IBRA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

APPLIED MECHANICS II
MIME 3101
(Summer-2015)

Higher Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by:
Dr.K.S.Seetharama
Lecturer

Contents
1

Kinetics and kinematics of particles

1-4

Motion with uniform acceleration

4-6

Linear motion of a particle with variable acceleration

7-10

Curvilinear motion of a particle. Motion of projectiles

11-16

Angular motion of a particle

17-19

Oscillatory motion of a particle, Simple Harmonic Motion

20-23

Absolute motion and relative motion .relative velocity

24-27

Newtons laws of motion . work power and energy. Law of

28-30
conservation of momentum
31-32

Work Power And Energy

10

Elastic systems. Collision of elastic bodies

33

11

Kinematics of rigid bodies.

D Alemberts principle

34-37

References

38

12

Chapter 1
Kinematics and Kinetics of a Particle
1.1 Introduction: Applied Mechanics or Engineering Mechanics is a foundation and
framework for most of the branches of engineering. The primary purpose of study of
engineering mechanics is to develop the capacity to predict the effects of force and
motion while carrying out the creative design functions of engineering.
APPLIED MECHANICS

Statics

Dynamics

Kinematics

Kinetics

Statics provides analysis of stationary systems while Dynamics deals with systems that
change with time. The investigation of motion of a rigid body may be separated into two
parts, the geometrical part and the mechanical part. Within the geometrical part
Kinematics the transference of the body from one position to the other is investigated
without respect to the causes of the motion. The change is represented by analytical
formulae.
Statics : Study of a body at rest or a body with uniform motion.
Dynamics: Study of moving body.
Kinematics: Kinematics analyzes the positions and motions of objects as a function of
time, without regard to the causes of motion. It involves the relationships between the
quantities displacement (s), velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t). Thus

Kinematics : Study of Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration of a body.

Kinetics: Study of motion of body and the related forces.
Motion: Body changes position with reference to surroundings
Displacement :
The displacement, of a body between times t1 and t2 is defined to be
the change in position coordinate of the body
Displacement is a vector quantity.

S1

S2

Displacement (s) Change in position in a particular direction s= s2 s1 (units: meter, m)

Velocity: (v): Rate of change of displacement.

Velocity=

change displacement
time

ds
dt

Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration
a=

changevelocity
time
vu
t

dv
dt

(units: meter/second2, m/s2)

where u = initial velocity, m/s

v =final velocity, m/s
t = time, s
if v>u, acceleration is positive
if v<u , acceleration is negative (retardation)

1.2 Different Types of Motions

1.2.1 Motion with Uniform velocity.
Velocity of the body remains same irrespective of time.
For uniform velocity motion,
s
t
1.2.2 Motion with Uniform Acceleration.

Velocity of the body changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.

Formulae:

(1)
(2)
(3)

v=u+a t
s = u t +(1/2) at2
v2 = u2 +2as

For a body moving under gravity, the above equations can be written asfalling down

moving up

v=u+gt

v=ugt

h = u t +(1/2) g t2

h = u t -(1/2) g t2

v2 = u2 +2 g h

v2 = u2 -2 g h

Where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

h = height m

1.3 Practice Problems:

(1) A car accelerates uniformly from a speed of 30 km/h to a speed of 75km/h in 5
seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car and distance travelled in 5 seconds

(2) An automobile is decelerating from a speed of 65km/h at the rate of 1.5 m/s2.
How long will it take to come to rest and how far will it have gone
(3) An automobile travels 360 m in 30 seconds while being accelerated at a constant
rate of 0.5m/s2 .Determine its initial velocity, final velocity and the distance
travelled during first 10 seconds.
(4) A motorist travelling at 15m/s finds a child on the road, 40 m ahead. He instantly
applies brakes so as to stop the car within 5m from the child. Calculate the
retardation and the time required to stop the car.
(5) A stone is dropped from the top a tower 100m high. Another stone is projected
upwards at the same time from the foot of the tower and meets the first stone at a
height of 40 m. Find the velocity with which the second stone is projected
upwards

(6) A body falling freely under the action of gravity passes two points 15 m apart
vertically in 0.3 second. From what height above the higher point, did it start to
fall
ASSIGNMENT
A motorist is travelling at 72km/h . He observes traffic light which is 320 m away
turns red. The traffic light is timed to stay red for 22 seconds. If the motorist wishes
to pass the light without stopping, just as it turns green again, determine (i) the
required uniform deceleration of the car and (ii) the speed of the car

