Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 1 of 9

1
2
3
4
5
6

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

7
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
8
9

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.,

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

12
13
14
15
16

No. C 10-03561 WHA

Plaintiff,
v.
GOOGLE INC.,

ORDER DENYING ORACLES

Defendant.
/

INTRODUCTION
In this copyright-infringement action involving an operating system for mobile devices,

17

the Court appointed an expert under Rule 706, who, before the trial herein, testified in a

18

separate case involving different parties. Although that litigation involved the same operating

19

system, he gave no opinion on the operating system and testified only on issues uninvolved in

20

the instant case. Based thereon, plaintiff moves to disqualify the Rule 706 expert from

21

participating in this case. For the reasons stated below, plaintiffs motion is DENIED.

22
23

STATEMENT
Plaintiff Oracle America, Inc., acquired copyrights in the programming platform known

24

as Java. Defendant Google Inc. used Java to compose its Android operating system used in

25

mobile devices. Using the Java language itself violated nothing, all agree, and 95 percent or

26

more of Android constituted an original work by Google. The remaining five percent has

27

become the issue. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that the

28

remaining five percent infringed Oracles copyright in the structure, sequence, and organization
of the Java Application Programming Interface, reversing a decision by this Court that had held

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 2 of 9

the Java structure, sequence, and organization constituted a non-copyrightable method of

operation within the meaning of Section 102(b) of the Copyright Act. The Federal Circuit

remanded the case for further proceedings on Googles fair use defense (and, Google contends,

its equitable defenses) as well as Oracles remedies, including injunctive relief and damages,

which could amount to multiple billions of dollars because Oracle now claims additional

damages based on the period since the first trial.1

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

Early on, the Court appointed an expert pursuant to Rule 706 to testify before the jury

at trial . . . and not [to serve] as a confidential advisor to the judge regarding the issues of

damages (for copyright and patent claims). A memorandum order detailed the need fo a Rule

10

706 expert (Dkt. No. 610 at 3): [I]n light of the parties extremely divergent views on damages

11

and the unusual complexity of the damages aspect of this case, an independent economic expert

12

was needed to aid the jury. After considering the recommendations of the parties, the Court

13

selected Dr. James Kearl of Brigham Young University as the Rule 706 expert (Dkt. No. 374).

14

As required by Rule 706, an order described Dr. Kearls assignment to provide an

15

independent professional analysis and view to inform the jury, in the event liability is found, on

16

the issue of damages on the claims asserted in this action (Dkt. No. 413 at 1). That order also

17

detailed, inter alia, the procedure for Dr. Kearl to review the relevant materials in the record,

18

scheduled time for Dr. Kearl to prepare a report, provided that the parties could depose Dr.

19

Kearl, and addressed Dr. Kearls compensation for his work (ibid.).2
Dr. Kearl then produced an expert report (which will eventually be updated in light of

20
21

intervening events). This case has not yet proceeded to the damages phase, so Dr. Kearl has not

22

yet testified herein. Now that the case is back from the Federal Circuit, the parties intend to

23

conduct a new round of damages studies, and the new schedule for the exchange of the parties

24

expert reports includes time for a new Rule 706 expert report, for a deposition of the Rule 706

25
1

26
27
28

The copyright appeal herein was taken to the Federal Circuit rather than the Ninth Circuit because
the appeal included subsidiary patent issues which were then abandoned after the appeal was docketed.
2
A tentative order clarifying Dr. Kearls assignment in light of the remand and the abandonment of the
patent issues will follow shortly after this order issues. The parties and Dr. Kearl shall have an opportunity to
comment on that tentative order.

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 3 of 9

expert, and for party rebuttals to the Rule 706 experts report. Dr. Kearl has also recently been

asked to comment on any Daubert motions that the parties file.

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

The present disqualification motion pertains to Dr. Kearls role as an expert in a separate

action involving different parties, a role he took on after accepting the Rule 706 appointment in

the instant case. In 2012, Apple Inc. commenced a patent-infringement action against Samsung

Electronics Co., Ltd. (and other Samsung entities). Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.,

No. 12-00630 (Judge Lucy H. Koh). Neither Apple nor any Samsung entity is a party in the

instant action, and neither Oracle nor Google was a party in Apple v. Samsung. In that action,

10

Apple claimed that certain software features in Samsungs mobile devices, which implemented

11

a version of Googles Android operating system, infringed Apples patents. Apple sought over

12

two billion dollars in damages from Samsung. For its part, Samsung asserted counterclaims

13

against Apple arising from Apples implementation of certain features in its own devices, which

14

ran Apples iOS operating system. Samsung sought six million dollars in damages.

