarkan main idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah
paragraph disebut TOPIC SENTENCE.
4. Topic sentence biasanya ada pada awal/akhir/kadang di tengah sebuah
paragrap.
5. Gambaran umum tentang isi bacaan bisa merupakan MAIN TOPIC atau
MAIN IDEA.
6. TOPIC dari sebuah paragrap/teks adalah subjek dari tulisan, sedangkan
MAIN IDEA adalah keterangan, penjelasan, uraian topic atau
merupakan pendapat penulis tentang topic tulisannya.
7. Oleh karena itu pertanyaan tentang topic dari sebuah paragraph/text
bisa tentang inti isi tulisan yang juga bisa merupakan judul.
8. Jika pertanyaan menanyakan TOPIC maka jawaban ditulis dalam satu
kata atau bentuk frasa, tetapi jika pertanyaan menanyakan tentang
MAIN IDEA maka jawaban ditulis dalam kalimat lengkap.
9. Yang dimaksud dengan informasi tertentu/specific information
adalah informasi yang tertera jelas dalam text, biasanya tentang
nama, tempat, tanggal, tahun, dsb.
10. Yang dimaksud dengan informasi tersirat adalah informasi yang
tidak tertera jelas dalam text. Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan spt
ini dibutuhkan keterampilan reading between the lines.
11. Frasa adalah rangkaian kata yang mempunyai makna.
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Dibawah ini adalah macam-macam bentuk pertanyaan yang biasa ada dalam
soal Reading:
a) Menemukan gambaran umum/topic isi bacaan/teks.
Contoh pertanyaan :
Which of the following is the most suitable title?
What is the suitable topic of the passage?
The text mainly tells us about____.
b) Menemukan informasi tertentu/khusus dari bacaan.
Contoh pertanyaan :
When did she make her first solo flight? In
c) Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersurat dari bacaan teks/dialog.
Contoh :
Which of the following requirements is not mentioned in the passage?
They may be classified in several different ways
The underlined word refers to .
d) Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersirat dari bacaan teks/dialog.
Contoh :
Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text?
The following are TRUE about Maria EXCEPT
e) Menentukan main idea yang tersurat/tersirat dari suatu paragrap.
Contoh :
What is the main idea of the passage?
The fourth paragraph tells us ____.
f) Menentukan makna kata, frasa dan kalimat berdasarkan konteks.
Contoh :
Brownie is Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy. And cute.
The underlined word mean ____
g) Menentukan type text yang digunakan penulis.
Contoh :
What type text is used by the writer?
The text above is in the form of _____.
h) Menentukan communicative purpose/tujuan kominikativ sebuah teks
Contoh :
The communicative putpose of the text above is ___.
The purpose of the text is _____.
i) Menyusun kalimat dengan baik.
Contoh :
The best order of the sentences above is
The best arrangement of the sentences to make a good paragraph is
Dust Bin
EXERCISES;
a) Analytical exposition
To improve comfort and cleanliness

at our school, a number of dust bins
should be increased.
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When we look at classrooms,

school corridors and school yard, there
are paper mineral water cups, straws, and
napkins here and there. The condition of
uncleanliness and discomfort really
hinders
learning
and
teaching
environment. Litters thrown carelessly
cause disease, especially empty plastic
cup or glasses. They can be filled out
with water coming from the rain. This
can be placed for dengue mosquitoes to
spread out. Besides, these rubbish can
deteriorate the scene. Well painted wall
and green school yard do not mean
anything litters are scattered everywhere.
Anyway I notice that most of the
students
in
our
school
have
responsibilities
for
the
school
environment. They put their litters on the
proper places. But some are not diligent
enough to find the dust bins. The
numbers of dust binds in our schools are
not enough. Ore dust bins should be put
beside each of steps, outside of the
classrooms, and some more also the
corridors. Probably one dust bin should
be in every ten meters. So when
students want to throw away their litters,
they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with
sufficient dust bins, we do not have
problems of freak and discomfort any
more. Our school will be very clean and
become a nice place to study.
1. What is the writers intention? To ..

readers to do something good.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
inform
explain
describe
entertain
persuade
2. According to the writer, more dust

bins.. in every ten meters.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
should be decorated
should be painted
should be placed
are unnecessary
are not required
3. What is the writers argument on a

sufficient number of dust bins?
They can prevent litters

They can save janitors energy
Students are asked to clean them
They make school environment
neat
e) Students can throw garbage away
easily
a)
b)
c)
d)
4. What is the writers suggestion?

To buy more dustbins
To hire more gardeners
To use dustbins efficiently
To ask parents to give more
dustbins
e) To ask students to clean the school
yard
a)
b)
c)
d)
Learning English
Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix
pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to
your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why
we use songs in language learning.
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Firstly, the song stuck in my head Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the
last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both
enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the
idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.
Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of
repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are
effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually
simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and
can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop
songs and probably many other types dont have precise people, place or time
reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage
harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in
sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as
studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs,
learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and
songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.
c) Newsworthy events background
events sources
d) Thesis arguments reiteration
e) General statement arguments
5. The type of the text above is

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Analytical exposition
Hortatory exposition
Narrative
Discussion
Explanation
8. What is the text about .
6. What is the communicative purpose of

the text?
a) To tell the reader about the songs
b) To entertain the reader with the
songs
c) To show the reader the use of
songs
d) To explain above the songs
e) To persuade the reader to use
songs in learning language
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Learning songs
Very enjoyable music
The phenomenon
Music listeners
Using songs in language learning
9. Based on the text, there are

reason for using songs in learning
language
7. The generic structures of the text are

.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
6
4
5
3
2
10. They provide variety and fun, and
a) Thesis arguments
recommendation
b) General statement sequential
explanation
encourage harmony within oneself and

within one group.
The underlined word refers to .
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65
a) Groups
b) Learners
c) People
d) Songs
e) Activities
Smoking in Restaurant
Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude,
harmful to others and dangerous for the smokers.
Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all
people and can turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be
put off by foul smelling smoke.
Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do
to others. Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to
asthma attacks and even cancer.
Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause
heart and lung disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.
Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to
the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants.
11. Smoking in the restaurants must be

avoided because
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
It is harmful to others
It is impolite
Its dangerous to the smokers
It can cause hearth and lung
disease
e) All answers are correct
a)
b)
c)
d)
12. We have many reasons to say that
smoking must be avoided. The word

reasons mean..
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
conclusion
point of view
argument
reinforcement
statement
To inform the readers to the readers

To persuade to the readers
To describe to the readers
To tell a story to the readers
To argue about smoking to the
readers
15. The synonym of the word dangerous in

the text is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
rude
impolite
health risk
harmful
disease
16. Smoking in restaurants is just not on.
13. Since we can find a thesis, arguments

and reiteration in the text, so we can
conclude that this text belongs to..
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
14. What is the purpose of the text?
description
narration
anecdote
procedure
analytical exposition
It must not be allowed because it is

rude, harmful to others and dangerous
for the smokers.
The sentence
as.. of the text.
a) thesis
b) arguments
c) reiteration
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above
characterize
d) topic sentence
e) supporting details
17. Smoking in restaurant should not be

allowed. It means that..
a) people should do smoking in
restaurant
b) people should not do smoking in

restaurant
c) people must not smoking in
restaurant
d) people must not smoke in
restaurant
e) people should smoke in restaurant
The Importance of Reading

