Microlink information technology

Departement of accounting and finance

Subject of general psychology
Group mebers
1 Natnael solomon
2 lidya solomon
3 Tizta geremew
4 esmael omer
5 Abel t/michael
6 Bezawit asfaw
7 Hlina daniel
8 Firi worku
9 Yoseph wendyfraw
10 Melake yegezu
11 Tesfanesh gezahegn
12 Aberham ayalew
 Abstract
we often saw motivtion motivation something that stimulates a person to act and behave to
achive a desired goal, while emotion is the feelinges that emerges from the motive or drive itself
from the actions caused by the motive and form the achievement or faliure of the desired goal.
Contents
Section 1 motivation and emotion...............................................................................................................4
Section 1.1 motivation.................................................................................................................................4
Section 1.1.1 types of emotion....................................................................................................................5
Section 1.1.2 theories of motivation and their applicaton............................................................................7
Section 1.1.3 conflict of motives and frustration......................................................................................10
Section 1.2 Emotion..................................................................................................................................12
Section 1.2.1 definition of emotion............................................................................................................12
Section 1.2.2 componentes of emotion......................................................................................................14
Section 1.2.3 theories of emotion and their application.............................................................................16
Section 1 motivation and emotion
Section 1.1 motivation

DEFINITION:-

· Motivation -refers to the process by which motives motivate a individual towards an

action.

· The word itself comes from the latin word 'mover' which means ''to move''. motivation is
what ''moves'' people to the things they do.

· Motivation is he core to being successful. it drives passion, gives joy when goals are
met, gives us optimism in the face of failure. Self motivativated leaders have a tendency
to peruse goals with energy and percistence'.

· Motivation is the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oreinted behaviours'.

· It frequently use to describe why a person does something and driving force behind
human actions.

· Motivation includes the biological, emotional, social and cogenitive forces that activate
human behaviour. it also involves factors that direct and maintain goal-directed actions.
also such motives are rarerly directily observable. As a result, we must often infer the
reasons why people do the things that they do based on observable behaviours.

· ''Powering people to achieve high levels of performance and overcoming barriers in order
to change'' .

· William James , Sigmund Freud , and William McDougal defined motivation they
proposed several basic human drives that motivate behavior.

· It also refers to how driven and happy an employee is in their role. If an employee is
motivated , they are more likely to do a good job and work hard.
 · The biggest motivation :-Self-validation, maintaining a positive self-image ,curiosity ,
autonomy, current mood , other people.

· The best motivation :-''Inspiration does exist , but it must find you working.''

:-''Don't settle for average''

:-''Show up , show up , show up , and after a while the muse shows up

, too.''

:- Don't bunt

Section 1.1.1 types of emotion

Their are two types of motivation

-They are :-1-EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

:-2-INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

1-EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Arises from outside of the individual and often involves external rewards such as trophies ,
money social ,recognition , or praise.

Comes from outside the individual.

This is when motivation comes from ''External'' factors that are given or controlld by others.
salary or praise are good examples.

This type of motivaton is everywhere and frequently used within society.

Extrinsic motivation represents all the things that motivate you based on external rewards.

Deciding to do something because you are told you have to do it by someone else.Doing
something because of external factors , such as needing to achieve a goal , wanting to get
a reward , or seeking to avoid dsadvantage.

EXAMPLES:-Competing in sports for trophies

 -Completing work for money.

-Customer loyalty discounts.

-Buy one , get one free sales .

- Frequent flyer rewards.

=EXTRINSIC factors can have a sizeable impact on a person's health and can affect medical
decision making.

-This factors wield their influence from the outside , that they are enviromental, cultural , or
related to lifestyle.

EXTRINSIC-describes behaviour driven by external rewards or punishement , abstract or

concrete.

2-INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Represents all the things that motivate you based on internal rewards like self-improvement .

Intrinsic motivation -describes all motivational-types driven by internal rewards .

Comes from within the individual.

Is internal and arises from within the individual , such as doing a complicated crossword
puzzle purely for the gratification of solving a problem.

Can arise from the self-generated factors that influence people's behaviour.

Deciding to do something because you intereseted in it and enjoy doing it. Your reasons are
internal , they come from within you , and you are not driven by other people or by an
end result or outcome.

Motivation created ny internal factors -Abstract , personal meaning , the activity is a reward
in itself.

''This stuff is so cool!''

 INTRINSIC - describes the undertaking of an activity for its inherent satisfaction .

EXAMPLES:-Pride -Interest -Joy -Fear

-Integrity -Anger -Hate -Curiosity

-Faith -Love -Affection -Indifference

-Achievement -Confusion

*Examples like learning a new skill , like coding , because you like experencing new things and
not because it's required.