15

Due to the Android connection, Google agreed to defend and indemnify Samsung as to

16

certain aspects of its defense against Apples affirmative claims but never agreed to pay (and

17

did not pay) for any aspect of Samsungs affirmative case against Apple (Bicks Decl., Exh. 2).

18

Both Google and Samsung retained counsel from the law firm of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart &

19

Sullivan LLP throughout Apple v. Samsung, and Google filed briefs in that case in response to

20

certain third-party discovery issues. (Keker & Van Nest LLP, the law firm that represents

21

Google in our case, had zero role in Apple v. Samsung.)

22

Samsungs counsel retained Dr. Kearl to serve as an expert economist solely to value

23

specific features of Apple products and to evaluate the royalties Apple would have paid to

24

Samsung for a hypothetical license of the Samsungs asserted patents (Kearl Decl. 2). (Again,

25

Apple products, at all material times, used an operating system different from Android.)

26

Neither side asserted any copyright-infringement claims. Dr. Kearl did not discuss Android or

27
28
3

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 4 of 9

Google in any of his work. With the exception of a brief explanation of his role in the instant

matter, Dr. Kearl did not discuss Android or Google in his testimony in Apple v. Samsung.3
In their opening statement in Apple v. Samsung, counsel for Samsung contended that

3
4

Apples case was an attack at Android and that Googles engineers dont need to copy

Apple (Bicks Decl., Exh. 1 at 359, 370). They further stated that Apple had proposed absurd

damages calculations (id. at 377). Finally, referencing Samsungs affirmative claim, counsel

explained that they would show [the jury] how properly to calculate a royalty and referenced

the Samsung patents, Apples infringement theory, and Dr. Kearls methodology (id. at 412).
During Apples cross-examination, Dr. Kearl acknowledged (as he had in his report)

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

9
10

that he used the price that Apple actually charged customers in its App Store ($0.99) for an

11

accused feature (Facetime) in his calculation of the royalty Apple would have paid in a

12

hypothetical license for Samsungs patent covering that feature, even though the value that

13

[Apple] users placed on Facetime is likely higher, and likely many times higher than the actual

14

amount paid by purchasers (Hurst Decl., Exh. 8, 1926, 267374).

15
16

valued counterclaims merely in an attempt to downsize Apples damages claim (Bicks Decl.,

17

Exh. 4 at 3350):
You also now know that [Samsung] hired four experts, Dr.
Schonfeld, Dr. Rao, Mr. Parulski, and Dr. Kearl, who in total were
paid over $5 million again, without what the lawyers have been
paid to pursue a $6 million claim.

18
19
20

Does that make sense? Only in one circumstance, if youre trying

21
22
23
3

24
25
26
27
28

The Court has reviewed the full transcript of Dr. Kearls trial testimony (Dkt. Nos. 1311-10,
1311-11). He made no mention of Android or Google with the exception of the brief reference to his role in this
matter. Additionally, to rule on this motion, the Court asked Dr. Kearl to produce an unredacted copy of his
report and testimony in Apple v. Samsung to the parties herein (Dkt. No. 1322). The parties herein, the parties
in Apple v. Samsung, and Dr. Kearl entered into a protective agreement, and counsel for Samsung produced an
unredacted copy of Dr. Kearls report and his trial and deposition testimony to Oracle and Google. Oracle has
only submitted ten pages of the report in support of its motion, and no mention of Android or Google appears in
those pages. Oracle has not submitted any of Dr. Kearls deposition testimony. The Court is confident that
Oracle would have called attention to any reference to Android or Google in Dr. Kearls report or his deposition
testimony. Accordingly, this order can safely conclude that Dr. Kearl made no reference to Android or Google
in his report or his testimony, with the exception of a brief reference to his role in this matter.

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 5 of 9

1
2
3

And this was an intentional strategy. As Dr. Kearl testified during

4
5
6
7

well-supported and reasonable estimate of the reasonable royalties in light of the objective

evidence of the value of the accused features and the availability of non-infringing substitutes

11
For the Northern District of California

Dr. Kearl now states, I did not intentionally lower my damages estimates. I offered a

10

United States District Court

Why would you use why would you use an artificially low
number? Only one reason. Theyre the plaintiff. Only one reason.
To devalue, to cheapen, to convince you that the patents are not
worth much.

(Kearl Decl. 9).

12

further contends that a Rule 706 expert is no longer necessary. Dr. Kearl, through his counsel,

13

has filed a declaration explaining his work in Apple v. Samsung, although he stated he did not

14

believe it appropriate to oppose Oracles motion, inasmuch as he does not have an adversarial

15

position vis-a-vis either party in this action. Google filed a response brief arguing that the

16

Oracles motion should be denied, although at oral argument on this motion counsel stated,

17

[o]ur position has always been that the Rule 706 expert decision is up to the Court. And were

18

willing to live with what the Court decides (Dkt. No. 1382 at 19). This order follows full

19

briefing and oral argument.

