Equation Name of Mechanism Mechanism: 4.8, 4.9 Exam Questions Ms 1

4.8, 4.
9 EXAM QUESTIONS MS
1.
(a)
CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl (1)
Equation
Name of mechanism
addition-elimination (1)
Mechanism
(1)
Cl
CH 3 CH 2
CH 3 CH 2
CH 3
+
O
CH 3 CH 2
+
O
CH 3
(1) H
(b)
(1)
Cl
(1)
CH 3
Only the polyester (1) is hydrolysed (1) by alkali
6
2
[8]
2.
(a)
elimination (1)
(b)
melting point increases (1)
boiling point increases(1)

or
they are liquids, the higher members are solids(1)
density increases(1)
viscosity increases(1)
(c)
addition (1)
polymerisation (1)
(d)
max 2
(i)
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH - must show the functional group (1)
(ii)
vapour phase / high temperature (300 50C) (1)
2
1
high pressure 70cl 20 (1)

if high T and high p, then only 1 mark, value for either gives 2nd mark
strong acidic catalyst /H3PO4 (1)
(iii)
electrophilic (1)
addition (1)
2
[11]
3.
(a)
necleophilic addition;
C 2 H 5 or
(CH
3 CH2
M2
CH 3 CH2 C
O
NC
C
O
NC
M4
H+
M1
M3 structure
;
(be lenient on position of charge on CN )
(M2 not allowed independent of M1, but allow M1 for correct
attack on C+
if M2 show as independent first.)
(+on C of C=O loses M2 but ignore + if correct)
(M4 for arrow and lone pair (only allow for correct M3 or
close))
(b)
(i)
2-hydroxybutanoic acid
(ii)
H 3C
H
C
C
COOH
H
H 3C
COOH
C
C
H
1
1
geometric(al) or cis-trans
(c)
(i)
CH 3
(O
CH2
O
1
(one unit only) (ignore brackets or n) (trailing bonds are needed)

(ii)
can be hydrolysed
OR
can be reacted with/attacked by acid/base/nucleophiles/H2O/OH;
(d)
(i)
+
NH 3
CH 3 CH 2
COO
(allow NH3+)
(ii)
NHCH3
CH 3 CH 2
COOH
(or zwitterions product)
(iii)
nucleophilic substitution;
1
1
[14]
4.
(a)
(i)
CH 3
+
H3 N
COO
penalise +NH3 or + on H once per paper
zwitterions
(ii)
CH 3
+
H3 N
COOH
(b)
CH 3
N
(c)
H H O
ignore n, but allow one drawn out repeating unit only
condensation or (nucleophilic) addition-elimination
3-methylpent-2-ene
1
[6]
5.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
CN
(Ignore n or brackets, but trailing bonds are essential)
Addition or radical
(b)
(i)
2-aminobutanoic (acid)
(ii)
1
1
CH 2 CH 3
+
H3N
COOH
H
(c)
(i)
C3H4O2
(ii)
HO
CH 2 CH2
(iii)
OH
(1,4-)butan(e)dioic (acid)
(allow succinic, but not dibutanoic nor butanedicarboxylic acid)
Can be hydrolysed / can react with acid or base or water /

can react with nucleophiles
1
[8]
6.
(a)
(i)
2-methylbut-1-ene (1)
NOT ...butan....
CH 3 CH 2
(ii)
Repeating unit: ( )C
CH 2 ( )
(1)
or 2
CH 3
allow C2H5
Type of polymerisation: addition or radical (1)
(iii)
Name of mechanism: electrophilic substitution (1)
CH 3
Major product:
CH 2 CH 3
(1)
CH 3
(iv)
(b)
CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 (1)
Repeating unit:
O
( )C
O
CH2
CH2
(1)
C N (CH2)6 N( )
CONH
(1)
Type of polymerisation: condensation (1)