Related examples of the two motivation :-

INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC

=Working hard because you enjoy being =Working hard because you want to earn

good at it. a bonus.

=Taking a walk to relax . =Taking a walk to lose weight .

Section 1.1.2 theories of motivation and their applicaton

Drive Theory of Motivation
• This theory is also called push theory of motivation.
• Hence, according to this theory, behavior is pushed toward goals by driving states within
the person or animal. When an internal driving state is aroused, the individual is pushed
to engage in the behavior (activity) which will lead to a goal that reduces the intensity of
the driving state.
• The advocators of this theory argue that all motivated behaviors are directed toward
reducing tension and arousal caused by internal drives.
• So in this theory internal physiological drives are the sources of motivationMotivation is
composed of the component parts known as:

-physiological needs,
 -driving state,

-goal directed behavior that is initiated by

driving state,

-attainment of the desired goal,

-the reduction of the driving state,

-subjective satisfaction.

Arousal/Optimal Theory of Motivation

• According to this theory human motivation is a process of searching/seeking an optimal
level of arousal, not minimal level of arousal as in the case of drive theory.
• That is, it is a theory of motivation suggesting that behavior can be directed either to
increase arousal or to reduce it to the optimal level.
•
• If arousal is too low, a person will seek situation or stimulus to increase arousal; if
arousal is high, behavior will be directed toward decreasing it.
• For instance, watching sexual film to increase lowered sexual desire, or running away
from noisy party to reduce arousal As limitation is concerned, arousal theory can not
predict what exactly constitute an optimal level of arousal, even though it provides useful
insights into the nature of human motivation.
In other words, it is often difficult to determine ahead of time as to what level of arousal
will be optimal for a given task or situation.

Expectancy/Incentive Theory of Motivation

• Why do people engage in complex, effortful, or even painful behavior such as
working many hours on their jobs, studying long into the night, or performing exercises
that are painful? These questions are answered by theory of motivation known as
expectancy/incentive theAccording to this theory of motivation behavior is pulled, not
pushed, by expectations of desirable outcomes of behaviors or objects outside the
organisms or people in the absence of any knowledge or felt physiological drive statFor
 example, a student reading a textbook does not do so to reduce some biological drive
states.
• Rather he/she would probably does so to simply attain useful and interesting knowledge,
scoring a high grade on the coming up exam, graduating from a college or university.
Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation

• The key assumption of this theory is that setting specific and challenging but
attainable goals can boost motivation and performance, especially when individuals
are committed to reaching the goals and receive feedback on their progress (Baron,
2001).
Maslow’s Theory of motivation: Hierarchy of Motives

• To Maslow, hierarchy of motives refers to the fact that some needs are more powerful
than others depending upon individuals' circumstances In Mallow’s view the higher
motivation comes into play only when the basic needs have been satisfied.
• For example, before a person can be free to engage in self actualization- free to
continue fulfilling his/her potential-he/she has to:

-meet the physiological

-needs for safety and security,

- find love and belonging,

- have self-esteem and esteem of others.
Section 1.1.3 conflict of motives and frustration
Conflict is also called as motivational conflict. It is one important source of frustration. It

results when two or more motives drive behaviour towards incompatible goals.

Some of the earliest theoretical analyses of conflict were by experimental psychologists

who applied basic principles of learning and motivation to the subject. They treated conflict in

terms of positive tendencies to approach certain goals and negative tendencies to avoid

others.

They identified four major ways in which these tendencies could oppose one another and,

thus, defined four major types of conflict. ) Approach-approach.

(ii) Avoidance-avoidance.

(iii) Approach-avoidance.

(iv) Double approach-avoidance or multiple approach avoidance conflict.

(i) Approach-approach:

In this type of conflict a person is faced with two attractive alternatives, only one of which can

be selected. There are two courses that you want to take, but they are scheduled for the

same time. As this example suggests, approach-approach conflicts are usually easy to

resolve. Y ou choose one course and decide to take the other next semester . Approachapproach
conflict become serious only if the choice of one alternative means the loss of an

extremely attractive alternative. Avoidance-avoidance Conflict :

A second type of conflict, avoidance-avoidance, involves two negative goals and is a fairly

common experience. A boy must do his arithmetic homework which he dislikes or get a

spanking. A student must spend the next two days studying for an examination or face the

possibility of failure. A woman must work at a job she intensely dislikes or take the chance of
losing her income. Such conflicts are capsuled in the saying “caught between the devil and

deep blue sea”.

