Intelligent Digital CCTV

NAAA Show / Seminar
Portland, Oregon 2003
Intelligent Digital CCTV

By:
Charlie R. Pierce
President
LeapFrog Training and Consulting
Http:\\ltctrainingcntr.com
Step 1: Avoid Intimidation

Ask Questions
Investigate simple
computer terminology
Compare technology
Think about your overall
security approach and plan
Look for positive
characteristics to enhance
your current security
position
Step 2: Review Security

Strategies
Electronic
Burglar / Fire Alarms
Access Control
All forms Locks / Barriers
Professional Response
Visual Confirmation:
CCTV
Immediate
After the fact
Evidence
Remember The Five Duties Of

Security
Prevention
Prevent the crime from happening in advance
Deterrence
Deter the crime to an area other than the one being
protected
Detection / Annunciation
Detect and annunciate change or differences
Response
Physically respond to a situation according to the design
Evidence
Produce the necessary evidence to support the accusation
Worldwide Applications And

Principles Of CCTV
Interface the four
principals of Security
equal to the application
1.
Electronic Security
2.
Access Control
3.
4.
Burglar / Fire
All forms of locks and
barriers
CCTV
Professional Response
Defining &
Understanding Analog
& Digital Technologies
Analog Signals Are Frequency Based And Are Antiquated And
Undependable
Digital Signals Are Superior, Numeric Based Codes But Are Generally
Unsupported In The CCTV Industry
Defining Analog Signals

The majority of Current
video transmissions are

analog
Analog signals, are as
waves
Multiple waves make up
a single transmission
Multiple waves take up
band width or space
700 Nanometers
Red
Defining Analog Signals

In Analog, 700nm has
700 Nanometers
Red
an infinite number of
possibilities for
reproduction between
699nm and 701nm
Analog color cannot be
reproduced, to the
exact same
specifications, two
times in a row
Transmissions
Analog signals are frequency
based
Frequency equals resolution or
detail quality of the image
Multiple frequencies packaged
together equals bandwidth
High resolution images require
a broad bandwidth
Video transmits on a
0 10 Meg Hz bandwidth
Transmissions
Because analog signals
are frequency based, they

are easily influenced by
outside interferences such
as:
Radio Frequencies (RF)

Electro Magnetic Induction
(EMI)
Ground Loops / Faults
Weak Signals
Defining Digital
Communications
Digital is defined in a
form of electronic Morse

code using ones and
zeros
Since the digital
language is defined,
700nm Red is always
700nm Red regardless
of the age or quality of
the tape or machine it is
reproduced on
Digital Code 6999nm = 0010

700 Nanometers
Red
Analog
Note: The digital code for the above light waves are fictitious
Defining Digital
Communications
Multiple groups of
codes make up digital

language
Digital language takes
up space or
bandwidth according
to the amount of
information being
transmitted
0011 1101 0101 1101 0011

0001 1101 0001 1110 1010
0100 0101 1011 0011 1101
0101 1101 0011 0001 1101
0001 1110 1010 0100 0101
0011 1101 0101 1101 0011
0001 1101 0001 1110 1010
0100 0101 0011 1101 0101
1101 0011 0001 1101 0001
1110 1010 0100 0101 0011
1101 0101 1101 0011 0001
1101 0001 1110 1010 0100
0101 0011 1101 0101 1101
0011 0001 1101 0001 1110
1010 0100 0101 0011 1101
0101 1101 0011 0001 1101
0001 1110 1010 0100 0101
0011 1101 0101 1101 0011
Defining Digital Compression

Digital code sequences
can be compressed to
increase storage
capabilities
Compression is
accomplished through
various, different
algorithms called engines
Each engine has a name:
Jpeg / Mpeg / Wavelet
Each compression format
has its own set of rules

and strength and/or
weakness
0001 0101 0011 0001

1000 0011 1010 0101
0001 0101 0011 0001
1000 0011 1010 0101
When compressed becomes
0010 1100 0010 1100
The first two repeating
sequences are redefined
into a two sequence
format
Digital Compression Pitfalls

