UNIT III Introduction To Microcontroller

Introduction
to
Microcontrollers
8051 Microcontroller 2
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are separate timer are all on a single chip
• Designer can decide on the • Fix amount of on-chip ROM,

amount of ROM, RAM and I/O RAM, I/O ports
ports.
• For applications in which cost,
• Expansive power and space are critical
• Versatility • Not Expansive
• General-purpose • Single-purpose
8051 CPU Operation
1. Features
2. Pin Diagram
3. Block Diagram
8051 Microcontroller
• Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS- 51, in
1981.
• The 8051 is an 8-bit processor

– The CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time
• The 8051 became widely popular after allowing

other manufactures to make and market any
flavor of the 8051.
8051 Family
• The 8051 is a subset of the 8052
• The 8031 is a ROM-less 8051
– Add external ROM to it
– You lose two ports, and leave only 2 ports for I/O operations
8051 Features
• 64KB Program Memory address space
• 64KB Data Memory address space
• 4K bytes of on-chip Program Memory
• 128 bytes of on-chip Data RAM
• 32 bidirectional and individually addressable I/0 lines
• Two 16-bit timer/counters
• Full duplex UART
• 6-source/5-vector interrupt structure with two priority
levels
• On-chip clock oscillator
Pin Description of the 8051
• 8051 family members (e.g., 8751, 89C51, 89C52,
DS89C4x0)
– Have 40 pins dedicated for various functions such as I/O, RD,
WR, address, data, and interrupts.
– Come in different packages, such as
• DIP(dual in-line package),
• QFP(quad flat package), and
• LLC(leadless chip carrier)
• Some companies provide a 20-pin version of the 8051

with a reduced number of I/O ports for less demanding
applications
Pin Diagram of the 8051
XTAL1 and XTAL2
• The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an
external clock to run it
– A quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin19)
and XTAL2 (pin18)
– The quartz crystal oscillator also needs two capacitors of 30 pF
value
XTAL1 and XTAL2 …..
• If you use a frequency source other than a crystal
oscillator, such as a TTL oscillator:
– It will be connected to XTAL1
– XTAL2 is left unconnected
XTAL1 and XTAL2 …..
• The speed of 8051 refers to the maximum oscillator
frequency connected to XTAL.
• We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using

the oscilloscope.
RST
• RESET pin is an input and is active high (normally low)
• Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will
reset and terminate all activities
• This is often referred to as a power-on reset
• Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in the registers to
be lost
RST
• In order for the RESET input to be effective, it must have
a minimum duration of 2 machine cycles.
• In other words, the high pulse must be high for a
minimum of 2 machine cycles before it is allowed to go
low.
EA’
• EA’, “external access’’, is an input pin and
must be connected to Vcc or GND
• The 8051 family members all come with on-

chip ROM to store programs and also have
an external code and data memory.
• Normally EA pin is connected to Vcc
• EA pin must be connected to GND to

indicate that the code or data is stored
externally.
PSEN’ and ALE
• PSEN, “program store enable’’, is an
output pin
• This pin is connected to the OE pin of the

external memory.
• For External Code Memory, PSEN’ = 0
• For External Data Memory, PSEN’ = 1
• ALE pin is used for demultiplexing the

address and data.
I/O Port Pins
• The four 8-bit I/O ports P0, P1, P2
and P3 each uses 8 pins.
• All the ports upon RESET are

configured as output, ready to be
used as input ports by the external
device.
Port 0
• Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7.
• When connecting an 8051 to an external

memory, port 0 provides both address and
data.
• The 8051 multiplexes address and data

through port 0 to save pins.
• ALE indicates if P0 has address or data.