There are two types of behaviour that occurs in this type of conflict.

(i) V acillation of behaviour and thought.

(ii) Desire to leave the conflict situation altogether Avoidance-avoidance conflict generates many
intense emotions. We can all think of things

we do not want to do but must do or face even less desirable alternatives.

(iii) Approach-avoidance Conflict :

The third type of conflict, approach-avoidance, is often the most difficult to resolve because,

in this type of conflict, a person is both attracted and repelled by the same goal object.

Because of the positive valence of the goal, the persons approach it; but as it is approached

the negative valence becomes stronger . If, at some point during the approach to the goal, its
repellent aspects become stronger than

its positive aspects, the person will stop before reaching the goal. Because the goal is not

reached and the individual is frustrated.

(iv) Double Approach Avoidance or Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:

Many of life’s major decisions involve multiple approach- avoidance conflicts, meaning that

several goals with positive and negative valences are involved. Suppose a woman is

engaged to be married; suppose, further , that the goal of marriage has a positive valence

because she loves the man she will be marrying. Suppose, on the other hand that marriage

is repellent to her because it will mean giving up an attractive offer of job in another city . With

respect to her career , the woman is attracted to new job, but also repelled by the problems it

will creates for her marriage.

 Section 1.2 Emotion
Section 1.2.1 definition of emotion.

Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with
thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.There is
currently no scientific consensus on a definition.Emotions are often intertwined with mood,
temperament, personality, disposition, or creativity.

Sixteen faces expressing the human passions-coloured engraving by J. Pass, 1821, after Charles
Le Brun

Research on emotion has increased over the past two decades with many fields contributing
including psychology, medicine, history, sociology of emotions, and computer science. The
numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, function and other aspects of emotions have
fostered more intense research on this topic. Current areas of research in the concept of emotion
include the development of materials that stimulate and elicit emotion. In addition, PET scans
and fMRI scans help study the affective picture processes in the brain.

From a mechanistic perspective, emotions can be defined as "a positive or negative experience
that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." Emotions produce different
physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes. The original role of emotions was to motivate
adaptive behaviors that in the past would have contributed to the passing on of genes through
survival, reproduction, and kin selection.

In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Other theories, however, claim
that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition. Consciously experiencing an emotion is
exhibiting a mental representation of that emotion from a past or hypothetical experience, which
is linked back to a content state of pleasure or displeasure.The content states are established by
verbal explanations of experiences, describing an internal state.
Emotions are complex. There are various theories on the question of whether or not emotions
cause changes in our behaviour. On the one hand, the physiology of emotion is closely linked to
arousal of the nervous system. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people
are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely
to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force
behind motivation. On the other hand, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of
components, which might include motivation, feeling, behaviour, and physiological changes, but
none of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these
components.

Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes,

expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time,
academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James witha
subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with
physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the
components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently
depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes
a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions,
biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multi-componential description of emotion is
found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological
components, cultural or emotional labels (anger, surprise, etc.), expressive body actions, and the
appraisal of situations and contexts.

Different Types of Emotions and How They Are Expressed:

Anger: violence, hostility, resentment, wrath, irritability, fury, and outrage.

Shame: regret, guilt, contrition, chagrin, remorse, and embarrassment.

Sadness: depression, grief, melancholy, gloom, despair, sorrow, and loneliness.

Disgust: scorn, contempt, distaste, disdain, revulsion, and aversion

Fear: anxiety, fright, nervousness, dread, apprehension, and panic.

Surprise: wonder, amazement, astonishment, astound, and shock.

Joy: enjoyment, thrill, delight, bliss, relief, pride, happiness, and ecstasy.

Interest: devotion, acceptance, affection, trust, kindness, love, and friendliness.

types of basic emotion

All the emotions that we feel are made from the above types of emotions. There are more of this
kind and we get them from our family members, friends and other people who are surrounded by
us.

Now as we know about different types of emotions, I want you to understand about feelings too.
I know, I have already shared the difference above but again to get the precise understanding of
these words, here I am going to create a comprehensive table between feeling and emotions .

Section 1.2.2 componentes of emotion

There are three comopontes of emotion

1 cogntive componetes of emotion

2 physiological componetes of emotion

3 behaviour compontes of emotion

1 cogntive compontes of emotion

Cogntive emotions are also connected to thoughtes and memories. Cogntive
prossecs(thinking) plays on important role inentroporting thez eventes that triggarred the
emotional response in the first place. different people may have defferent emotional
expriances even when faced with similar circumstances. Shortly cogntive is the procces
of inoulling the mental process.