20
21
22
23
24

ANALYSIS
Rule 706 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Appointment Process. On a partys motion or on its own, the
court may order the parties to show cause why expert witnesses
should not be appointed and may ask the parties to submit
nominations. The court may appoint any expert that the parties
agree on and any of its own choosing. But the court may only
appoint someone who consents to act.

25

27

(b) Experts Role. The court must inform the expert of the experts
duties. The court may do so in writing and have a copy filed with
the clerk or may do so orally at a conference in which parties have
an opportunity to participate. The expert:

28

(1) must advise the parties of any findings the expert makes;

26

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 6 of 9

(2) may be deposed by any party;

(3) may be called to testify by the court or any party; and

(4) may be cross-examined by any party, including the party

4
1.
5

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

DR. KEARLS ROLE IN APPLE V. SAMSUNG

Rule 706 itself does not address the independence or neutrality of a court-appointed

expert. Our court of appeals reviews the appointment of a Rule 706 expert for abuse of

discretion. Walker v. Am. Home Shield Long Term Disability Plan, 180 F.3d 1065, 1071 (9th

Cir. 1999). Neither the rule nor any decision from our court of appeals offers guidance for the

10

exercise of that discretion in assessing a Rule 706 experts independence, but several district

11

courts in our circuit have described Rule 706 experts as neutral. See, e.g., Gorton v. Todd,

12

793 F. Supp. 2d 1171, 1177 (E.D. Cal. 2011) (Judge Lawrence K. Karlton) (The Rule only

13

allows a court to appoint a neutral expert.). Often, the appointment of a Rule 706 expert is

14

contrasted with the selection of an expert to be called by an advocate for either side. See, e.g.,

15

Hollis v. Sloan, No. 08-2674, 2010 WL 4069336, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2010) (Judge

16

Kendall J. Newman).

17

Throughout the process of selecting a Rule 706 expert in this matter, the Court sought

18

candidates that could provide a neutral explanation and viewpoint, that had no conflicts,

19

and that were unimpeachable to the extent that the candidate had not taken a position in a

20

prior case that might compromise [his] freedom of movement here (Dkt. Nos. 236 at 2, 610

21

at 4, and 350 at 23). The parties jointly vetted Dr. Kearl for conflicts (and approved) before

22

submitting his name for consideration (Dkt. No. 270). The Court held a hearing further vetting

23

Dr. Kearl and one other candidate (Dkt. No. 350). Considerable effort went into the selection

24

of Dr. Kearl.

25

At oral argument on this motion, counsel for Oracle proposed that a Rule 706 expert

26

should be dismissed if his prior work presents an appearance of impropriety, but counsel did

27

not cite any authority as support. Only one decision has ever mentioned appearance of

28

impropriety, and that was in a dictum. The expert there, the judge found, had not indulged in
6

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 7 of 9

an appearance of impropriety. See In re Silicone Gel Breast Implants Products Liability

Litigation, MDL No. 926, 1999 WL 34815588 (N.D. Ala. Apr. 26, 1999) (Chief Judge Sam C.

Pointer).4

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

Oracle has not pointed to a single statement ever made by Dr. Kearl in the Apple

case (or elsewhere) relating to Android or Google, or one usable to impeach any position he

may take here. Nor could it. Dr. Kearls role was specifically limited to assessing the

reasonable-royalty damages resulting from Apples alleged infringement of Samsungs

patented inventions in Apple devices. That analysis had no relationship to Android or to

10

Google. In short, Dr. Kearl provided no opinion in Apple v. Samsung that compromises his

11

neutrality in the instant case.

12

Oracles argument reduces to the proposition that in the marketplace, Apple remains at

13

war with Google and Samsung (both of whom use Android) and that by testifying at the

14

request of Samsungs counsel, Dr. Kearl allied himself with Google. Googles agreement to

15

defend and indemnify Samsung, Oracle posits, shows the alliance. This argument, to repeat,

16

ignores the critical point that Dr. Kearl steered completely clear of Android and limited himself

17

to consideration of Apples implementation of Samsungs patented inventions. Google only

18

provided financial assistance to Samsungs defense and provided no financial assistance to

19

anyone in connection with the issues on which Dr. Kearl testified. Dr. Kearl only served as an

20

expert as to Samsungs counterclaims.