There are several
compression engines in
use in the CCTV industry
today
Wavelet, Jpeg, Mpeg,

H263, etcetera
Two major problems with
decompression of digital
signals:
Color distortion
Detail or resolution
losses
Digital Compression Pitfalls

No standards for compression engines in the
CCTV market
Incompatibility between formats
Number of images per second and quality of
images determine the amount of storage space
necessary to store visual information
Storage space is dictating the amount of information

being stored, not security or evidence needs
Advantages Of Digital
Transmissions
Because Digital is a numeric
base, it is less susceptible to
outside interference from RF,
EMI, and/or Ground loops
Because Digital is a numeric
base, it is more easily pulled
back from weak signals
Digital transmissions still require
bandwidth or space for
transmissions according to the
amount of information being
sent
Compression engines assist
in decreasing the amount of
bandwidth needed to
transmit
1001001011101010101001000101011010111
1010100010101010100101010101011010010
0010101000101010100100101010101010011
1010101010101001010101010010101010101
1110101110100010101010101010101010101
1010101010111010100010101000101010111
1111001010101010101010101000010101010
0010101110001010010100101000010101011
Current Equipment In
The Digital CCTV
Market
Wives Tales And The General Misunderstandings
Of Digital Capabilities
Current Problems Holding Digital At Bay
Digital Cameras In The

Industrial CCTV Market 2003
Current cameras in the CCTV industry are either:
Digitally enhanced (95% of all cameras)

Fully digital with analog & digital output capabilities (less than 5%) **
Referred to as Network or IP Network Cameras
Digital enhancements include:
Enhanced sensitivity
Back-lighting enhancement
Color Enhancements
Auto Lens Balance / adjustments
Character generation
Video motion detection
Digitally Enhanced Cameras In

The CCTV Market
Image starts in the
analog format
Translated into digital
language inside camera
Enhancements are
added
Digital image is
translated into analog
format for transmission
00101011101010010100010101110
11011101010100101011101010010
10101010010000101111011010101
00101010101010101010001010101
01001010100001010111011010101
01110101010101000010101010101
01010101010101010101001010100
10101010010101010010101010100
Digital
Analog
Current Problems
Each product that digitizes
the video signal can cost

the system resolution
Resolution defines the

quality of the image
Resolution defines the
detail of the image
QS-MX Quad Display

VC R
SEQ
H OME
mode
EJECT
disp la y
TIME L APSE
VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER
computar
P OW E R
10
Recorders And Recording

Techniques
Recorders come in five different industrial formats:
Time-lapse
Event
24 hr High Density
72 hr High Density
DAT / Digital Hard Drive / Digital Floppy
Digital recording techniques give a good quality digital
recorder the ability to mimic any/all of the accepted

recording formats of the industry
11
Time-lapse Recording
Time-Lapse recording
techniques are used to take
individual images with time
lapsing between
With VHS, time-lapse
recorders could make a two
hour cassettes last for up-to
nine hundred, plus hours
Digital Time-lapse is only
restricted by storage space
Use to record long periods
of time in low activity areas
Time loss factors apply
according to the application
Event Recording
Designed to record
specific events as
triggered by an action of
some sort
Event storage space is
determined by a
combination of:
Average duration of event

Total number of events in
a given period of time
Quality of image required
12
24 & 72 Hour Recording

Originally designed to increase the number of
frames able to be recorded on a VHS tape in the

24 or 72 hour mode for work with Multiplexers
More or less obsolete due to digital versatility
Digital systems can be programmed to record

according to several combinations of options
Frames per second and/or
Total recording time over any period and/or
Quality of image
Video Storage Systems