2 physiological componetes of emotion

This is relating to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living
organisms and thire parts.
Or it is how the body reacts to an emotion.
For example before sitting an exam your body teens sweaty and your hrart beats faster
the behavioural componetes it is how your expriance and show your
emotion.physicological emotion perepare the body for action by simultaneouusly
activating contain systemes and deactvating others in order to pervent the chaous of
competing systemes operating at the same time allowing for coordinated responese to
enviromental sitmuli.for instance when we are afraid our bodies shut down temporarily
un ended digestive processes resulting in saliva reducation( lardy mouth )blood flows
dissprporrtionaly to the lower half at the body to flee. Emotion certainly prepares the
body for actions.

3 Behaviour componetes of emotion

The behavioral componetes involves facical postural gastuers and vocal response.
Emotions prepare us for the behavior and they are important motivatores as future
behavior. Many of us strive to expriance the feeling of satisfaction , joy ,pride or triumph
in our accomplishmantes and achivementes. For the same time true also work vary hard
to avoid strong negative feelinges.
For example once we have felt the emotion at disgust when drinking the spoiled milk we
generally work very hard to avoid those feeling again.
 Section 1.2.3 theories of emotion and their application

What Is Emotion?

In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and
psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. Emotionality is associated with a
range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.
According to author David G. Myers, human emotion involves "...physiological arousal,
expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

Types of Theories of Emotion

The major theories of emotion can be grouped into three main categories:

1.Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotion.

2.Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.

-The key principles of neurological theories pertain to the neural under pinnigs of cognition and
behaviour.neurological theories of forensic psychology sit closely intertwind with developmental
theories and are concerned with how brain morphology and abnormalities underpin pathological
behaviour.
3.Cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential role in
forming emotions.

-is an approach to psychology that attempts to exaplain human behavior by understanding your
thought processes.for example a therapist is using principle of congitive theory when they teach
you how to identify maladaptive thought patterns and transform them in to constructive ones.

-The main assumption of cognitive theory is that thoughts are the primary determinants
ofemotions and behavior. the cognitive approach to learning believe that internal mental
processes can be scientifically studied.

Evolutionary Theory of Emotion

Naturalist Charles Darwin proposed that emotions evolved because they were adaptive and
allowed humans and animals to survive and reproduce. Feelings of love and affection lead
people to seek mates and reproduce. Feelings of fear compel people to fight or flee the source of
danger.

-According to the evolutionary theory of emotion, our emotions exist because they serve an
adaptive role. Emotions motivate people to respond quickly to stimuli in the environment, which
helps improve the chances of success and survival.

-Understanding the emotions of other people and animals also plays a crucial role in safety and
survival. If you encounter a hissing, spitting, and clawing animal, chances are you will quickly
realize that the animal is frightened or defensive and leave it alone. Being able to interpret
correctly the emotional displays of other people and animals allows you to respond correctly and
avoid danger.

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological theory of

emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange,
the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological
reactions to events.
-According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, an external stimulus leads to a physiological
reaction. Your emotional reaction depends upon how you interpret those physical reactions.

-For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and see a grizzly bear. You begin to
tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will conclude
that you are frightened ("I am trembling. Therefore, I am afraid"). According to this theory of
emotion, you are not trembling because you are frightened. Instead, you feel frightened because
you are trembling.

The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

-Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Walter

Cannon disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion on several different grounds. First, he
suggested, people can experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually
feeling those emotions. For example, your heart might race because you have been exercising,
not because you are afraid.

-Cannon also suggested that emotional responses occur much too quickly to be simply products
of physical states. When you encounter a danger in the environment, you will often feel afraid
before you start to experience the physical symptoms associated with fear, such as shaking
hands, rapid breathing, and a racing heart.

-According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and experience

physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.

-Cannon first proposed his theory in the 1920s, and his work was later expanded on by
physiologist Philip Bard during the 1930s.
-More specifically, the theory proposes that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message
to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. At the same time, the
brain also receives signals triggering the emotional experience. Cannon and Bard’s theory
suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and
that one does not cause the other.

Schachter-Singer Theory

-Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer theory is an example of a
cognitive theory of emotion. This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and
then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an
emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and
labeled, resulting in an emotion.

-Schachter and Singer’s theory draws on both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard
theory. Like the James-Lange theory, the Schachter-Singer theory proposes that people infer
emotions based on physiological responses. The critical factor is the situation and the cognitive
interpretation that people use to label that emotion.
 References
1 www.quora.com

2 psychology today

3 scientific american mind

4 www.google.com

5 book inside change

6 Webester quotations,facts and phrases ( frustration and conflict )