1.4 Linear Motion of a particle with variable acceleration.

Consider a particle moving in a straight path starting from O with variable acceleration as
shown in figure. S is the distance covered in time t when it moves from O to P. s is the
distance covered from P to Q in a small interval of time t.
Displacement = s m
Velocity
v = ds/dt m/s
Acceleration a = dv/dt. m/s2
= d(ds/dt)
dt
= v (dv/ds) m/s2
Similarly,

Velocity,

v=

Displacement s=

a.dt

v.dt

Example 1

A particle has a displacement from point O given by s = t 3 t2 + 4 t.Where s is in metres

and t is time in seconds.Find the displacement from point O, velocity and acceleration of
the particle at time t = 2 s.
Solution
s = t3 t2 + 4 t.
for t =2
s = 23 22 + 4 *2
= 8- 4 + 8
= 12 m.
Differentiating this equation with respect to t, we get the velocity
v = 3 t2 2 t +4
put t =2
v = 3 *22 2 *2 +4
= 12 -4 +4
= 12 m/s
Again differentiating the velocity equation w.r.t. time we get acceleration.
v = 3 t2 2 t +4
a = 3 *2t 2 + 0
put t =2
a = 3*2*2 -2
= 10 m/ s2
Example 2
A body starting from rest moves with a variable acceleration such that the
acceleration, a , of the particle, at time t seconds is given by:

a=4

t
20

m/ s2 . Find the distance travelled by the body after 80 seconds.

Solution
First integrate the acceleration to obtain the velocity

Velocity, v

= a dt
= (4 t/20) dt
= 4t t2/ 40 + C1

To find the value of the constant C1 , note that the particle is initially at rest, so that
v = 0 when t =0. Substituting these values shows that C1 =0. Hence the velocity is:

v = 4t t2/ 40 m/ s2

The displacement of the particle can be found by integrating the velocity:

s=

(4t t2/ 40 ) dt

= 4 t2/ 2 t3/ 3 *40 + C2

To find the constant C2 , assume that the particle starts at the origin, so that s =0 for t =0
Hence C2 =0and the displacement at time t is given by:
s = 4 t2/ 2 t3/ 120
To find the distance travelled in 80 seconds, substitute s = 80 in the equation.
s = (4 * 802 /2) - (803 / 120)
=4* 6400 /2 -512000 /120
= 4* 3200 4266.66 m
= 8533.33 m.

1.5 Practice Problems

1 The equation of motion of a particle is
s = - 6 - 5t2 + t3
where s is in meters and t is in seconds.
Calculate (i) The displacement and the acceleration when the velocity is zero.
(ii) The displacement and the velocity when the acceleration is zero.
2 A body moving in a straight line has the equation of motion given by
s = 2 t3 -4t +10
where s is measured in meters and t in seconds.
Determine
(i)
Time required for the body to reach a velocity of 68 m/s starting from rest.
(ii)
The acceleration of the body when the velocity is equal to 32 m/s.
(iii)
The net displacement of the body between the time interval of t= 0 to t = 4 s.
3 A car travels along a straight path such that the distance travelled is directly
proportional to the cube of time of travel .If it travels 216 m during the first minute, find
the displacement, velocity and acceleration just at the start and 10 s after starting.
4 A train starting from rest is accelerated and the acceleration at any instant is given by, 3/
(v+1) m/s. where v is the velocity of the body in m/s. find the distance in which the train
attains a velocity of 48 km/ hr.
5 The acceleration of a particle moving in a straight line is given by a = 30t 10.where a
is in m/s2 and t is s. If it is known that its displacement at t = 0 and t = 5 s are, -25 m and
+ 25 m respectively, calculate displacement and velocity at t = 6 s.
6 The equation for acceleration of a particle starting from rest and moving in a straight
line is given by a = 10 0.006 s2 , where a is in m/ s2 , s in meters, determine
The velocity of the particle when it has travelled 20 meters.
The distance travelled by the particle when it comes to rest.
ASSIGNMENT
A particle moves along a straight line in a viscous medium with acceleration a = -2/x2
where a and x are in m/s2 and m respectively. Knowing that x = 1 m and v = 2 m/s at
t = 1 s , determine the position and velocity of the particle at t = 4 s.

10

Chapter 2
Curvilinear motion of Particles.
When a particle moves along a curve, other than straight line, it is in curvilinear motion
To define the position of such a particle, we use x and y axes with O as origin.