– When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7
– When ALE=1, it has address A0-A7
Port 1 and Port 2
• In 8051-based systems with no external
memory connection:
– Both P1 and P2 are used as simple I/O.
• In 8051-based systems with external
memory connections:
– Port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide
the 16-bit address for the external memory.
– P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0 – A7.
– P2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16-bit
address, designated as A8 – A15, and it cannot
be used for I/O.
Port 3
• Port 3 can be used as input or output.
• Port 3 has the additional function of

providing some extremely important
signals
Pin Description Summary
PIN TYPE NAME AND FUNCTION
Vss I Ground: 0 V reference.
Vcc I Power Supply: This is the power supply voltage for normal,
idle, and power-down operation.
P0.0 - P0.7 I/O Port 0: Port 0 is an open-drain, bi-directional I/O port. Port
0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus
during accesses to external program and data memory.
P1.0 - P1.7 I/O Port 1: Port I is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.
P2.0 - P2.7 I/O Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O. Port 2 emits the
high order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16 bit addresses.
P3.0 - P3.7 I/O Port 3: Port 3 is an 8 bit bidirectional I/O port. Port 3 also
serves special features as explained.
Pin Description Summary
PIN TYPE NAME AND FUNCTION
RST I Reset: A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running, resets the device.
ALE O Address Latch Enable: Output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during an access to external memory.
PSEN* O Program Store Enable: The read strobe to external program
memory. When executing code from the external program
memory, PSEN* is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN* activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA*/VPP I External Access Enable/Programming Supply Voltage: EA*
must be externally held low to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations. If EA* Is
held high, the device executes from internal program
memory. This pin also receives the programming supply
voltage Vpp during Flash programming. (applies for 89c5x
MCU's)
General Block Diagram of 8051
Interrupt 4K Timer 0
128 B
Control ROM RAM Timer 1
CPU
Bus Serial
OSC 4 I/O Ports
Control Port
TXD RXD
P0 P1 P2 P3
Detailed Block Diagram
8051
Memory Space
8051 Memory Structure
External
External
60K
64K 64K
SFR
EXT INT 4K
128
EA = 0 EA = 1
Program Memory Data Memory

Internal RAM Structure
Direct
Addressing
Only
SFR [ Special Function
Direct & Registers]
Indirect
Addressing
128 Byte Internal RAM
Special Function Registers [SFR]
Program Status Word [PSW]
C AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P
Carry Parity
Auxiliary Carry User Flag 1
User Flag 0 Register Bank Select Overflow
8051 instructions that affects flag
128 Byte RAM
• There are 128 bytes of RAM in the 8051.
– Assigned addresses 00 to 7FH General Purpose
Area
• The 128 bytes are divided into 3 different
groups as follows:
BIT Addressable
1. A total of 32 bytes from locations 00 to 1F Area
hex are set aside for register banks and the 128 BYTE
stack. INTERNAL RAM
Reg Bank 3
2. A total of 16 bytes from locations 20H to 2FH
Reg Bank 2
are set aside for bit-addressable read/write Register Banks
memory. Reg Bank 1
3. A total of 80 bytes from locations 30H to 7FH Reg Bank 0
are used for read and write storage, called
scratch pad.
8051 RAM with addresses
8051 Register Bank Structure
Bank 3 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
8051 Register Banks with address
8051 Programming Model
8051 Stack
• The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store
information temporarily.
– This information could be data or an address
• The register used to access the stack is called the SP

(stack pointer) register
– The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bit wide, which means
that it can take value of 00 to FFH
– When the 8051 is powered up, the SP register contains value
07
– RAM location 08 is the first location begin used for the stack by
the 8051
8051 Stack
• The storing of a CPU register in the stack is called a PUSH
– SP is pointing to the last used location of the stack
– As we push data onto the stack, the SP is incremented by one
– This is different from many microprocessors
• Loading the contents of the stack back into a CPU