I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say
so? Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world
such as Science, technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books,
magazine, newspaper, etc.
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something
happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly.
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read
books, newspaper or magazine on the entertainment coloumn such as comedy, short
story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book
about Irian Jaya we may feel were really sitting in the jungles not at home in our
rooms.
From the facts above, its obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge,
information and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly
important in our life.
18. Why is reading very important in our

life? Because..
a) By reading, we can get a lot of
friends, relatives, experience, etc.
b) By reading, we can get little
knowledge but a lot of
entertainment.
c) By reading, we are always relaxed.
d) By reading, we are always happy.
e) By reading we can get a lot of
knowledge, news, information and
entertainment
19. If we want to get knowledge, what

should we do?
a)
b)
c)
d)
buy a lot of books

borrow a lot of books
look for newspaper and magazine
sell and buy many expensive books
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e) Read a lot of books and other

printed materials.
20. What does the text tell us about?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The
The
The
The
The
description of reading
function of reading
importance of reading
disadvantages of reading
purpose of reading
21. What is the social function of the text?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
To
To
To
To
To
tell a story
describe the reader
entertain the reader
give information
persuade the reader
22. Paragraph. In the text is the thesis.

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5
27. Analytical Exposition
34. Explanation
28. Anecdote
35. Hortatory Exposition
29. Descriptive
36. Report
30. Narrative
37. Spoof
31. Procedure
38. Recount
32. News Items
39. Review
33. Discussion
Do you need some help?
What can I do for you today?
Could I help you?
How can I be of assistance to you?
How can I be of help to you?
There are a number of formulas

used when offering help in English.
Here are some of the most
common:
What can I help you

can I do for you?
How can I assist you?
May I help you?
How can I help you?
Can I help you?
Let me help you?
Are you looking for something?
Do you want me to help you?
Would you like some help?
Shall I ?
FUNCTIONAL SKILL
1.
Offering Help
Respond offering help

Receiving
Refusing
Yes please, Sure,

Why not,
Ofcourse,
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No, thanks,
Please dont bother,
Id love to but,
- What
Certainly,
Id love to,
Its a good idea,
Thats great.
Thats great but
Some ways to offering help for meals and drinks:
Would you like?,

Would you care for ?,
Why dont you have?,
How about having ?
May I offer you ?
Example:
Offering
- Would you like some bread?
- Would you care for some coffee?
- Why dont you have some biscuit,
please?
2.
Responses
Yes, please.
No, thanks. I dont drink
coffee.
Thanks, Id love to.
Introducing your self and other people

Introducing your self
Introducing people
Id like to introduce myself.

My I introduce myself?
Let me introduce myself!
I want to introduce myself
Id like you to meet (name)

This is my friend/boss/etc
(name)
Have you met(name)?
May I introduce you to
(name/occupation)
Let me introduce you to .
I want to introduce you to .
1. This is my friend, Jack.

my
my
my
my
Hi Jack. I'm Linda
brother, Bob.
sister, Cindy.
father, Mr. Harris.
mother, Mrs. Harris.
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69
my
my
my
my
my
teacher, Ms. Watson.

student, Carrie.
friend, Mary Jones.
boss, Mr. Ritter.
co-worker, Penny Pitcher.
2. Nice to meet you.

Pleased to meet you.
Very nice to meet you.
It's a pleasure to meet you.
Nice to meet you too.

Likewise.
And you.
How to introduce people (in formal situations)

Introducing yourself
I just wanted to introduce myself,
I don't believe we've met before,
I don't think we've actually met formally
yet,
my name is...
I'm...
Introducing someone else

I'd like to introduce you to
There's someone I'd like you to meet, this is
Have you met?
Exercises:
Complete the following conversation with the correct expressions in the box.
Hi, Retno. My name is Adib.
this is Retno. Im Arnys.
Situation: Adib, Arnys, and Retno are new students. They meet at
the students orientation course.
Adib : Hi, Are you a new student?
Arnys : Yes, I am. By the way, are you a new student, too?
Adib : Im a new student too. 1) ______________________
Arnys : 2) _________________ Well, Adib, 3) __________________
She was my classmate in the Junior High School.
Adib : 4) ________________ Nice to meet you?
Retno : Nice to meet you too.
Adib : Anyway, we still have half an hour before the class starts. Shall we
go to the canteen?, Arnys?
Retno : Okay.
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3.
Greeting (memberi salam)

Greetings
morning sir
Good
afternoo madam
Mr Jones
n
evening Mrs Smith
Language in the programme

How are you?
It's lovely to see you again!
It's been a long time, hasn't it?
How are things with you?
Examples of situations where you might use formal

greetings
Working in the service industry, e.g. a restaurant, hotel, travel
agent
Greeting someone older than you
At work, when speaking to your superiors
Meeting a VIP e.g. a politician
Being polite to someone you don't know very well
Expressions
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
(formal)
Hi!/Hello! (informal)
How are you, Den?

How are you doing
Asking how someone is
Im fi ne, thanks.
Very well, thanks.
Not so bad, thanks.
Saying how you are
See you.
Good bye.
Bye.
See you soon /later /tomorrow.
Saying good bye
Functions
Greeting someone
Exercises:
Cultural Tips
Complete the dialogues below with correct
Meeting and Greeting in
expressions.
Australia
1) Arnys
:
Shake hands with everyone
Ruben
: Very well, thank you. present upon meeting and
2) Ayu
: Good evening.
before leaving.
Allow women to offer their
71
hands fi rst.
Women generally do not

71
shake
hands
with
other
women.
Denias :
3) Andi
:
Retno
:
4) Adib
:
Virga
:
5) Anita
:
Marcell :
4.
How are you doing?
See you tomorrow.
Hi!
Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)
Here are some phrases and expressions for inviting in English.
Do you want to . . .
Do you wanna . . . (informal)
Would you like to . . . (more polite)
How about (V+ing) ?
How would you like to . . .
lets + V1
Why dont we ?
Id like to invite you to
I wonder if youd like to
Some responds of inviting.

-
Refusing
Im sorry I cant
Id like to but
Im afraid I cant
No, lets not.
Receiving
- Id love to
- Id like very much
- Id be happy/glad to
accept
- Yes, Id be delighted to.
- Thats good ide
Polite invitations
Checking someone is not busy
Are you free on Friday?
Are you busy on Friday?
What are you doing on Friday?
Would you like...?
Would you like
...a chocolate bar?

