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Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It involves biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior. There are three major components to motivation: activation, which is the decision to initiate a behavior; persistence, the continued effort toward a goal despite obstacles; and intensity, the concentration and vigor in pursuing a goal. Psychologists have proposed several theories of motivation, including instinct theory, which suggests behaviors are motivated by innate instincts; drive theory, which proposes we are motivated by biological needs; and arousal theory, which suggests we are motivated to maintain optimal arousal levels. Motivation can also be extrinsic, arising from outside rewards, or intrinsic, arising from within to

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135 views3 pages

External Factors Energy Job Role Goal Results Factors Need Incentive Reward Value Expectations Individual Spends Test Wants Grade Class

Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It involves biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior. There are three major components to motivation: activation, which is the decision to initiate a behavior; persistence, the continued effort toward a goal despite obstacles; and intensity, the concentration and vigor in pursuing a goal. Psychologists have proposed several theories of motivation, including instinct theory, which suggests behaviors are motivated by innate instincts; drive theory, which proposes we are motivated by biological needs; and arousal theory, which suggests we are motivated to maintain optimal arousal levels. Motivation can also be extrinsic, arising from outside rewards, or intrinsic, arising from within to

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Motivation:

Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in


people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or
subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal.
Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and
unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2)
incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the
individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one
has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends
extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better
grade in the class.

Definition:
Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains
goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is
getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain
knowledge.
It involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate
behavior. In everyday usage, the term motivation is frequently used to
describe why a person does something.

Motivation

Clinical Psychology

Psychologist

Study Psychology

Psychology Courses

For example, you might say that a student is so motivated to get into a
clinical psychology program that she spends every night studying.
"The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goaldirected behavior... Motives are the "whys" of behavior - the needs or wants

that drive behavior and explain what we do. We don't actually observe a
motive; rather, we infer that one exists based on the behavior we observe."
(Nevid, 2013)
Psychologists have proposed a number of different theories of motivation,
including drive theory, instinct theory, and humanistic theory.

Components of Motivation
Anyone who has ever had a goal (like wanting to lose ten pounds or wanting
to run a marathon) probably immediately realizes that simply having the
desire to accomplish something is not enough.
Achieving such a goal requires the ability to persist through obstacles and
endurance to keep going in spite of difficulties.
There are three major components to motivation: activation, persistence,
and intensity. Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior, such as
enrolling in a psychology class.
Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may
exist, such as taking more psychology courses in order to earn a degree
although it requires a significant investment of time, energy, and resources.

Finally, intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into
pursuing a goal. For example, one student might coast by without much
effort, while another student will study regularly, participate in discussions
and take advantage of research opportunities outside of class.

Theories of Motivation
So what are the things that actually motivate us to act? Psychologists have
proposed a number of different theories to explain motivation:

Instincts: The instinct theory of motivation suggests that behaviors


are motivated by instincts, which are fixed and inborn patterns of
behavior. Psychologists including William James, Sigmund Freud, and,
William McDougal have proposed a number of basic human drives that
motivate behavior.

Drives and Needs: Many of our behaviors, such as eating, drinking,


and sleeping, are motivated by biology. We have a biological need for

food, water, and sleep, therefore we eat, drink, and sleep. Drive theory
suggests that people have basic biological drives and that our
behaviors are motivated by the need to fulfill these drives.

Arousal Levels: The arousal theory of motivation suggests that


people are motivated to engage in behaviors that help them maintain
their optimal level of arousal. A person with low arousal needs might
pursue relaxing activities, while those with high arousal needs might
be motivated to engage in exciting, thrill-seeking behaviors.

Extrinsic Vs. Intrinsic Motivation


Different types of motivation are frequently described as being either
extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic motivations are those that arise from outside
of the individual and often involve rewards such as trophies, money, social
recognition or praise. Intrinsic motivations are those that arise from within
the individual, such as doing a complicated cross-word puzzle purely for the
personal gratification of solving a problem.

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