register is called a POP
– With every pop, the top byte of the stack is copied to the
register specified by the instruction and the stack pointer is
decremented once
Bit Addressable & Byte Addressable
Single bit Instructions
Bit Addressable Programming
• Example: Find out to which by each of the following bits
belongs. Give the address of the RAM byte in hex
(a) SETB 42H, (b) CLR 67H, (c) CLR 0FH (d) SETB 28H, (e) CLR 12, (f) SETB 05
8051 Peripheral Overview
1. Timers
2. Serial Port
3. Interrupts
8051
TIMERS
8051 Timer/Counter
OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TLx THx TFx
(8 Bit) (8 Bit) (1 Bit)
C /T 1
T PIN
INTERRUPT
TR
Gate
INT PIN
TMOD Register
GATE:
When set, timer/counter x is enabled, if INTx pin is high
and TRx is set.
When cleared, timer/counter x is enabled, if TRx bit set.
C/T*:
When set, counter operation (input from Tx input pin).
When cleared, timer operation (input from internal clock).
TMOD Register
The TMOD byte is not bit addressable.
TCON Register
8051 Timer Modes
8051 TIMERS
Timer 0 Timer 1
Mode 0 Mode 0
Mode 1 Mode 1
Mode 2 Mode 2
Mode 3
TIMER 0
OSC ÷12
C /T  0
TL0 TH0 TF0
C /T 1
T 0 PIN
TR 0 INTERRUPT
Gate
INT 0 PIN
TIMER 0 – Mode 0
13 Bit Timer / Counter
OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL0 TH0 INTERRUPT
C /T 1 TF0
T 0 PIN
(5 Bit) (8 Bit)
TR 0
Gate
INT 0 PIN
Maximum Count = 1FFFh (0001111111111111)

TIMER 0 – Mode 1
OSC ÷12
C /T 1 TF0
T 0 PIN
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
TR 0
Gate
INT 0 PIN
Maximum Count = FFFFh (1111111111111111)

TIMER 0 – Mode 2
8 Bit Timer / Counter with AUTORELOAD
OSC ÷12
C /T 1 TF0
T 0 PIN
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
TR 0
Gate Reload
INT 0 PIN
TH0
(8 Bit)
Maximum Count = FFh (11111111)

TIMER 0 – Mode 3
Two - 8 Bit Timer / Counter
OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL0 INTERRUPT
C /T 1 TF0
T 0 PIN
(8 Bit)
TR 0
Gate
INT 0 PIN
OSC ÷12 TH0 INTERRUPT

TF1
(8 Bit)
TR1
TIMER 1
OSC ÷12
C /T  0
TL1 TH1 TF1
C /T 1
T 1PIN
INTERRUPT
TR1
Gate
INT1 PIN
TIMER 1 – Mode 0
OSC ÷12
C /T 1 TF1
T 1PIN
(5 Bit) (8 Bit)
TR1
Gate
INT 1 PIN
Maximum Count = 1FFFh (0001111111111111)

TIMER 1 – Mode 1
OSC ÷12
C /T 1 TF1
T 1PIN
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
TR1
Gate
INT 1 PIN
Maximum Count = FFFFh (1111111111111111)

TIMER 1 – Mode 2
8 Bit Timer / Counter with AUTORELOAD
OSC ÷12
C /T 1 TF1
T 1PIN
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
TR1
Gate Reload
INT 1 PIN
TH1
(8 Bit)
Maximum Count = FFh (11111111)

Programming Timers
• Example: Indicate which mode and which timer are
selected for each of the following.
(a) MOV TMOD, #01H (b) MOV TMOD, #20H (c) MOV
TMOD, #12H
• Solution: We convert the value from hex to binary.