...to come to my house for dinner?
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I wondered / was wondering

I wondered
I was wondering
...if you'd like to come to my house for

dinner
Other expressions
I would very much like it if you could come along
Shall I bring a bottle?
5.
Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for expressing thanks.
Expressing
Thank you
Thank you very much
Thanks.
Thank you very much for (kata benda)
Im grateful for(kata benda/noun)
I appreciate it.
Responses
You are welcome.
Thats all right
Not at all
Dont mention it
Thets all right
Any time
Exercise
How would you express thanks in the following situations?
a) Someone just gave you a gift for your birthday.
(What do you say?)
Example: "Thank you so much. I really like it!"
b) Someone has just bought dinner for you.

c) Someone returned your lost wallet.
d) Someone helped carry your grocery bags.
e) Someone complimented you on your necktie.
6.
Congratulations (ucapan selamat)

Ungkapan
Congratulations
Congratulations on
Id like to congratulate you.
Id like to congratulate you on
Respon
Thank
Thank
Thank
Thank
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you
you and the same to you
you. I need it.
you very much.
It was great to hear

It was to hear about.
Happy birthday to you.
Happy new year.
Good luck!
Have a nice holiday
Expression
You look cute with that hat.
Function
Complimenting
Congratulations!
Congratulating
Thank you for saying so.

Thank you.
Responding to compliments
and congratulations
Other expression
Expression
What a !
Thats a very nice
I like your
Function
Complimenting
Congratulations on winning
Id like to congratulate you on
I must congratulate you on your
Well done.
Congratulating
Thanks.
Oh, not really.
Its nice of you to say so.
How kind of you to say so.
Responding to compliments
and congratulations
Special Days - Social Language

It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on
special days, holidays and other special occasions. Here are some of the
most common:
Birthdays
Happy birthday!
Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number)
birthday!
Many happy returns!
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Wedding / Anniversary
Congratulations!
Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number)
anniversary!
Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)
Special Holidays
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at
Christmas, it is also common to ask them what they received:
Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?
Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you?
Special Occasions
7.
Congratulations on your promotion!

All the best for your ...
I'm so proud of you!
Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)

A. Expressing of sympathy on minor
a. Whats shame
b. Whats pity
c. Thats a nuisance
d. Thats too bad
e. Thats pity
f. Oh dear
B. Expressing of sympathy on serious accident
a. Goodness!
b. How terrible!
c. How Awful!
d. How dreadful!
C. Expressing of sympathy on personal circumstances
a. Im sorry to hear that
b. Im sorry about that
c. Im really sorry for them
d. Please accept my deepest sympathy
e. Send my deepest condolence!
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f. Please accept my condolences!
8.
Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang)

Pleasure/senang
Its really delightful/Iam delighted

Im satisfied
Thats great
Thats wonderful
Its really a great pleasure
Displeasure/tidak
senang
Im dissatisfied
We are fed up with
I feel dosappointed
She is extremely
displeased
Other expressions
Expression Pleasure
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
9.
Expression Displeasure
a. I feel
b. Im really sad to
c. .. feel unpleased with .
d. I feel disappointed.
Im so happy .
I feel .
How happy to
Im very pleasure with
Its a pleasure to
Pleasure
Great!
Terrific!
Im pleased.
I enjoyed it
I love it.
It was terrifi c.
Im delighted.
Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan,

ketidakpuasan)
Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita
dapat gunakan ungkapan:
Well done!
Great! Good work
I am satisfied with your work
You did well
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Your job is satisfactory

I am so happy about this
Im glad to what youve done
Its really satisfying
Katika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang,
kita dapat gunakan:
Im not satisfied with work
You havent done well enough
I am really dissappointed
Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory
Oh, no!
Its not very nice
Its really not good enough
Informal situation
Satisfaction
Dissatisfaction
very pleased with
displeased with
content with
discontented with
satisfi ed with
dissatisfi ed with
very delighted with
disappointed with
Super!
Great!
Terrifi c!
Fantastic!
Smashing!
Formal situation
Satisfaction
Dissatisfaction
Horrible!
Very sad!
Annoying!
Disappointing!
Frustrating!
10. Asking
& Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi

pendapat)
Asking Opinion
Giving opinion
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How was the trip?

How do you like your new house?
How do you think of Rinas idea?
How do you feel about this dicition?
What is your opinions of the movie?
What are your feelings about it?
I think (that).
In my opinion.
As I see,
If you ask me, I feel
Other examples
Those expressions are used to ask for opinions.
What do you think of this refrigerator?
So, do you think I should buy those florescent light bulbs?
Those expressions are used to give opinions.
I think the other ones better.
In my opinion, you should buy the florescent light bulbs.
Here are other expressions that you can also use:
Asking Opinion
Giving opinion
I think
What is your opinion?
I believe
What do you think of...?
I feel
How do you feel about?
It seems to me
How do you see ?
11.
Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval
(setuju, tidak setuju)
Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa
mengatakan:
So do I
Im of exactly the same
opinion
Yes, I agree with you
I think so
It is certainly
I go along that line
Exactly
I agree completely
Thats what I want to say
That's true.
I am with you
Absolutely.
I am on your side
Definitely.
Yes, I agree
I couldn't agree more.
Thats quite true
I know what you mean.
Youre absolutely right!
I suppose youre right
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Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa
mengatakan:
Well, I dont think so
Im afraid I entirely disagree
I dont think that is true
I cant agree
I disagree with
I dont think its very good
I wouldnt say that
Surely not
Exactly not
I cant say so
I am sorry, but I have to disagree
On contrary
I couldnt agree less
I dont buy that idea
Im not sure I can agree
Other expression of disagreeing

Useful vocabulary for disagreeing
no
Note: 'no' is usually followed by a statement (see
I don't agree
below)
that's not true
I don't accept that (quite direct)
(quite formal)
Examples:
No, I don't think that's what happened.
No, that's not a good idea.
12.
Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)

Fear
I am afraid
I am feared
I am scared
I am terrified
The sound is horrifying
Anciety
I am worried about
I am anxious to know about
I wondered if
That made me worried
I have been thinking about .
I am afraid if
Respon
Dont be afraid
There is nothing to be afraid of
It is nothing
Respon
Take is easy
Calm down
I know you are worried but
It is not a big deal
Dont worry
Stay cool
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13.
Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)

Pain
Ouch!
That was hurt
It is painful
It hurts me
Ive got a
backache/toothache/stomachache
I feel sore all over
My eyes hurt
Relief
Im very relieved to hear
Finally, it was over
I feel relieved
I feel much better
Im glad its over
Thats a great relief
Im extremely glad to
hear
Thank goodness for that
Marvellous
What a relief!
Other expressions
1. Expressions of Pain
I am suffering from a relapse.
I feel sick./I feel ill.
Im sick.
Ugh, its very painful!
Oh, its killing me!
2. Expressions of Relief
Its a relief to know that ....
Thank God for ....
Im glad it was done.
Thank goodness!
Thank heavens!
Im glad about !
Its a great relief!
Whew
14.
Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak

suka/benci)
Like
I love it
I like it
I am keen on it
I am crazy about it
Dislike
I dont really like it
I dislike it
I am not really interested in
I cant enjoy
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We all enjoy
(benda/noun/gerund)is my cup
of tea
(benda/noun/gerund)is not my
cup of tea
I cant stand
I hate it
Language for expressing likes

Subject
Adverb
Verb
Noun
(really)
don't like
can't stand
it
them
ice cream
Chinese food
playing football
watching TV
About the adverb 'really'.