Name of linkage: (poly)peptide or (poly)amide (1)
allow outer horizontal bonds to be omitted
allow HO[...........]H if [......] shows the repeating unit; if
brackets missing in the dimer, penalise one
C2H4 or C6H12 first time only
allow CONH
allow polypeptide or polyamide; peptide or amide must be
spelled correctly
Organic points
(1)
Curly arrows: must show movement of a pair of electrons,

i.e. from bond to atom or from lp to atom / space
e.g.
H 3 N:
Br
OR
H 3 N:
H
(2)
H
Br
Structures
penalise sticks (i.e.
) once per paper
H
HO
OH
H
R
or
or
OH
or
HO
NH 3
H 2 N
etc
Penalise once per paper

allow CH3 or CH3 or CH 3 or CH3
or H3C
[10]
7.
(a)
(i)
O
C
(1)
HO
OH
(ii)
allow HOCH2CH2OH (1)
O
C
(iii)
C
O
ester linkage correct ie COOCH2 shown as fully graphical structure (1)

rest of molecule correct including
repeat unit may start and finish in different place

allow e.c.f. from (a)(ii)
(b)
polyesters (1)
(1)
2
1
(c)
(d)
addition: joining together (of monomers with double bond)

one product only (1)
condensation: also involves the elimination of a small molecule (1)
allow specific example e.g. H2O, HCl, CH3OH
poly(ethene) / poly(propene)
condone missing brackets (1)
1
[8]
8.
(a)
(b)
Substance 1: HCl or HBr (1)

Substance 2: AlCl3 / AlBr3 / FeCl3 / FeBr3 (1)
H2C==CH2 + HCl +AlCl3 CH3CH2+ + AlCl4 (1)
Allow 2 equations
(c)
Name of mechanism: electrophilic substitution (1)

(1)
Mechanism:
+
CH 2 CH 3
+
(1)
(d)
(e)
CH 2 CH 3
(1)
(1)
Type of polymerisation: addition (1)

Repeating unit: CH
CH (1)
[10]
9.
(a)
(i)
hexane-1,6-diamine or 1,6-diaminohexane (allow ammine)

or 1,6 hexan(e)diamine (1)
(ii)
( )C
(CH 2 )4 C
(CH 2)6 N ( )
(1)
Allow CONH
(b)
(i)
CH 3
H 2N
COOH
(1)
H
CH 3
H 2N
CH 3
(1)
peptide link essential : the rest is consequential on b(i)

(allow CONH)
(ii)
allow anhydride
(c)
COOH
(i)
CH 3
CH
NH 2
CH
NH 2
CH 3
quaternary ammonium bromide salt (1)

(not ion, not compound)
Allow quarternery
(ii)
Reagent: CH3Br or bromomethane (1)

penalise CH3Cl but allow excess for any halomethane
Condition: excess (CH3Br) (1)

(iii)
nucleophilic substitution (1)
4
[8]
(a)
electrophilic addition (1)
H 2C
(1)
Cl
Cl
(b)
+
H 2C
CH 2
(1)
(1)
(1)
Cl
Cl
CH 2
C 2 H 4 Cl 2
CH 2
10.
CH 2
H
C
or
Cl
Cl
HCl
Cl
(1)
(c)
ester or alkoxy alcohol (1)
(d)
(i)
HOCH2CH2OH (1)
(ii)
high electron density of double bond (1)

repels OH or nucleophile (1)
3
[10]
11.
(a)
(i)
the joining together of monomers / small molecules (1)

to form long chains / large molecules (1)
nCH2 = CH2 (-CH2CH2-)n (1)
(ii)
allow n CH2 CH2 not n C2H4

(b)
1,2-dibromoethane (1)
(c)
electrophilic addition (1)