(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.
(b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected.
(c) TMOD = 00010010, mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1
are selected.
Programming Timers
• Find the timer’s clock frequency and its period for
various 8051-based system, with the crystal frequency
11.0592 MHz when C/T bit of TMOD is 0.
• Solution:
1/12 × 11.0529 MHz = 921.6 MHz;
T = 1/921.6 kHz = 1.085 us
8051
Serial
8051 Microcontroller
Port 59
Basics of Serial Communication
• Computers transfer data in two ways:
– Parallel: Often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to
transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away.
– Serial: To transfer to a device located many meters away, the

serial method is used. The data is sent one bit at a time.
Basics of Serial Communication
• Serial data communication uses two methods
– Synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time
– Asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time
• There are special IC’s made by many manufacturers for

serial communications.
– UART (universal asynchronous Receiver transmitter)
– USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous Receiver-

transmitter)
Asynchronous – Start & Stop Bit
• Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used
for character-oriented transmissions
– Each character is placed in between start and stop bits, this is
called framing.
– Block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method.
• The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be
one or two bits
• The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit(s) is 1

(high)
Asynchronous – Start & Stop Bit
Data Transfer Rate
• The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is
stated in bps (bits per second).
• Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate.

– It is modem terminology and is defined as the number of
signal changes per second
– In modems, there are occasions when a single change of signal
transfers several bits of data
• As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate

and bps are the same.
8051 Serial Port
• Synchronous and Asynchronous
• SCON Register is used to Control
• Data Transfer through TXd & RXd pins
• Some time - Clock through TXd Pin
• Four Modes of Operation:
Mode 0 :Synchronous Serial Communication

Mode 1 :8-Bit UART with Timer Data Rate
Mode 2 :9-Bit UART with Set Data Rate
Mode 3 :9-Bit UART with Timer Data Rate
Registers related to Serial
Communication
1. SBUF Register
2. SCON Register
3. PCON Register
SBUF Register
• SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial communication.
• For a byte data to be transferred via the TxD line, it must be
placed in the SBUF register.
• The moment a byte is written into SBUF, it is framed with the
start and stop bits and transferred serially via the TxD line.
• SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by 8051 RxD
line.
• When the bits are received serially via RxD, the 8051 deframes
it by eliminating the stop and start bits, making a byte out of
the data received, and then placing it in SBUF.
SBUF Register
• Sample Program:
SCON Register
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
Set when a Cha-

Set to Enable ractor received
Serial Data
reception Set when Stop bit Txed
Enable Multiprocessor 9th Data Bit 9th Data Bit

Communication Mode Sent in Mode 2,3 Received in Mode 2,3
8051 Serial Port – Mode 0
The Serial Port in Mode-0 has the following features:
1. Serial data enters and exits through RXD
2. TXD outputs the clock
3. 8 bits are transmitted / received
4. The baud rate is fixed at (1/12) of the oscillator frequency
1. Serial data enters through RXD

2. Serial data exits through TXD
3. On receive, the stop bit goes into RB8 in SCON
1. Start bit (0)
2. Data bits (8)
3. Stop Bit (1)
5. Baud rate is determined by the Timer 1 over flow rate.

3. 9th data bit (TB8) can be assign value 0 or 1
4. On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON
1.Start bit (0)
2.Data bits (9)
3.Stop Bit (1)
6. Baud rate is programmable

3. 9th data bit (TB8) can be assign value 0 or 1
4. On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON
1.Start bit (0)
2.Data bits (9)
3.Stop Bit (1)
6. Baud rate is determined by Timer 1 overflow rate.
Programming Serial Data Transmission
1. TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the use of timer
1 in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate.
2. The TH1 is loaded with one of the values to set baud rate for serial data
transfer.
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial mode
1, where an 8- bit data is framed with start and stop bits.
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. TI is cleared by CLR TI instruction
6. The character byte to be transferred serially is written into SBUF
register.
7. The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB TI, xx to see
if the character has been transferred completely.
8. To transfer the next byte, go to step 5
Programming Serial Data Reception
1. TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H, indicating the use of timer 1
in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate.
2. TH1 is loaded to set baud rate
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial mode 1,
where an 8- bit data is framed with start and stop bits.
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. RI is cleared by CLR RI instruction
6. The RI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB RI, xx to see if
an entire character has been received yet
7. When RI is raised, SBUF has the byte, its contents are moved into a safe
place.
8. To receive the next character, go to step 5.
Doubling Baud Rate
• There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data
transfer
1. By using a higher frequency crystal
2. By changing a bit in the PCON register
• PCON register is an 8-bit register.
•When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is zero
•We can set it to high by software and thereby double the baud rate.
Doubling Baud Rate (cont…)
8051
Interrupts
INTERRUPTS
• An interrupt is an external or internal event that
interrupts the microcontroller to inform it that a device
needs its service
• A single microcontroller can serve several devices by two

