Hydrology Reviewer

Hydrology means the science of water.
It is the science that deals with the

occurrence, circulation and distribution of water.
Scientific Hydrology- the study which is chiefly concerned with academic
aspects.
Engineering or Applied Hydrology- a study concerned with the
engineering applications.
The portion of the precipitation which by a variety of paths above and below
the surface if the earth reaches the channel is called the Runoff.
Water Budget Equation or Hydrologic Equation describes the quantities
of water going through various individual paths of the hydrological cycle.
Catchment Area/Drainage Area-is the area if land draining into a stream or
Hail- is showery precipitation in the form of irregular pellets or lumps of ice
a water course at a given location.
size more than 8mm.
Divide separates neighboring catchment areas.
Front- is the interface of between two air masses.
History of Hydrology
Cyclone- is a large low pressure region with circular wind motion
1. Period of Speculation (Prior to AD 1400)
Tropical Cyclone- cyclones formed in tropical regions.

2. Period of Observation (1400-1600)
Extratropical Cyclone-are cyclones formed outside the tropical

3. Period of Measurement (1600-1700)
4. Period of Experimentation (1700-1800)
zone.
5. Period of Modernization (1800-1900)
Anticyclones- are regions of high pressure, usually of large areal extent.
6. Period of Empiricism (1900-1930)
Measurement of Precipitation.
7. Period of Rationalization (1930-1950)
Recording Gauges
8. Period of Theorization (1959- date)
Tipping-Bucket Type
Sources of Data
Weighing-Bucket Type
Weather records- temperature, humidity and wind velocity
Natural-Syphon Type- also known as float-type gauge
Precipitation Data
Stream flow records

Formula for the probability of a random hydrologic even of a given
Evaporation and evapotranspiration data

magnitude and exceedence probability P occurring at r times in n
Infiltration characteristics of the study area

successive years.
Soils of the area
Land use and land cover

n!
r nr
Ground water characteristics.

Pr , n=
P q
( nr ) ! r !
Physical and geological

Where:
characteristics of the area
Water quality data

P is the probability occurrence of an event.
Chapter 2: Precipitation
Precipitation- denotes all forms of water that reach the earth from the
n is the number of successive years
atmosphere.
For Precipitation to form:
r is the number of times of the event to occur
Atmosphere must have moisture. (Moisture)
There must be sufficient nuclei present to aid condensation.

q=(1P)
Weather condition must be good for condensation of water vapour

to take place. (Temperature)
Chapter 4: Stream Flow Measurement
Forms of Precipitation
Rainfall- is used to describe precipitation in the form of water drops of sizes
Stream- is a flow channel in which the surface runoff from a specified
basin drains.
larger than 0.5 mm. The maximum size of raindrop is about 6 mm. Any drop
larger that this tends to break up into drops of smaller sizes.
Hydrometry- the science of water measurement.
Classification of Stream flow measurement.
Type
Intensity
Direct Determination.
Light Rain
Trace to 2.5 mm/h
Moderate Rain
2.5 mm/h to 7.5 mm/h
Area Velocity methods

Heavy Rain
7.5 mm/h
Dilution techniques
Electromagnetic method
Snow-consist of ice crystals which is usually combine to form flakes.
Ultrasonic method
Drizzle- A fine sprinkle of water droplets size less than 0.5 mm and intensity
Indirect Determination.
less than 1mm/h.
Hydraulic structures
Glaze- formed when water freezes to form ice coating when rain or drizzle
Slope area method

.
comes in contact with a cold ground at around 0
Measurement of Stage
MSL (Mean Sea Level)
Sleet- is frozen raindrops of transparent grains which form when rain falls
Manual Gauges
through air of subfreezing temperature.
Staff Gauge- is the simplest stage measurement. It is

done by noting the elevation of water surface in contact
with a fixed graduated staff.
Wire Gauge- is a gauge used to measure the water

surface from above the water surface such as from a
bridge or similar structure which has a known elevation.
In this a weight is used where there is a mechanical
counter that measures the rotation of the wheel.
Automatic Stage Recorders.
Float-Gauge Recorder- uses a float connected in a

stilling well and is balanced by means of counterweight
over the pulley of a recorder. Rise in the water elevation

will cause rotation to the wheel then inputs the value to
the recorder.
Bubble Gauge- In this gauge compressed air is made

to bleed out at a very small rate through an outlet at the
bottom of the river. A pressure gauge measures the gas
pressure which is in turn is equal to the water column
above the outlet. A small change in the water elevation
is felt as a change in pressure from the present value at
the pressure gauge.
Stage Hydrograph-is the plotted stage data against chronological time.
------------DIRECT METHOD-----------Measurement of Velocity.
Current Meters- a mechanical device consisting of a rotating

element which rotates due to the reaction of the stream current
with an angular velocity.
Vertical Axis meters
Horizontal Axis Meters
Sounding Weights
Floats
Area Velocity Method.
Dilution Technique- is also known as the chemical method.
Tracers
Electromagnetic Method- based on faradays principle that an

emf is an induced conductor when it cuts a normal magnetic field.
------------INDIRECT METHOD-----------
Thin-plate structure
Long-base weirs
Flumes
Slope Area Method