H
H
C
H
Br
Br
H
H
1
1
Br
:Br
Br
Br
words or diagrams to show attack by p electrons on Br atom

and either +/ on Br2 or e shift on BrBr (1)
correct carbocation intermediate (allow triangular representation) (1)
attack by Br (onto +ve carbon) leading to correct product (1)
(d)
(i)
C 38.71/12 = 3.23 ;
H 9.68/1 = 9.68 ;
O 51.61/16 = 3.23 (1)
ratio C:H:O = 1:3:1 /empirical formula = CH3O (1)

empirical mass = 31 so molecular formula = 2 CH3O = C2H6O2 (1)
(ii)
reagent = NaOH / KOH (1)

conditions = aqueous solution (dependent on first mark) (1)
(iii)
CH2BrCH2Br + 2NaOH
CH2(OH)CH2OH + 2NaBr
product = CH2(OH)CH2OH (condone missing brackets) (1)

correctly balanced (1)
if C2H6O2 given, allow second mark only

for CH2 Br CH2 Br + 2H2O CH2(OH)CH2(OH) + 2HBr
allow 2 marks if reagent in (ii) is H2O or aqueous solution
[15]
(a)
CH3COCl or (CH3CO)2O (1)

AlCl3 or H2O or CH2SO4 loses this mark
CH3COOH loses reagent and M3, M4 = max 3
nucleophilic additionelimination (1)
M1 (CH )
3
(Ph)NH 3
Cl
H
C
CH 3
:
12.
M2
Cl
M3: structure
M4: 3 correct arrows
+
Allow M1 for attack on CH3-C =O
+
Penalise Cl removing H
6
(b)
Conc HNO3 (1)

Conc H2SO4 (1)
HNO3 + 2 H2SO4 NO2+ + H3O+ + 2 HSO4 (2)
(or H2SO4 )
(or H2O + HSO4)
HNO3 / H2SO4 scores 1
Any 2
electrophilic substitution (1)
NHCOCH 3
NHCOCH 3
M1
+NO 2
NO 2
M2 structure
M3 arrow
6
(c)
Sn (or Fe) / HCl or Ni / H2 (1)

NOT LiAlH4 NaBH4
(CH 2 )3 C
(1)
(1)
3
[15]

Equation Name of Mechanism Mechanism: 4.8, 4.9 Exam Questions Ms 1

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4.8, 4.

CH3COCl + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl (1)

Only the polyester (1) is hydrolysed (1) by alkali

melting point increases (1)

boiling point increases(1)

they are liquids, the higher members are solids(1)

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH - must show the functional group (1)

vapour phase / high temperature (300 50C) (1)

high pressure 70cl 20 (1)

(one unit only) (ignore brackets or n) (trailing bonds are needed)

penalise +NH3 or + on H once per paper

condensation or (nucleophilic) addition-elimination

Can be hydrolysed / can react with acid or base or water /

Name of mechanism: electrophilic substitution (1)

Type of polymerisation: condensation (1)

Curly arrows: must show movement of a pair of electrons,

) once per paper

Penalise once per paper

allow HOCH2CH2OH (1)

ester linkage correct ie COOCH2 shown as fully graphical structure (1)

repeat unit may start and finish in different place

addition: joining together (of monomers with double bond)

Substance 1: HCl or HBr (1)

Name of mechanism: electrophilic substitution (1)

Type of polymerisation: addition (1)

hexane-1,6-diamine or 1,6-diaminohexane (allow ammine)

peptide link essential : the rest is consequential on b(i)

quaternary ammonium bromide salt (1)

Reagent: CH3Br or bromomethane (1)

Condition: excess (CH3Br) (1)

nucleophilic substitution (1)

electrophilic addition (1)

ester or alkoxy alcohol (1)

high electron density of double bond (1)

the joining together of monomers / small molecules (1)

nCH2 = CH2 (-CH2CH2-)n (1)

allow n CH2 CH2 not n C2H4

electrophilic addition (1)

words or diagrams to show attack by p electrons on Br atom

O 51.61/16 = 3.23 (1)

ratio C:H:O = 1:3:1 /empirical formula = CH3O (1)

reagent = NaOH / KOH (1)

product = CH2(OH)CH2OH (condone missing brackets) (1)

if C2H6O2 given, allow second mark only

CH3COCl or (CH3CO)2O (1)

nucleophilic additionelimination (1)

Conc HNO3 (1)

electrophilic substitution (1)

Sn (or Fe) / HCl or Ni / H2 (1)

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