ways:
1. Interrupt
2. Polling
Interrupt Vs Polling
1. Interrupts
– Whenever any device needs its service, the device notifies the
microcontroller by sending it an interrupt signal.
– Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller
interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the device.
– The program which is associated with the interrupt is called the
interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler.
2. Polling
– The microcontroller continuously monitors the status of a
given device.
– When the conditions met, it performs the service.
– After that, it moves on to monitor the next device until every
one is serviced.
Interrupt Vs Polling
• The polling method is not efficient, since it wastes much of
the microcontroller’s time by polling devices that do not
need service.
• The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can
serve many devices (not all at the same time).
• Each devices can get the attention of the microcontroller
based on the assigned priority.
• For the polling method, it is not possible to assign priority
since it checks all devices in a round-robin fashion.
• The microcontroller can also ignore (mask) a device request

for service in Interrupt.
Steps in Executing an Interrupt
1. It finishes the instruction it is executing and saves the address of
the next instruction (PC) on the stack.
2. It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally (i.e:
not on the stack).
3. It jumps to a fixed location in memory, called the interrupt
vector table, that holds the address of the ISR.
4. The microcontroller gets the address of the ISR from the
interrupt vector table and jumps to it.
5. It starts to execute the interrupt service subroutine until it
reaches the last instruction of the subroutine which is RETI
(return from interrupt).
6. Upon executing the RETI instruction, the microcontroller returns
to the place where it was interrupted.
Six Interrupts in 8051
Six interrupts are allocated as follows:
1. Reset – power-up reset.
2. Two interrupts are set aside for the timers.

– one for timer 0 and one for timer 1
3. Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external

interrupts.
– P3.2 and P3.3 are for the external hardware interrupts INT0
(or EX1), and INT1 (or EX2)
4. Serial communication has a single interrupt that

belongs to both receive and transfer.
What events can trigger Interrupts?
• We can configure the 8051 so that any of the following
events will cause an interrupt:
– Timer 0 Overflow.
– Timer 1 Overflow.
– Reception/Transmission of Serial Character.
– External Event 0.
– External Event 1.
• We can configure the 8051 so that when Timer 0

Overflows or when a character is sent/received, the
appropriate interrupt handler routines are called.
8051 Interrupt Vectors
8051 Interrupt related Registers
• The various registers associated with the use of
interrupts are:
– TCON - Edge and Type bits for External Interrupts 0/1
– SCON - RI and TI interrupt flags for RS232
– IE - Enable interrupt sources
– IP - Specify priority of interrupts
Enabling and Disabling an Interrupt
• Upon reset, all interrupts are disabled (masked),
meaning that none will be responded to by the
microcontroller if they are activated.
• The interrupts must be enabled by software in order for

the microcontroller to respond to them.
• There is a register called IE (interrupt enable) that is

responsible for enabling (unmasking) and disabling
(masking) the interrupts.
Interrupt Enable (IE) Register
--
• EA : Global enable/disable.
• --- : Reserved for additional interrupt hardware.
MOV IE,#08h • ES : Enable Serial port interrupt.