Magnetic Tape
VHS
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Hard Drive
Digital Disc - Floppy / CD / DVD
Digital Management Systems
13
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Resolution according to
VHS Cassette
VHS Video Tape
DAT Tape
DAT Cassette
preset programming
Advanced digital search
and marking capability
Smaller tapes for storage
More than 20,000 uses
before destruction
Less overall recording
time per tape or disc
restricting uses
Digital Disk Machine

Resolution according to preset programming
and storage parameters

CD / DVD / Hard Drive Formats
Quick, accurate, digital search modes
Limited storage space according to:
Quality or resolution of recorded images

Number of images per second and
Total recording time
14
The Process Of Going Digital

1. Learn some basic language of computers
2. Review the existing system components and
3.
4.
5.
6.
applications
Learn the major differences within the digital
management systems for best desired results
Verify compatibility of existing system
components with available technology
Verify compatibility of new system with future
plans
Lay out the proposed system on paper
Step 1: Learn The Language

Know the basic language of computer
systems and the affect on your decisions

for CCTV digital management
Server
Network
Ethernet
IP Address
LAN / WAN
15
Local Area Network (LAN)

Local Area Network
Allows for multiple users on a
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Hub
IBM Compatible
single server through a

central hub
Master data base available to
all users
Users able to manipulate
data within individual
program(s) at a time
IBM Compatible
Wide Area Network - (WAN)

World wide system
communication between like

or attached systems via:
Modem / Internet
Satellite / Wireless
Multiple user capability
Two way communication
Speed of communication
dependant upon method of
connection
LAN
Wide Area Network

(WAN)
City
IBM Compatible
LAN
City
Laptop computer
IBM Compatible
LAN
City
IBM Compatible
16
Ethernet
Hardware highway for
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Ethernet
Workstation
information communication
within the computer system
Faster than standard BUS
systems
Allows for break in
communication from server
without loosing individual
communications between
stations
IBM Compatible
Juke Box
Based upon the same
principals of a record juke box
Automatically routes
information to DAT / CD / DVD

in recording slots for archiving
of video information according
to predetermined programming
Can be located at individual
points throughout system or as
master archive at server point
Can be set in tandem multiples
for larger systems
DAT Tape
DAT Tape
DAT Tape
DAT Tape
DAT
Juke Box
17
Step 2: Existing System

Review
Cameras / transmission
S E TU P
LI N E
FA UL T
P O RT 0
P O RT 1
M O D S YN
V ID S YN C
P O WER
TIME LAPSE
LAGER
W INE
TOTAL
03 . 60
01 . 20
04 . 80
CASH
10 . 00
CHANGE
05 . 20
13 05 96
TILL 0005/A1
systems must be compatible

with existing digital
management technology
provided composite video
format
Controller will remain with
system for pan/tilt - zoom
functions
Multiplexer(s) / Switcher(s) /
Recorders(s) probably replaced
by digital management system
Review Equipment Within The

System
Verify the all existing equipment
within your current system by:

Manufacturer
Model
Type
Camera
Recorder
Multiplexer
Monitor
Digital Video Motion

Detector
EJECT
TIME LAPSE
P OWER
VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDER
18
Review The Applications Of

The System
Redefine the purpose of each
camera within the system

Group each into a category
according to visual information
needs
Personal ID
Action ID
Evidence
Use multiple applications where
necessary
Digital Recorders
Resolution according to preset programming and storage
parameters
CD / DVD / Hard Drive Formats

Quick, accurate, digital search modes
Limited storage space according to:
Quality or resolution of recorded images

Number of images per second and
Total recording time
Each machine has its own Protocol, algorithm, and compression
format
Video information is not able to be shared between machine
19
Digital Management Systems

These systems
redefine the
entire process of
CCTV design
from the
multiplexer down
Digital Management System

Specifications
System management,
techniques, and capabilities

differ greatly between existing
digital systems
Layout, control, user access,
and final information
reproduction differs greatly
between existing digital
systems
Look for key factors that best
suit your needs
20
Digital Layout Options