This adverb as we have seen is very useful in making what you say
stronger. When talking about things you don't like though it can have a
different meaning depending on where you put it in the sentence.
For example:
"I really don't like it!"
This means you have a strong dislike of something.
BUT
"I don't really like it."
This is not very strong. It means that you do not like something, but it is
not a very strong dislike.
Language for expressing likes

Subject
Adverb
I
(really)
Verb
like
love
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Noun
it
them
ice cream
Chinese food
playing football
Extra
a lot
watching TV
15.
Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa

malu, kejengkelan)
Embarrassment
I am embarrassed
I feel ashamed
Oh my God
Shame on me
I dont feel comfortable
I feel awkward
Annoyance
I am annoyed
I had enough with it
I cant bear it any longer
You made me annoyed
You are such a pain in the neck
You made me sick
There are some other expressions you can use to show your annoyance.
Formal Situations
Informal Situations
Im extremely displeased with
really makes me mad.
is very irritating.
I cannot stand
Im extremely unhappy about this.
Why on earth he didnt ?
There are some other expressions to show embarrassment, such as:

In Formal Situations In Informal Situations
Formal Situations
Informal Situations
What an embarrassment!
What a shame!
I must say that its an embarrassment. Its my embarrassment to ...
Thats a real embarrassment.
I was so ashamed.
16.
Request (permintaan)
Request
Would it be possible for
you to
Would you be so kind as
to
Would you,please?
Would you mind ?
Any chance of
Acceptance
I should be delighted
to come
By all means
I have no objection
Id be happy to
Sure
Yeah
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Refusal
I regret to say that we
find ourselves unable to
go
Im afraid its not
possible
Im afraid not
Sorry
Can you?
OK
No problem
Mmm
No, I wont
Not likely
You must be joking
Granting Request
In the dialogue between Ayu and Palupi you fi nd the following
expressions:
Ayu
: Will you tell me about it?
Palupi : Sure, I will.
Ayu
: Lets try to make lepat sometimes.
Palupi : OK.
Sure, I will and OK are expressions to grant a request.
Here are other expressions that you can use:
Alright.
Certainly.
Right away.
Of course.
17.
Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)

Complaint
Im not at all satisfied with the service
I really do/must objec to the service
I take great exception to
I want to complain about
This is crazy!
Blame
Youre the one to blame
Its your fault!
Its your mistake!
Youre wrong
I think you're the only person
who could have done it.
It's your fault for (doing
something).
There are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's

important to remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can
sound rude or aggressive. It's best to mention a problem in an indirect
manner. Here are some of the most common:
I'm sorry to have to say this but...
I'm sorry to bother you, but...
Maybe you forgot to...
I think you might have forgotten to...
Excuse me if I'm out of line, but...
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There may have been a misunderstanding about...
Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...
Expressing shocked disagreement

But that's
ridiculous!
unfair!
unreasonable!
A negative structure
It's
18.
just
simply
not fair to charge us for the starters!
Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)

Regret
Much to my regret
Sadly, I .
Unfortunately
Im terribly sorry
I honestly regret that I
Sorry, I
Apology
Please accept my apologies for
what I did
Please forgive me for what I did
I am extremely sorry
I really must apologies
May I offer you my sincerest
apologies?
Language for saying sorry

To emphasise how you feel
I'm really sorry...
Examples
I'm really sorry, Pete, I didn't mean to lose your
book.
I'm so sorry...
I'm so sorry I forgot your birthday, Oliver!
To say why you're sorry
Examples
Sorry about...
Sorry about the mess. I'll clear up later.
Sorry for...
Sorry for taking your DVD.
To say sorry without using the words 'I'm sorry'!
I'd like to apologise for...
I'd like to apologise for the way I spoke to you
earlier.
Vocabulary around saying sorry
to apologise
to say sorry, to ask for forgiveness, to express regret
an exclamation
a word, phrase or sentence that is shouted out suddenly, often through surprise or
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anger
to hurt someone's feelings
to make someone feel upset or unhappy
a misunderstanding
this can mean 'a small disagreement'
trouble
unhappiness, distress, worry or danger
a hard time
a difficult time
to be out of order (informal)
to be impolite or rude
19.
Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan &

ketidakmungkinan)
Menyatakan Kemungkinan
Menanyakan Kemungkinan
I think there is possibility to
Do you think he/it could?
I sassume/believe
Would you say were capable of?
In all probability,
Are you capable of?
it is going to be possible for me to Are you able to?
that will probably
Do you have any experience of?
its quite possible
Can you?
Do you know how to?
Do you think you can?
Expressions for Discussing Possibilities
Would there be any possibility of ?
Do you think we are capable of ?
Would it be possible for (somebody) to ?
I think that would be possible ....
Is it possible to ?
Yes, there is a possibility ....
NOTE :
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1.
Several ways
possibility are:
of
indicating
Its possible that hell win the game.

Theres a possibility of his winning
the game/ that he will win the game.
possibly he hasnt heard the news
yet.
There is a good chance that ..
There is a little chance that ..
It is impossible
Probably She is on the way
May be he needs more time
She might not be at home
Do you think we are capable of .?

Is it possible for me to ?
Are we capable enough to ?
3. Expressions to show capability
are :
Im capable of doing it
I can do it
There is a chance that I can do it.
Im able to do it
I have the ability to do it.
4.
Expressions
to
show
incapability are:
I cant do it
2.
Expressions
used
to
ask Im not sure Im capable of doing it.
possibility or capability of doing I dont think I have the ability
I dont feel capable of doing it
something are:
I dont know how to do it.
Would there be any possibility of
..?
II.
LANGUAGE USAGE
A. TENSES
TENSES
POLA
Present Tense
V= (+) S+V (-s/es utk S he,she,it)
(Menyatakan
(-) S+Do/Does not + V
kebiasaan hingga
Do utk S= I,you,they,we
sekarang masih
Does utk S= he,she,it
dilakukan)
She goes to school everyday
She does not go to school
everyday
N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) +
adj/n/adv
She is beautiful
Present
V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing
Continuous
She is not going to school
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KET. WAKTU
Every
Usyally
Always dll
Now
At present
(Menyatakan
aktivitas yang
sedang
berlangsung pada
waktu bicara)
Present Perfect
(Menyatakan
perbuatan/tindaka
n yang terjadi
pada waktu yang
tidak tertentu di
masa lampau dan
pada saat
berbicara
perbuatan/tindaka
n tsb telah
selesai/baru aja
selesai dilakukan)
Past Tense
(Menyatakan
kegiatan yang
dilakukan pada
waktu lampau)
everyday
At this moment
To day
V= (+) S + have/has + V3
Have utk S= I,you,they,we
Has utk S= he,she,it
Father has gone to work for 12
hours
N= (+) S + have/has+Been +
adj/n/adv
Father has been at his office
since 12
hours ago.
Lately
Recently
For
Since
already
yet
lately
just
V= (+) S + V2
(-) S + did not + V
Did utk semua Subjek
N= (+) S + Be (was/were) +
adj/n/adv
Was utk S= I,he,she,it
Were utk S= you,they,we
V= (+) S + had + V3
Had utk semua Sabjek (S)
N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv
Yesterday
Last
ago
Past Perfect
Tense
(Menyatakan
aktivitas yang
telah selesai
dilakukan ketika
aktivitas lain
terjadi pada waktu
lampau)
Past Perfect
V= (+) S + had been + V-ing
Continuous
(Menyatakan
aktivitas yang
telah berlangsung
selama periode
waktu tertentu
ketika aktivitas
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Before/when +
S + V2
For + periode
waktu + when/
before + S + V2
lain terjadi diwaktu