or
SETB ET1
• ET1 : Enable Timer 1 control bit.
• EX1 : Enable External 1 interrupt.
• ET0 : Enable Timer 0 control bit.
• EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.
Enabling and Disabling an Interrupt
• Example: Show the instructions to (a) enable the serial interrupt,
timer 0 interrupt, and external hardware interrupt 1 and (b)
disable (mask) the timer 0 interrupt, then (c) show how to disable
all the interrupts with a single instruction.
• Solution:
– (a) MOV IE,#10010110B ;enable serial, timer 0, EX1
• Another way to perform the same manipulation is:
– SETB IE.7 ;EA=1, global enable
– SETB IE.4 ;enable serial interrupt
– SETB IE.1 ;enable Timer 0 interrupt
– SETB IE.2 ;enable EX1
– (b) CLR IE.1 ;mask (disable) timer 0 interrupt only
– (c) CLR IE.7 ;disable all interrupts
Interrupt Priority
• When the 8051 is powered up, the priorities are assigned according
to the following.
• In reality, the priority scheme is nothing but an internal polling

sequence in which the 8051 polls the interrupts in the sequence
listed and responds accordingly.
Interrupt Priority
• We can alter the sequence of interrupt priority by assigning a
higher priority to any one of the interrupts by programming a
register called IP (interrupt priority).
• To give a higher priority to any of the interrupts, we make the
corresponding bit in the IP register high.
Interrupt Priority (IP) Register
Reserved PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0
Serial Port
INT 0 Pin
Timer 1 Pin
INT 1 Pin Timer 0 Pin
Priority bit=1 assigns high priority

Priority bit=0 assigns low priority
Port 1（pins 1-8）

 Port 1 is denoted by P1.

 P1.0 ~ P1.7
 We use P1 as examples to show the operations on ports.
 P1 as an output port (i.e., write CPU data to the external pin)
 P1 as an input port (i.e., read pin data into CPU bus)
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Read latch Vcc
TB2
Load(L1)
Internal D Q P1.X
CPU bus P1.X pin
Write to Clk Q M
latch 1
TB1
Read pin P0.x
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 Each pin of I/O ports
 Internal CPU bus：communicate with CPU
 A D latch store the value of this pin
 D latch is controlled by “Write to latch”
 Write to latch＝1：write data into the D latch
 2 Tri-state buffer：
 TB1: controlled by “Read pin”
 Read pin＝1：really read the data present at the pin
 TB2: controlled by “Read latch”
 Read latch＝1：read value from internal latch
 A transistor M1 gate
 Gate=0: open
 Gate=1: close
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Output Input
Tri-state control
(active high)
L L H H Low
H H Highimpedance
(open-circuit)

RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Read latch Vcc
TB2
2. output pin
1. write a 1 to the pin Load(L1) is Vcc
D Q
1 P1.X
Internal
CPU bus P1.X pin
0 output 1
Write to Clk Q M
latch 1
TB1
Read pin
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Read latch Vcc
TB2
2. output pin
1. write a 0 to the pin Load(L1) is ground
D Q
0 P1.X
Internal
CPU bus P1.X pin
1 output 0
Write to Clk Q M
latch 1
TB1
Read pin
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 Send data to Port 1：
MOV A,#55H
BACK: MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY
CPL A
SJMP BACK
 Let P1 toggle.
 You can write to P1 directly.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 When reading ports, there are two possibilities：
 Read the status of the input pin. （from external pin value）
 MOV A, PX
 JNB P2.1, TARGET ; jump if P2.1 is not set
 JB P2.1, TARGET ; jump if P2.1 is set
 Figures C-11, C-12
 Read the internal latch of the output port.
 ANL P1, A ; P1 ← P1 AND A
 ORL P1, A ; P1 ← P1 OR A
 INC P1 ; increase P1
 Figure C-17
 Table C-6 Read-Modify-Write Instruction (or Table 8-5)
 See Section 8.3
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1
TB2 external pin=High
1. write a 1 to the pin MOV Load(L1)
P1,#0FFH
1 1 P1.X pin
Internal CPU D Q
bus
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q
TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read
latch=0 Write to latch=1
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Read latch Vcc 2. MOV A,P1
TB2
1. write a 1 to the pin Load(L1) external pin=Low
MOV P1,#0FFH
1 0 P1.X pin
Internal CPU D Q
bus
P1.X
0 M1
Write to latch Clk Q
TB1
Read pin
3. Read pin=1 Read
latch=0 Write to latch=1
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 In order to make P1 an input, the port must be programmed by writing 1
to all the bit.
MOV A,#0FFH ;A=11111111B