# 1: Simple LAN
No local DAT archiving
Limited local archiving
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Hub
IBM Compatible
according to unit storage

capability
If server, hub, or any other
portion of main system fails,
entire system archiving fails
Usually requires very large Juke
box or large tandem arrays to
properly monitor entire system
IBM Compatible
Digital Layout Options # 1:

Advanced LAN
If server fails, system continues
to operate on local network

local archiving may be available
on DAT as an option
Juke box archiving available at
local level and/or server
TIME LAPSE
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
TIME LAPSE
Hub
TIME LAPSE
IBM Compatible
21
Digital Management System

Advantages
Able to recall information at
any time based upon:
Day / Date
Hour / Minute / Second
Video Frame
Alarm number
Camera # or Name
Guard Comments
Complete system
integration available due

to PC base programming
and functions
100 percent system
monitoring at all times
without need of visual
image
Pitfalls Of Digital Management

Systems
Tend to be expensive at
startup, but buy back

through versatility fairly
quick
Potential resolution loss
due to analog / digital /
analog conversions
No set standards for
storage formats
22
Digital Management
Applications
Systems requiring immediate video verification of
incidents such as Casinos

Systems with large numbers of cameras requiring
individual programming such as Hotels
Systems with multiple, simultaneous recording
needs (i.e.: 24 hour, time-lapse, event) such as
banks, airports, schools and/or multiple branch
companies
Buyer Beware!
Work with Professionals with
Proven Technologies!
23
Verify Through Demonstration /

Testing
Upgrades to, and/or new design
of a digital management system

is a major investment
Ask for either on-site or off-site
demonstration, prior to final
decision of which system you
choose
Learn the language and what it
means to you
Compare completely and look
for the loop holes
Buyer Beware!
There are no set standards on digital format for storage of
video images. Consequently the system that you

purchase today, may end up obsolete within the first three
to five years of operation
24
Buyer Beware!
If your digital storage system crashes and you do not
have adequate backup systems in place, you lose control

and data.
Evidence for court will have to be produced in original
format therefore:
Insure that your system will dump the original data, in digital
format, with all alogarythms in place
Buyer Beware!
Proper encryption or watermarks should be part
of your general digital recording format to insure

Originality of recorded information
25
LeapFrog Training & Consulting

LTCtrainingcntr.com
26

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NAAA Show / Seminar

Portland, Oregon 2003

Intelligent Digital CCTV

Step 1: Avoid Intimidation

Step 2: Review Security

Burglar / Fire Alarms

All forms Locks / Barriers

Remember The Five Duties Of

Worldwide Applications And

Defining Analog Signals

video transmissions are

Defining Analog Signals

are frequency based, they

Radio Frequencies (RF)

form of electronic Morse

Digital Code 6999nm = 0010

codes make up digital

0011 1101 0101 1101 0011

Defining Digital Compression

Jpeg / Mpeg / Wavelet

Each compression format

has its own set of rules

0001 0101 0011 0001

Digital Compression Pitfalls

Wavelet, Jpeg, Mpeg,

Two major problems with

Digital Compression Pitfalls

Storage space is dictating the amount of information

Digital Cameras In The

Digitally enhanced (95% of all cameras)

Digital enhancements include:

Digitally Enhanced Cameras In

the video signal can cost

Resolution defines the

QS-MX Quad Display

Recorders And Recording

Digital recording techniques give a good quality digital

recorder the ability to mimic any/all of the accepted

Average duration of event

24 & 72 Hour Recording

frames able to be recorded on a VHS tape in the

Digital systems can be programmed to record

Video Storage Systems

Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Digital Disk Machine

and storage parameters

Quality or resolution of recorded images

The Process Of Going Digital

Step 1: Learn The Language

systems and the affect on your decisions

Local Area Network (LAN)

single server through a

Wide Area Network - (WAN)

communication between like

Wide Area Network

principals of a record juke box

information to DAT / CD / DVD

Step 2: Existing System

systems must be compatible