Chapter 5: Runoff
Runoff- means the drainage or flowing off precipitation from a catchment
area through a surface channel.
Classification of Runoff
Direct Runoff it is the part of the runoff which enters the stream
directly after the rainfall. It includes the surface runoff, prompt
interflow, and rainfall on the surface of the stream.
Baseflow it is the delayed flow that reaches the stream

essentially as ground water.
Natural Flow or Virgin Flow is a stream flow in natural condition and is
not affected by any works of human.
Hydrograph is the plot of the discharge against the time chronologically.
Hyetograph is the plot of rainfall intensity against the time chronologically.
Classification of Stream (from the study of the annual hydrograph)
Perennial Stream has considerable amount of flow throughout

the year.
Intermittent Stream has limited contribution to the ground water
Ephemeral Stream one which has no contribution to the ground

water.
Yield is the quantity of surface water that can be expected in a given
period from a stream at the outlet of its catchment.
Chapter 6: Hydrograph
Factors affecting flood hydrograph.

Physiological Factor
Basin Characteristics
Shape
Size
Slope
Nature of the Valley
Elevation
Drainage Density- is defined as the ratio of the total

channel length over the total drainage area.
Infiltration Characteristics
Land use cover
Soil type and geological conditions
Lakes, swamps and others storages
Channel characteristics
Cross-section
Roughness
Storage Capacity
Climatic Factors
Storm characteristics: Precipitation, intensity, duration, magnitude

and movement of storm.
Initial loss
Evapotranspiration
Components of Hydrograph
Rising Limb also known as the concentration curve

represents the increase in discharge due to the gradual building
up of storage in channels and over a catchment surface.
Crest Segment contains the peak flow. The peak flow occurs
when the runoff from the various parts of the catchment
simultaneously contribute amounts to achieve the maximum
amount of flow at the basin outlet.
Recession Limb represents the withdrawal of water from the

storage built up in the basin during the earlier phase of the
hydrograph.
Effective Rainfall also known as the excess rainfall (ER)is the part of the
rainfall that becomes direct runoff at the outlet of the watershed.
DRH Direct Runoff Hydrograph
ERH Effective Rainfall Hyetograph
UHM Unit Hydrograph Method- is defined as the hydrograph of the direct
runoff resulting from one unit depth of rainfall excess occurring uniformly
over the basin and at a uniform rate for a specified duration D.
Two basic assumptions constitute the foundation of UHM.
Time invariance
Linear Response
IUH Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph- is the limiting case of unit hydrograph
of zero duration.
Chapter 7: Floods
Flood is the unusual high stage in a river, normally the level at which the
river overflows its banks and inundates the adjoining area.
Methods in estimating Flood Peak
Rational Method
Empirical Methods
Unit Hydrograph technique
Flood Frequency Studies

Design Flood is the flood adopted for the design of a structure
Spillway Design Flood denotes the maximum discharge that can be
passed in a hydraulic structure without any damage or serious threat to the
stability of the structure.
Standard Project Flood the flood that would result from severe
combinations of meteorological and hydrological factors that are reasonably
applicable to the region.
Probable Maximum Flood the extreme flood that is physically possible in
a region as a result of severemost combinations, including rare
combinations of meteorological and hydrological factors.
Chapter 7: Flood Routing
Flood Routing can be grouped into:

Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Hydrologic Routing Methods (Approximate Method) employ essentially
the equation of continuity.
Reservoir Routing

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Hydrology means the science of water.

It is the science that deals with the

Tropical Cyclone- cyclones formed in tropical regions.

Extratropical Cyclone-are cyclones formed outside the tropical

Weather records- temperature, humidity and wind velocity

Natural-Syphon Type- also known as float-type gauge

Stream flow records

Evaporation and evapotranspiration data

Infiltration characteristics of the study area

Soils of the area

Land use and land cover

Ground water characteristics.

Physical and geological

Water quality data

Atmosphere must have moisture. (Moisture)

There must be sufficient nuclei present to aid condensation.

Weather condition must be good for condensation of water vapour

Area Velocity methods

Slope area method

Staff Gauge- is the simplest stage measurement. It is

Wire Gauge- is a gauge used to measure the water

Automatic Stage Recorders.

Float-Gauge Recorder- uses a float connected in a

over the pulley of a recorder. Rise in the water elevation

Bubble Gauge- In this gauge compressed air is made

------------DIRECT METHOD-----------Measurement of Velocity.

Current Meters- a mechanical device consisting of a rotating

Vertical Axis meters

Horizontal Axis Meters

Area Velocity Method.

Dilution Technique- is also known as the chemical method.

Electromagnetic Method- based on faradays principle that an

Slope Area Method

Baseflow it is the delayed flow that reaches the stream

Perennial Stream has considerable amount of flow throughout

Intermittent Stream has limited contribution to the ground water

Ephemeral Stream one which has no contribution to the ground

Factors affecting flood hydrograph.

Nature of the Valley

Drainage Density- is defined as the ratio of the total

Land use cover

Soil type and geological conditions

Lakes, swamps and others storages

Storm characteristics: Precipitation, intensity, duration, magnitude

Rising Limb also known as the concentration curve

Recession Limb represents the withdrawal of water from the

Unit Hydrograph technique

Flood Frequency Studies

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