MOV P1,A ;make P1 an input port
BACK: MOV A,P1 ;get data from P0
MOV P2,A ;send data to P2
SJMP BACK
 To be an input port, P0, P1, P2 and P3 have similar methods.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 Following are instructions for reading external pins of ports:
Mnemonics Examples Description

Bring into A the data at P2
MOV A,PX MOV A,P2
pins
JNB PX.Y,.. JNB P2.1,TARGET Jump if pin P2.1 is low
JB PX.Y,.. JB P1.3,TARGET Jump if pin P1.3 is high
MOV C,PX.Y MOV C,P2.4 Copy status of pin P2.4 to CY

 Exclusive-or the Port 1：
MOV P1,#55H ;P1=01010101
ORL P1,#0F0H ;P1=11110101
1. The read latch activates TB2 and bring the data from the Q latch into
CPU.
 Read P1.0=0
2. CPU performs an operation.
 This data is ORed with bit 1 of register A. Get 1.
3. The latch is modified.
 D latch of P1.0 has value 1.
4. The result is written to the external pin.
 External pin (pin 1: P1.0) has value 1.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
1. Read pin=0 Read latch=1 Write to
latch=0 (Assume P1.X=0 initially)
Read latch Vcc

TB2
2. CPU compute P1.X OR 1 Load(L1)
0 4. P1.X=1
0 1 P1.X pin
Internal CPU D Q
bus
1 P1.X
0
Write to latch Clk Q M1
3. write result to latch Read
pin=0 Read latch=0
Write to latch=1
TB1
Read pin
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 Read-modify-write Instructions
 Table C-6
 This features combines 3 actions in a single instruction：
1. CPU reads the latch of the port
2. CPU perform the operation
3. Modifying the latch
4. Writing to the pin
 Note that 8 pins of P1 work independently.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 Exclusive-or the Port 1：
MOV P1,#55H ;P1=01010101
AGAIN: XOR P1,#0FFH ;complement
ACALL DELAY
SJMP AGAIN
 Note that the XOR of 55H and FFH gives AAH.
 XOR of AAH and FFH gives 55H.
 The instruction read the data in the latch (not from the pin).
 The instruction result will put into the latch and the pin.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Mnemonics Example
ANL ANL P1,A