lampau, aktivitas
tsb masih
berlangsung)
Future tense
(Menyatakan
V= (+) S + will/shall + V
aktivitas yang
Will utk semua Sabjek (S)
akan dilakukan di
Shall utk S = I,we
waktu yang akan N= (+) S + will/shall +be +
datang)
adj/n/adv
Future
Continuous
V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing
(Menyatakan
aktivitas yang
akan sedang
berlangsung di
waktu yang akan
datang)
Future Perfect
(Menyatakan
V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3
aktivitas yang
N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been
akan telah selesai +adj/n/
dilakukan ketika
aktivitas lain
terjadi diwaktu
yang akan datang)
Future Perfect
Continuous
(Menyatakan
V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been
aktivitas yang
+ V-ing
akan telah sedang
berlangsung
selama waktu
tertentu ketika
aktivitas lain
terjadi di waktu
yang akan datang)
Past Future
Tense
V= (+) S + would/should + V
(Menyatakan
N= (+) S + would/should + be +
perbuatan/keadaa adj/n/adv
n yang akan
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Tomorrow
Next
At this time
tomorrow
At ten tomorrow
By + ket.waktu
By + ket.waktu
Yesterday
Last
Just now
If + simple past
datang
dilakukan/terjadi
diwaktu lampau.
Perbuatan tsb
sudah
direncanakan tapi
tidak terlaksana)
Past Future
Perfect Tense
V= (+) S + would/should + have
(menyatakan
+V3
suatu
N= (+) S + would/should +
pengandaian pada
have been + adj/n/adv
masa lampau,
sesuatu
seharusnya akan
telah terjadi pada
saat suatu syarat
terpenuhi)
Past Perfect
Continuous
V= (+) S + would/should +
(Menyatakan
have been + V-ing
perbuatan yang
seharusnya sudah
sedang
berlangsung di
suatu waktu di
masa lampau
tetapi
kenyataanya gagal
berlangsung)
If + past perfect
By + ket.waktu
Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang
dimiliki setiap tensis:
Simple Present
V/do,does/am,is,are
Simple past
V2/did/was,were
Perfect
have/has/had + V3/been
Future/modal (present)
will/shall/may/can/must + V/be
Future/modal (past)
would/sould/might/could/had to + V/be
Continuous
Tobe + v-ing
TO BE
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Present
Past
Perfect
Future/modal
Am, is, are

Was, were
Been
be
Contoh soal
1. Fred : Juda, the telephone rang twelve times. What were you doing?
Juda: I____ Javanese dancing, Srimpi.
a. practised
d. have been practising
b. was parctising
e. will be practising
c. have practised
Jawaban : B (Past Continuous Tense)
2. Dian : The Public Health Centre ____ there for more than twenty years.
The doctors and paramedis work hard to improve the peoples health
especially children.
Iwan : Yes, they are succesful. The infant/death rate has decreased
remarkably.
a. works
d. has been working
b. worked
e. will have worked
c. is working
Jawaban : D (Present Perfect Continuous = peristiwa yang terjadi/dimulai
pada waktu lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. Ada
tanda waktu for yang bisa dijadikan ciri)
3. Devi : So you have finished washing the dished. When did you do it?
Sri : I did while you ____ the yard.
a. clean
d. were cleaning
b. cleaned
e. have been cleaning
c. had cleaned
Jawaban : D (Past Continuous tense = menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang
sedang berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Kata while
bisa dijadikan ciri)
4. Retno : Why dont you reply my letter?
Hadi : Oh sorry. I forget to tell you that I ___ in Bali since last year.
a. am living
d. will have lived
b. was living
e. have been living
c. have to live
Jawaban : E (Present Perfect Continuous. Tanda waktu since dapat
dijadikan ciri)
5. Vina : When did you get the letter?
Fani : Yesterday. My family ____ when the postman arrived.
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a. have lunch
d. will have had lunch
b. will have lunch
e. have been having lunch
c. were having lunch
Jawaban : C (Past Continuous tense biasa juga dipakai untuk menyatakan
kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu
lampau.
When + simple past dapat dijadikan ciri)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. If we dont hurry, the meeting ___ by the time we get there.
a. would have started
d. will start
b. will have started
e. starts
c. will be started
2. The librarian suddenly heard a noise.
Librarian : What was the noise?
Student : I dropped some books while I ____ them to the table.
a. carry
d. am carrying
b. carried
e. have carried
c. was carrying
3. Ann has been looking for a job for six month.
This sentence means that Ann ___.
a. has got a new job d. has stopped looking for a job
b. has worked for six months e. started to work 6 months a go
c. is still looking for a job
4. When airport are located in the center of citied, they ___ noise pollution
and distrub peoples life.
a. caused d. were causing
b. causes e. have caused
c. will cause
5. Agam : Where will we go next holiday?
Joko : What about Bali?
Agam : Thats OK, but I ____ there many times.
a. am d. will be
b. was e. will have been
c. have been
6. My father is still in Bali. He ____ there for three weeks.
a. is
d. has been
b. was
e. have been
c. had been
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7. Anto : Im sorry Ary. I forget to bring your book.

Ary : What did he say Lina?
Lina : Anto said that he ___ to bring your book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
b. had forgotten e. forgot
c. would forget
8. Teacher : Ive heard that Benny is ill. Is it right?
Student : Yes, sir. He ____ ill for a week.
a. was d. would be
b. has been e. will have been
c. had been
9. Teacher : You will be ready for a test next week. Learn all these.
Student : All right, sir. I ____ them by then.
a. learn d. will be learning
b. have learnt e. will have learnt
c. am learning
10. Reni goes to her university every morning. She studies business. You cant
meet her at her house at 10.00 tomorrow. She ___ the lectures.
a. will be attending d. has attended
b. has been attending
e. attended
c. would be attended
B. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung,
ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan
tenses, struktur kalimat, pronoun (kata ganti orang), Possessive (kata ganti
kepemilikan), keterangan waktu, dan tempat.
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek
yang dipakai di kalimat langsung/tidak langsung.
Jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat tanya maka ketika kalimat itu
diulang (kalimat tidak langsung) tidak membentuk kata tanya lagi tetapi
menjadi kalimat berita. Kata penghubungnya adalah if/whether dan what,
why, where, when, who, how. Begitu pula jika kalimat langsung adalah
kalimat perintah maka di kalimat tidak langsung menjadi kalimat berita.
Kata penghubungnya adalah (+) to infinitive/V1, (-) not to infinitive/V1
Contoh Kalimat
Kalimat langsung/direct
Kalimat tidak langsung/indirect
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(+) He said, I have a present for

