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For An Isentropic Process S S

1) The document discusses isentropic processes and defines them as processes where entropy remains constant (s1=s2). It provides equations relating pressure, temperature, and volume ratios for isentropic processes in gases and liquids. 2) It introduces the concept of isentropic efficiency for turbines and compressors, defined as the ratio of actual work to ideal isentropic work, and is always less than 1 due to irreversibilities. 3) Equations are presented for calculating work transfer internally reversibly in control volumes, relating it to heat transfer, enthalpy changes, and pressure-volume work.

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Roshan Shanmughan
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169 views11 pages

For An Isentropic Process S S

1) The document discusses isentropic processes and defines them as processes where entropy remains constant (s1=s2). It provides equations relating pressure, temperature, and volume ratios for isentropic processes in gases and liquids. 2) It introduces the concept of isentropic efficiency for turbines and compressors, defined as the ratio of actual work to ideal isentropic work, and is always less than 1 due to irreversibilities. 3) Equations are presented for calculating work transfer internally reversibly in control volumes, relating it to heat transfer, enthalpy changes, and pressure-volume work.

Uploaded by

Roshan Shanmughan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Isentropic Processes

For an isentropic process s1= s2


P
s 2 s1 s 2o s1o R ln 2 0
P1
P
s 2o s1o
ln 2
R
P1
s 2o s1o exp( s 2o / R )
P2

exp
o
P1
R
exp(
s

1 / R)

Define relative pressure Pr exps o / R

Pr 2
P2

P
1 s const Pr 1
For ideal gas

v2 T2 P1 T2 Pr1 T2 / Pr 2


v1 T1 P2 T1 Pr 2 T1 / Pr1

Define vr T / Pr , so

v
v2

r2
v1 s const vr 1

Values of Pr and Tr as a function of temperature for air are


tabulated in Table A-22
144

Isentropic Process for ideal gas with constant cv and cP

T2
v2
s 2 s1 cV ln R ln 0
T1
v1
note cV R /(k 1)
1
T
v
0 R
ln 2 ln 2
v1
k 1 T1
1
k 1

T
v
0 ln 2 ln 2
T1
v1
1

1
T
v
0 ln 2 2
T1
v1

Take exponential of both sides


T
exp(0) 1 2
T1

1
k 1

v
2
v1

T2
v1


s

const
T
1 c const v2

k 1

but

v
T2 P2 v2
Pv

substituting 2 2 1
T1 P1v1
P1v1 v2

k 1

145

this yields

P2
v

1 or P1v1k P2 v2k
P1 cs const
v2
const
p

Recall, for a polytropic compression or expansion process


Pvn= const, for the special case of an isentropic process
(adiabatic and reversible) n= k
Combining the two equations yields
1
k

v1 P2
T
2
v2 P1
T1
T2
P

2
T1 cs const
P1
const

1
k 1

k 1
k

146

Control volume entropy rate balance


Similar approach to that used to derive conservation of
energy
m 2
m 1

CONTROL
VOLUME

m 3

Q j
dSCV

m i si m e se S gen
j Tj
i
e
dt
Rate of
Entropy
change

Rate of entropy transfer

Rate of
Entropy
production

If temperature in CV is not uniform Tj corresponds to the


temperature at different points on the control surface
where heat is transferred
For steady-state, one inlet and one outlet, isothermal CV
S gen
1 Q CV
0
sin sout
m T
m
147

Isentropic efficiencies of Turbines and Compressors


Recall, for a turbine First Law (steady-state, neglecting
KE and PE effects and heat losses) yields
P1

Expansion (P2 < P1)

WCV
h1 h2 0
P2
m
S gen
0
An entropy balance yields s 2 s1
m

(Wout)

For an actual turbine, irreversibilities are present, so


accessible states are such that s2 > s1
1
T
P1

2
P2

2s

The state labeled 2s on the T-s and h-s diagrams would be


attained only in the limit of no irreversibilities, i.e.,
internally reversible expansion ( S gen 0 ) and thus s2 = s1
148

The maximum theoretical amount of turbine work output


is obtained for an isentropic expansion
WCV
h1 h2 s
m

Since h1 - h2 < h1 - h2s the actual work produced is less


than the ideal isentropic turbine produces
The difference is gauged by the isentropic turbine
efficiency defined by

WCV / m
h1 h2
t

WCV / m s h1 h2 s
Note, t < 1

149

Recall, for a compressor First Law (steady-state,


neglecting KE and PE effects and heat losses) yields

P1

Compression (P2 > P1)


W CV
h1 h2 0 (Win)
m

P2

An entropy balance yields

s 2 s1

S gen
m

For an actual compressor irreversibilities are always


present so s2 > s1

T
2

P2

2s
P1
1
s

The state labeled 2s on the T-s and h-s diagrams would be


attained only in the limit of no irreversibilities, i.e.,
internally reversible compression where S gen 0 and thus
s2 = s1
150

The minimum theoretical amount of compressor work


required corresponds to isentropic compression
W CV
(h2 s h1 )
m

Since h2 h1 > h2s h1 the actual work input is more than


the ideal isentropic compressor requires
The difference is gauged by the isentropic compressor
efficiency defined by

WCV / m s

WCV / m

h1 h2 s
h1 h2

Note, c < 1

151

Internally Reversible Steady-State Flow Work


For a single inlet and exit (1-inlet, 2-exit) CV at steadystate neglecting KE and PE effects conservation of energy
V12 V22
W CV Q CV
g z1 z 2

h1 h2
m
m
2

For an internally reversible process Q / m Tds


W CV
12 Tds h1 h2
m

Recall:

Tds dh vdp 12 Tds h2 h1 12 vdp

WCV
h2 h1 12 vdP h1 h2
m

For pumps, turbines, compressors when KE= PE= 0

W CV

12 vdP
m int
rev
Pumps and compressors dP > 0 work done on system
Turbines dP < 0 work done by system
152

Total Heat
Transferred

Total Work

Liquids liquid are incompressible, so v1=v2= v


2
WCV

vdP v( P2 P1 )
1
m int
rev

Gases - when each unit of gas through the CV undergoes


a polytropic process Pvn= const
1
2
W CV
n 2 dP

vdP

(
const
)

1 1
int
m

rev
Pn

For the special case of an ideal gas where Pv = RT


nRT1 T2
W CV
1

n 1 T1
m int
rev

n 1,

153

recall, for polytropic process

WCV

int
rev

T2 P2

T1 P1

n 1
n

n 1

nRT1 P2 n

1
n 1 P1

so

n 1

Recall: If the process is internally reversible and adiabatic


(isentropic) for constant cp and cv Pvk= const
Substitute n= k in above equations to get work per unit
mass for isentropic process (implies k const f (T ) )
For the case of n=1: P1v1 = P2v2 T1=T2 (isothermal)
vdP gives:

WCV

RT lnP2 P1
m int
rev

n=1

154

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