ORL ORL P1,A
XRL XRL P1,A
JBC PX.Y, JBC P1.1,
TARGET
CPL TARGET
CPL P1.2
INC INC P1
DEC DEC P1
DJNZ PX, DJNZ P1,TARGET
TARGET
MOV PX.Y,C MOV P1.2,C
CLR PX.Y CLR P1.3
SETB PX.Y SETB P1.4
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 How to write the data to a pin？
 How to read the data from the pin？
 Read the value present at the external pin.
 Why we need to set the pin first？
 Read the value come from the latch（not from the external
pin）.
 Why the instruction is called read-modify write?
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 P1, P2, and P3 have internal pull-up resisters.
 P1, P2, and P3 are not open drain.
 P0 has no internal pull-up resistors and does not connects to
Vcc inside the 8051.
 P0 is open drain.
 Compare the figures of P1.X and P0.X. 
 However, for a programmer, it is the same to program P0, P1,
P2 and P3.
 All the ports upon RESET are configured as output.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Read latch
TB2
Internal D Q P0.X
CPU bus P1.X pin
Write to Clk Q M
latch 1
TB1
Read pin
P1.x
8051 IC
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 P0 is an open drain.
 Open drain is a term used for MOS chips in the same way
that open collector is used for TTL chips. 
 When P0 is used for simple data I/O we must connect it to
external pull-up resistors.
 Each pin of P0 must be connected externally to a 10K
ohm pull-up resistor.
 With external pull-up resistors connected upon reset, port
0 is configured as an output port.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
Vcc
10 K
P0.0
Port
DS5000 P0.1
P0.2
8751 P0.3
8951 P0.4 0
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
 When connecting an 8051/8031 to an external memory, the 8051
uses ports to send addresses and read instructions.
 8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory.
 16-bit address：P0 provides both address A0-A7, P2 provides
address A8-A15.
 Also, P0 provides data lines D0-D7.
 When P0 is used for address/data multiplexing, it is connected to
the 74LS373 to latch the address.
 There is no need for external pull-up resistors as shown in
Chapter 14.
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
PSEN O
ALE G 74LS373 E
O
P0.0 C
A0
D
P0.7 A7
D0
D7
EA
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A15
8051 ROM
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
2. 74373 latches
1. Send address
PSEN the address and O
to ROM
ALE send to ROM E
G 74LS373 O
P0.0 C
A0
D
P0.7 A7
Address
D0
D7
EA
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A12
8051 ROM
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES
2. 74373 latches
the address and
PSEN send to ROM O
ALE G 74LS373 E
O
P0.0 C
A0
D
P0.7 Address A7
D0
D7
EA 3. ROM send the
instruction back
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A12
8051 ROM
RMKCET/EEE/VAC/ES

UNIT III Introduction To Microcontroller

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UNIT III Introduction To Microcontroller

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Introduction

• Designer can decide on the • Fix amount of on-chip ROM,

• Versatility • Not Expansive

• The 8051 is an 8-bit processor

• The 8051 became widely popular after allowing

• Some companies provide a 20-pin version of the 8051

• We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using

• The 8051 family members all come with on-

• Normally EA pin is connected to Vcc

• EA pin must be connected to GND to

• This pin is connected to the OE pin of the

• For External Code Memory, PSEN’ = 0

• For External Data Memory, PSEN’ = 1

• ALE pin is used for demultiplexing the

• All the ports upon RESET are

• When connecting an 8051 to an external

• The 8051 multiplexes address and data

• ALE indicates if P0 has address or data.

• Port 3 has the additional function of

Program Memory Data Memory

• The register used to access the stack is called the SP

• Loading the contents of the stack back into a CPU

The TMOD byte is not bit addressable.

Maximum Count = 1FFFh (0001111111111111)

Maximum Count = FFFFh (1111111111111111)

Maximum Count = FFh (11111111)

OSC ÷12 TH0 INTERRUPT

Maximum Count = 1FFFh (0001111111111111)

Maximum Count = FFFFh (1111111111111111)

Maximum Count = FFh (11111111)

• Solution: We convert the value from hex to binary.

1/12 × 11.0529 MHz = 921.6 MHz;

T = 1/921.6 kHz = 1.085 us

– Serial: To transfer to a device located many meters away, the

– Asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time

• There are special IC’s made by many manufacturers for

– USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous Receiver-

• The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit(s) is 1

• Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate.

• As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate

Mode 0 :Synchronous Serial Communication

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI

Set when a Cha-

Enable Multiprocessor 9th Data Bit 9th Data Bit

1. Serial data enters and exits through RXD

2. TXD outputs the clock

3. 8 bits are transmitted / received

4. The baud rate is fixed at (1/12) of the oscillator frequency

1. Serial data enters through RXD

1. Serial data enters through RXD

1. Serial data enters through RXD

• PCON register is an 8-bit register.

•When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is zero

• A single microcontroller can serve several devices by two

• The microcontroller can also ignore (mask) a device request

2. Two interrupts are set aside for the timers.

3. Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external

4. Serial communication has a single interrupt that

• We can configure the 8051 so that when Timer 0