(+) He said that he had a present
you in my bag.
for me in his bag.
(-) He said, I do not have a present (-) He said that he did not have a
for you in my bag
present for me in his bag.
(?) He asked, Do I have a present for (?) He asked me if/whether he
you in my bag?
had a present for me in his
(?) He asked me, Why do I have to
bag.
have a present for you in my bag?(?) He asked me why he had to
(!) He ordered/commanded me,
have a present for me in his
Bring my bag here now!
bag.
(!) He ordered me, Dont bring your(!) He ordered/commanded me to
bag here!
bring his bag there then.
(!) He ordered me not to bring my
bag there.
Direct (kalimat langsung)
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Future
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Perubahan Tenses
Indirect (kalimat tidak
langsung)
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Future
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Lebih singkatnya perubahan tenses tersebut adalah:

Direct
Indirect
V1 (eat)
V2 (ate)
V2 (ate)
Had + V3 (had eaten)
Am/is/are
Was/were
Do/does
Did
Do/does not
Did not
Did not
Had not + V3
Was/were
Had been
Am/is/are + V-ing
Was/were + V-ing
Was/were +V-ing
Had been + V-ing
Has/have + V3
Had + V3
Will/shall/can/may/must
Would/should/could/might/had to
Could/might/should/would +
could/might/should/would + have+
V1/be
V3/been
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Perubahan Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat

Direct
Indirect
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day
The day after
The following day
Next
A day later
Last
The after
The following
ago
Thebefore
Yesterday
The previous
The preceeding
The day before yesterday
before
Here
earlier
This
The day before
These
The previous day
The preceeding day
Two day before
There
That
those
Contoh Soal
1. Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
Raul
: Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country e. he goes to his country
c. he will go to his country
Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk
langsung harus past perfect)
2. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy
: he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent e. why Mary had been absent
c. why was Mary absent
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Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi

indirec berbentuk past perfect)
3. Mother : Dont be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman : Okay, mom.
Rudy
: What did your mother just told you?
Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasnt so noisy d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy e. to be not so noisy
c. dont be noisy
Jawaban : B (direct: dont + be maka indirect: not + to be)
4.
Doctor : Open your mouth!

Mother : What did the doctor tell you?
Son
: The doctor told me ___
a. that I open his mouth d. to open my mouth
b. if I opened my mouth e. opened my mouth
c. to open my mouth
Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)
5. Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?

Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S +
V2)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. Head master : Why didnt you clean this room this morning?
Jani
: I am sorry. I got a headache.
The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning.
a. I hadnt cleaned d. he headnt cleaned
b. he does not clean e. he would not clean
c. he hasnt cleaned
2. Anto : I am sorry Lina. I forgot to bring your book.
Ari : What did he say, Lina?
Lina : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
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b. had forgotten e. forgot

c. would forget
3. Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside.
Mother said, ___________
a. Mira closed the window. It is windy outside.
b. Closed the window, Mira. It is windy outside.
c. Mira closed the window. It was windy outside.
d. Does Mira close the window. It was windy outside.
e. To close the window Mira! It is windy outside.
4.
5.
What are you doing now?, he asked.

He asked me ____
a. what are you were doing now d. what I was doing then.
b. what were you doing now. e. what I am doing now.
c. what I was doing then
Is John coming to the party tonight?
yes, he asked me ____.
a. If he could go with us d. going with us
b. can he go with us e. wether he goes with us
c. he went with us
6.
My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes.

a. do not spend d. not spending
b. not to spend e. not spend
c. did not spend
7.
The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. Slamet.

a. did I have an appointment d. when is my appointment
b. how was my appointment e. that I had an appointment
c. whether I had appointment
8.
9.
dont make noise, children, she said.

a. She told the children dont make noise
b. She said the children didnt make noise
c. She didnt say the children should noise
d. She told the children not to make noise.
e. She didnt tell the children to make noise
My friend said to me, Can I find you a hotel?. Mean____
a. My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel.
b. I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel.
c. My friend said that I could help him find a hotel.
d. My friend asked me to find a hotel for him.
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e. My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel.

10. Father said, Finish your work!
The indirect form is: Father told me ____
a. finish your work d. to finish your work
b. finished your work e. to finish my work
c. that I finish my work
C. PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif)

Kalimat
passif
adalah
kalimat
dimana
subjek
dikenai
tindakan/pekerjaan, sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan
tindakan/pekerjaan.
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:
Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat
yang predikatnya kata kerja/V)
Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif)
adalah kalimat yang memiliki objek penderita.
Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat.
Perubahan iti terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.
Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini
bukan merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )
Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng
S
P/V1
O
(Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri.
S
P/V3
(Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week.
(passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week
Rumus Pola aktif-pasif untuk semua tenses
Tenses
Active
Passive
Simple Present
S + V1
S + am/is/are + V3
Simple Past
S + V2
S + was/were + V3
Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing S + am/is/are + being +
Present perfect
S + have/has + been + V3
continuous
V-ing
S + have/has +been +
Past Continuous
S + was/were + V-ing being +V3
Past Perfect
S + had + been + V-ing S + was/were + being +
Continuous
S + will/shall + be + V- V3
Future Continuous
ing
S + had + been + being +
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Future Perfect
Continuous
Past Futurre
Continuous
Past Future Perfect
Continu
Simple Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Past Future
Modal (present)
Modal (past)
S + will + have + V-ing

S + would + be + Ving+
S +would
+have+been+V-ing
V3
S + will/shall + be + being
+ V3
S + will +have+been+
being +V3
S + would + be + being +
V3
S +would+have+been+
being+V3
S + have/has + V3
S + have/has + been + V3
S + had + V3
S + had + been + V3
S + will/shall + V1
S + will/shall + be + V3
S + would/should + V1 S + would/should + be +
S + may/can/must + V1 V3
S + might/could/had to S + may/can/must + be +
+ V1
V3
S + might/could/had to +
be + V3
Jadi lebih singkatnya ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice selain by + O adalah

Present
am/is/are + V3
Past
was/were + V3
Perfect
been + V3
Continuous
being + V3
Future/modal
be + V3
Contoh Soal
1. A : Look! The girl is crying. What happened to her just now?
B : While playing with her brother, she ____
a. kicks d. was kicking
b. kicked e. was kicked
c. will kick
Jawaban : E (simple past: S + was/were + V3)
2. A : Do you know the result of the test?
B : Not yet. The announcement ____ twice.
a. was postponed d. has to be postponed
b. was being postponed e. has been postponed
c. will be postponed
Jawaban : A (konteks kalimat adalah simple past)
3. Mela : Why do you prefer Surya Depstore to others?
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Noni : Because the items ____ at a reasonable price.