21
22

Oracle also contends that Samsung only brought its counterclaims against Apple (and
retained Dr. Kearl) as a foil to produce a low-ball study to contrast against Apples affirmative

23
24
25
4

26
27
28

There, the Rule 706 expert organized a conference sponsored in part by a defendant, participated in
a professional meeting organized by a defendant, and discussed serving as a clinical investigator for a
defendant. That decision held that those contacts did not impair [the experts] objectivity, impartiality, or
neutrality . . . [or] result in any bias, conflict of interest, or, when the facts are known, any appearance of bias or
conflict of interest. Id. at *5. That holding rested on a consideration of all of the relevant facts, not just those
selected by a party. Id. at *8.

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 8 of 9

damages claim.5 This type of speculation regarding litigation motives by counsel is too flimsy

to impugn Dr. Kearl. Whether or not Samsung intended its affirmative case to bolster its

defense (and thereby to protect Google as indemnitor), that intention did not inform Dr.

Kearls work. Again, Dr. Kearl did not opine on Apples claims against Samsung or anything

related to Android or Google. Nor did he offer any opinion on the measure of damages for any

copyright claims (neither side had alleged copyright infringement).

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

Nevertheless, Oracle contends that Dr. Kearls involvement in the Apple v. Samsung

case will place it between Scylla and Charybdis. On the one hand, Oracle wishes to cross-

examine Dr. Kearl about issues of bias. On the other hand, Oracle purports to fear that the jury

10

may then infer that the Court has endorsed Googles side by appointing an expert with alleged

11

bias. If this problem arises, the Court will solve it with an admonition to the jury.

12

After full consideration, the Court is firmly convinced that Dr. Kearl remains qualified

13

to serve and will be neutral and fair in this matter and finds that Oracle has failed to supply

14

grounds to the contrary. The motion to disqualify is DENIED.

15

2.

16

Oracle also contends that a Rule 706 expert is no longer necessary in this case because

A RULE 706 EXPERT REMAINS NECESSARY.

17

the damages calculations have been simplified now that Oracle is not asserting any patent

18

claims. It is true that the patent claims have fallen away, but the complexity of the damages

19

issues remain monumental.

20

In the joint case management statement submitted after the reversal, Oracle noted that it

21

seeks damages in an amount that includes (1) Oracles actual damages resulting from

22

Googles infringing activity, including harm to Java, harm to Oracles actual and potential

23

business, and loss of licensing revenues; and (2) Googles profits attributable to the

24

infringement, including all revenues derived directly or indirectly from the exploitation of all

25

products containing the infringing material (Dkt. No. 1273). This could amount to multiple

26
27
28

5
The jury found in Samsungs favor as to one of its two asserted patents and awarded damages in the
amount of $158,400 the amount of Dr. Kearls estimate (Apple v. Samsung, Dkt. No. 1877 at 11 (May 2,
2014).). The jury found in Apples favor on the Samsungs other claim, which Dr. Kearl estimated at just over
six million dollars.

For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

Case 3:10-cv-03561-WHA Document 1383 Filed 11/23/15 Page 9 of 9

billions of dollars. The fact that the patent claims have fallen away does not remove the need

for the jury to understand the roles and relative importance of the accused items as elements of

products, rather than entire products. The damages question remains complicated by the fact

that the parties employ elaborate, nontraditional business models for the products at issue.

Oracles claim for Googles infringement profits is especially challenging because Google, not

Oracle, bears the burden of proving the amount of its offset, if any, for deductible expenses it

incurred in generating the revenues claimed (and proven) by Oracle. See Petrella v. Metro-

Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 572 U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1962, 1973 (2014). Indeed, the Court granted

Oracles recent discovery motion compelling Google to produce numerous internal profit and

10

loss reports that Oracle intends to scour in order to rebut Googles arguments over deductible

11

expenses (Dkt. No. 1372). Additionally, Oracles claim for lost licensing revenues as a

12

component of its actual damages may still rely on the same hypothetical license analysis

13

proffered the first time around.

14

It is worth recalling here that Oracles damages expert, Dr. Iain Cockburn, needed

15

three tries before producing a viable damages study, and parts of his third faced successful

16

challenges as well (Dkt. Nos. 230, 685, 785). Thus, the appointment of a Rule 706 expert

17

proved prescient. Dr. Kearls continued involvement will be useful both in assisting the

18

jury in comprehending the complexity of the question of damages and in assisting the Court

19

in navigating any Daubert issues that will arise with the parties new damages studies.

20

Accordingly, a Rule 706 expert remains appropriate in this case, subject to the remote

21

possibility that after application of Daubert the surviving damage theories by both sides will be

22

so uncomplicated that a Rule 706 expert will be unnecessary to assist the jury, a possibility the

23

Court will consider before the trial gets under way.

24

CONCLUSION

25

Oracles motion is DENIED.

26

IT IS SO ORDERED.

27
28
Dated:

WILLIAM ALSUP
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

November 23, 2015.