a. is sold d. were sold
b. are sold e. had been sold
c. was sold
Jawaban: B (konteks kalimat adalah simple present. Karena subjek items
jamak maka to be yang sesuai adalah are)
4. X : Theres no longer a rule for the youth to enter military service in
Britain.
Y : Really, when.?
a. was it abolishing d. was it to abolish
b. did it abolish e. to be abolished
c. was it abolished
Jawaban: C (pola pasif introgative simple past: was/were + S + V3)
5. Dita : When did the accident happen?
Dini : When the goods ____ from the truck.
a. have been unloaded d. will be unloaded
b. were being unloaded e. are unloaded
c. are being unloaded
Jawabab: B (pola pasif past continuaou tense: S + was/were + being +
V3)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. R.A. Kartini ____ in Jepara in 1879.
a. is born d. would be born
b. was born e. has been born
c. will be born
2. The books in the library ___ in alphabetical order.
a. is arranged d. have arranged
b. was arranged e. has arranged
c. have been arranged
3. A big dam ___ in this area next year.
a. will build d. has been built
b. will be built e. is being built
c. would be built
4. We cant swim in the swimming pool now because it ___.
a. was being cleaned d. will clean
b. is being cleaned e. cleaned
c. has been cleaned
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5. They had just been living in the house for two years when it ___ by the fire.
a. destroyed d. will be destroyed
b. had destroyed e. is being destroyed
c. was destroyed
6. She looks after the baby well.
The passive form is ____
a. the baby is well looked after
b. the baby was looked after well
c. the baby will be well looked after
d. the baby is being looked after well
e. the baby would be well looked after
7. Everybody knew that he had shown great loyalty to the company, therefore
he ____ a big sum of money at the anniversary of the company.
a. rewarded d. is being rewarded
b. was rewarded e. has been rewarded
c. will be rewarded
8. At the moment the old building ____ to make space dor a parking lot.
a. demolishing d. had been demilishing
b. is being demolished e. is demolishing
c. was being demolishing
9. Sita is waiting for her birthday party dress because she ____ a new one by
her mother.
a. has promised d. has been promising
b. will be promised e. was being promised
c. will be promised
10. As the victem was badly hurt in the car accident, he ____ to the nearest
hospital.
a. will be taken d. was taken
b. is being taken e. took
c. has been taken
D. DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)

Terdiri dari 3 tingkatan, yaitu:
1. Positive (tingkat biasa)
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S + tobe + adjective/k.sifat
contoh: Jojon is handsome
Gogon is clever
2. Comparative (tingkat perbandingan)
S + tobe + more/-er + adjective + than
contoh: Jojon is more handsome than Aming
Bajuri is cleverer than Oneng
3. Superlative (tingkat palinga)
S + tobe + the most/-est + noun phrase
Contoh: Jojon is the most handsome
Bajuri is the cleverest person
Catatan
a. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua/lebih harus diawali
kata more pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan the
most pada kalimat tingkat paling/superlative.
Contoh:
beautiful
more beaitiful
the most beautiful
b. Beberapa kata harus dibentuk dengan cara tidak beraturan pada
comparative dan superlative.
Contoh:
bad
worse
worst
good
better
best
much
more
most
c. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata satu/dua yang
berakhir dengan akhiran -er/-r pada kalimat
perbandingan/comparative dan -est/-st pada kalimat tingkat
paling/superlative adalah:
1. Kata yang berakhir dengan 2 konsonan / 1 konsonan yang
didahului dengan 2 vokal.
Contoh: rich
richer
richest
deep
deeper
deepest
2. Kata yang berakhir dengan 1 konsonan yang dudahului oleh 1
vokal. Dalam perubahannya konsonan tersebut digandakan
sebelum diberi akhiran er dan est.
Contoh:
big
bigger
biggest
3. Kata yang berakhir dengan e dalam perubahannya hanya
diberi akhiran r dan st.
Contoh:
large
larger
largest
4. Kata yang berakhir dengan y yang didahului konsonan dalam
perubahannya huruf y tersebut berubah menjadi i. Tetapi
jika y tsb didahului vokal maka aturan tersebut di atas tidak
berlaku.
Contoh:
easy
easier
easiest
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coy
coyer
coyest
5. Kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran some,
-ow, -le, -er.
Contoh:
clever
cleverer
cleverest
E. QUESTION TAGS
Merupakan bentuk pertanyaan berekor yang fungsinya untuk
mempertegas suatu pertanyaan.
Contoh : Pok Ati is a beautiful woman, isnt she?
My husband didnt go to Bandung last week, did he?
a) Jika statement adalah kalimat verbal maka question tag-nya dibentuk
menurut kaidah kalimat verbal yaitu ada kata kerja bantu/modal yang
dipakai seperti: do/does, did, have/has, had, will, shall, can, may, dll.
Begitu pula jika statement adalah kalimat nominal maka question tagnya pun dibentuk menurut kaidah kalimat nominal yaitu ada kata kerja
to be yang dipakai seperti: am/is/are, was/were, dll.
b) Jika statement (+) maka question tag (-) dan sebaliknya
F. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)
Conditional sentence terdiri dari anak kalimat (sub clause) dan induk
kalimat (mean clause) dimana bentuk tenses yang di pakai pada
keduanya berbada.
Induk kalimat biasanya diawali dengan kata if. Jika anak kalimat
mendahului induk kalimat maka setelah anak kalimat ada koma (,).
Ada 3 tipe conditional sentence :
1. Future Conditional (type 1)

Kalimat yang diucapkan dan kenyataan yang sebenarnya tidak bertolak
belakang. Apa yang diucapkan, itulah yang diharapkan. Kemungkinan
harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi kalau syarat
terpenuhi.
Contoh: If I have much money, I will buy a new car.
(jika saya punya uang, saya akan membeli mobil baru)
Pola : If + simple present
+ simple future/modal
S + V1
S + will/shall/can/must/may + V1
S + am/is/are
S + will shall/can/must/may + be
2. Present Conditional (type 2)
Kalimat yang diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang
sebenarnya di masa sekarang. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka
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makna/meaning-nya (-) dan sebaliknya. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di

tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja).
Contoh : (+) If I had time, I would go to the beach with you.
(Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sekarang ini sehingga
tidak bisa pergi)
Pola: If + simple past
+
past future/modal
V2
would/should/could/had to/might + V1
Was/were
would/should/could/had to/might + be
Di tipe ini hanya were saja yang dipakai.
3. Past Conditional (type 3)
Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban/kegiatan yang
dilakukan dimasa lampau, tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak terpenuhi. Kalimat ini
diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di
masa lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning yang disampaikan
(-) dan sebaliknya.
Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya
imajinasi saja)
Contoh : (+) If I had known you were there, I would have written you a
letter.
( Jika saya tahu waktu dulu kamu berada di sana, saya sudah mengirim surat
padamu- ini bermakna saya tidak mengirim surat karena saya tidak tahu
kamu berada di sana)
Pola: If + past perfect +
past future perfect/modal perfect
Had + V3
would/should/could/had to/might + have + V3
Had been
would/should/could/had to/might + have been
G. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)

Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengantikan salah
satu pokok kalimat/bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah
kalimat menjadi satu kalimat majemuk (complex sentence). Kata-kata yang
digunakan sebagai penghubung yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, of which.
Rumus Umum :
Jabatan dalam kalimat
orang
benda
Subjek
Who/that
Which/that
Objek
Whom/that Which/that
Kepunyaan (possesseve) whose
Of which
1. Who/that: yang
Digunakan utk pengganti orang sbg subjek
Contoh: We know a lot of people.
They live in Jakarta
S
O
S
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We know a lot of people who live in Jakarta

(They = a lot ao people, jabatan dalam kalimat subjek,)
2. Whom/that: yang
Digunakan untuk pengganti objek
Contoh: The girl feel in love with the man.
I met him last week.
S
O
S
O
The girl feel in love with the man whom I met last week.
(him = the man, jabatan sebagai objek)
3. whose: yang punya
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his, their,
its, her.
Contoh: We saw the people. Their car has been stolen.
S
O
possessive
We saw the people whose car had been stolen.
(their car = mobilnya orang-orang. Orang yang dimaksud = the people)
4. which/that
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda/binatang sebagai subjek
Contoh: I dont like the stories.
They are printed in English.
S
I dont like the stories that/which are printed in English.
(they = the stories/cerita adalah kata benda yg kedudukannya sebagai S)
My mother loves a red car very much.
I bought it last year.
O
O
My mother loves a red car which/that I bought last year very
much
( it = a red car, sebuah benda, jabatan sebagai objek)
6. Of which
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan/possessive untuk
benda/binatang.
Contoh: I sent the table back to the store.
Its surface is not smooth.
Possessive
I sent the table of which surface is not smooth back to the store.
(its surface/permukaannya meja. Meja yg dimaksud the table)
7. Where
8. When
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H. SUBJUNCTIVE WISH
Subjunctive/angan-angan digunakan untuk
menyatakan/mengungkapkan harapan yang tidak dapat terpenuhi.
Future
Rumus : S + wish + S + could/would + V/be
Contoh : I wish you would stop saying that.
(saya berharap kamu akan berhenti mengatakan itu)
I wish she would come to my party to night
(saya berharap dia akan dapat datang ke pesta saya minggu
ini)
Present
Rumus : S + wish + S + V2/were
Contoh : I wish you were old enough to marry me.
(saya berharap sekarang ini umurmu cukup tua untuk menikahi
saya)
They wish they didnt have to go to school today.
(mereka berharap sekarang ini mereka tidak harus pergi
sekolah)
Past
Rumus : S + wished + S + had V3/could have V3
Contoh : She wished she had had more time last night.
(saya berharap tadi malam dia punya banyak waktu)
I. CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET
Causative have dan get digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan
yang dilakukan orang lain untuk si Subjek. Causative have berarti
menyuruh/memerintahkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu, sedangkan
causative get berarti meminta (dengan persuasif) seseorang melakukan
sesuatu.
Rumus Active
S + have/has/had + Object + V1 + Object
S + get/gets/got + Object + to V1 + Object
Contoh :
(1). She has the shoemaker mend her shoes
S
Someone/O
V1 something/O
(Dia menyuruh Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)
O
V1
O
(2). I had mechanic repair my car.
(saya menyuruh mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya
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Contoh :
(1). She gets the shoemaker to mend her shoes.
(Dia meminta Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)
(2). I got the mechanic to repair my car.
(saya meminta mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya)
Rumus Passive
S + have/has/had + O + V3
S + get/gets/got + O + V3
Contoh
(1). The manager has the letter typed.
O
V3
(Menejer menyuruh surat itu ditik)
(2). The manager gets the letter typed.
(Menejer meminta surat itu ditik)
J. GERUND
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk
dari kata kerja yang diberi akhiran ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:
Verb/kata kerja sebagai subjek.
Contoh: Swimming is a good sport.
Jogging makes us fresh.
Verb sebagai complement/pelengkap.
Contoh : My hobby is cycling.
Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.
Contoh : I am sorry for coming late.
Before leaving, he said nothing.
Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, cant
help/cant bear,to be used to, get used to.
Contoh : It is no use studying without practicing.
Setelah possessive adjective (my,your, his,her,our,their,Amirs, dll)
Contoh : His staring frigtens me.
Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu
Admit
Appreciate
Claim
Cant help
Resume
Consider
Avoid
Delay
Deny
Risk
Enjoy
Finish
Quit
Resist
Siggest
Mind
Miss
Postpone
Practice
Advise
Recall
Regret
Report
Recent
resist
Contoh : We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

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K. PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)
Menyukai A ketimbang B
1.
S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to +
noun/V-ing
Contoh:
- Dona prefers dancing to singing.
(Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)
- Juned prefers combro to deblo.
(Juned lebih menyukai combro ketimbang deblo)
2.
S + like + noun/V-ing + better than +
noun/V-ing
Contoh:
- I like T.V better than radio.
- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.
3.
S + would rather + V1 + than + V1
Contoh:
- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game.
(Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)
4.
S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than +
V1
Contoh:
- Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS.
(Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)
L. CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung)

Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih
menjadi satu kalimat. Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:
1. Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.
a. We went home after the rain stopped.
b. I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.
c. I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.
d. While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.
e. I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.
2. Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.
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a. I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.

b. I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.
c. Since I have no money, I cant treat you.
3. Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.
a. first, we must prepare the ingredients.
b. Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.
c. After that, we put them into frying pan.
d. Finally, we put some sauce and salt.
M. CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)

Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua
kalimat/kata-kata.
1. Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or, but, for,
although/though, that, if, dll.
Contoh: - You can read this book if you like.
(kamu dapat membaca buku ini jika kamu mau)
- I went to your house but you werent at home.
(saya pergi ke rumahmu tapi kamu tidak ada di rumah)
- Amir and I go to school everyday.
(Amir dan saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari)
- Although it was raining, he come on time.
(walaupun hujan dia datang tepat waktu)
2. Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:
bothand (dan juga.)
not onlybut also (tidak hanyatetapi juga)
eitheror (.maupun)
neithernor (tidakdan tidak)
Contoh: - He is both wise and good.
(dia bijaksana dan juga baik)
- He is not only active but also clever.
(dia tidak hanya aktif tetapi juga pintar)
- Factory pollutions have polluted either land or water in our
environment.
(Polusi pabrik telah mencemari tanah maupun air di lingkungan kita)
- The research is neither intersting nor accurate
(Penelitian itu tidak menarik dan tidak akurat)
N. ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION
Kalimat elip merupakan pemendekan dari dua kalimat/lebih dengan cara
menghilagkan beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti
asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan
kata yang sama dalam suatu kalimat.
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Modul-Bahasa-Inggris SMA

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DISCUSSION MATERIALS

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

Understanding Types of Text

These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main

1. Analytical Exposition Text

SMA Students Modul of English

Using Simple Present Tense

4. Examples and structures of the text

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know,

Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the

In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city

Example of Analytical Exposition

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do

SMA Students Modul of English

(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:

General nouns, misalnya car,

pollution, leaded petrol car,

NOTES ON Generic Structure:

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

3. Language Feature of Anecdote

exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc

4. Examples and structures of the text

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

Snake in the Bath

How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A

We had just moved into a new house, which had

For an instant I stood there quite

Ever since then Ive always put the plug in firmly

(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:

A. Blessing behind Tragedy

SMA Students Modul of English

Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.

Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and

3. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text

Using attributive and identifying process.

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.

Using simple present tense

4. Examples and structures of the text

Macquarie University is one of the largest universities

The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt,

SMA Students Modul of English

attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot

SMA Students Modul of English

SMA Students Modul of English

(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:

(b)Struktur Teks/Generic structure