Consider a particle moving along a curved path from position P(x,y) to

P (x + x, y + y) , as shown in figure.
Displacement of the particle r = x, + y
Magnitude dr = (x2 + y2)
Direction = tan-1 ( y/x)
Velocity of the particle at any instant is given by the x and y components.
vx = x, where x = dx/dt
vy = y where y = dy/dt.
Similarly, horizontal component of acceleration
ax = d vx / dt = x
Vertical component of acceleration
ax = d vy / dt = y
Example for a body having curvilinear motion
Projectile, a car moving on a road which is not straight. Fish moving in water.

2.1Projectiles

11

A particle thrown into space at an angle traces a parabolic path under the action of gravity
and is called projectile.
Consider a ball simply dropped from a height. It traces a straight-line path and falls just
below the point of dropping.
Similarly if a ball is thrown exactly vertically up will move up in a straight path and falls
back to the same point from where it was projected.
On the other hand if we throw the ball at an angle, it will follow a parabolic path before
reaching the ground at another point. The ball travels in a curvilinear motion.

A shot fired from a gun from the top of a hill will trace a parabolic path as shown below.

12

A Foot ball kicked from ground will have a curvilinear motion as shown below.

13

Terminology:

Trajectory: path of projectile- a parabola

Velocity of projection u: Velocity with which projectile was thrown.
Angle of projection : The angle made by initial velocity vector with horizontal
Range r : Horizontal distance travelled by the particle.
Time of flight: total time taken by the projectile during flight.
Maximum height : Maximum vertical distance covered from the point of projection.
Consider a particle thrown into space at an angle as shown in figure.
if
u = initial velocity of projection.
ux = horizontal component of velocity.
= u cos remains constant
uy = vertical component of velocity.
= u sin

14

Time of flight = (2usin )/ g

Maximum height h = (u2sin 2 )/ 2g
Range r = (u2sin 2 )/ g
Equation of motion of projectile: y = x tan (gx2/ 2u2cos 2 )

An object projected with different angles of projection will trace different paths for the
same initial velocity of projection

2.1,1 Practice problems:

1 A bullet is fired into space at an inclination of 60o with a velocity of 60m/s. Determine
(i) Time of flight.
(ii) Maximum height attained
(iii) At what angle should it be fired to have maximum range and what would be its
magnitude?\

15

2 A rifle bullet is fired and it hits a target at 100 m. If the bullet rises to a maximum
height of 3 cm above the horizontal line between the muzzle of rifle and the point of
impact on the target, find the muzzle velocity.
3 A fighter jet moving horizontally at 108 km/hour, towards a target is at an altitude of
1000m,. It releases a bomb, which hits the target. Estimate the horizontal distance of the
aircraft from the target when it released the bomb .Calculate also the direction and
velocity with which the bomb hits the target.
4 An aircraft is flying at a height of 300 m with a horizontal velocity of 360 km/ hour. A
shell is fired from the ground exactly when the aeroplane is above the gun. What should
be the minimum initial velocity of the shell and the angle of inclination in order to hit the
aeroplane?
5 A shot is fired from the edge of a 150 m high cliff with an initial velocity of 180 m/s at
an inclination of 30o to the horizontal (upwards). Find the horizontal distance from the
gun to the point where the shot strikes the ground. Also find the greatest elevation above
the ground reached by the projectile.
6 A shot is fired with a velocity of 30 m/s from a point 15 m in front of a wall 6 m high.
Find the angle of projection to the horizontal to enable the shot to just clear the top of the
wall.
7 a bullet is fired upwards at an angle of 30 o to the horizontal from a point P on a hill and
it strikes a target which is 80 m lower than P. The initial velocity of the bullet is 100 m/s.
Calculate:
(i) The maximum height to which the bullet will rise above horizontal.
(ii) The actual velocity with which it will strike the target.
(iii) The total time required for the flight of the bullet
(iv)
The horizontal distance between the hill position and the targe
ASSIGNMENT
A man standing at the 18 m level of a tower throws a stone in the horizontal direction.
Knowing that the stone hits the ground 25 m from the bottom of the tower, determine (i)
the initial velocity of the stone (ii) the distance at which a stone would hit the ground if it
were thrown horizontally with the same velocity from a 22m level of the tower.

16

2.2 ANGULAR MOTION OF A PARTICLE

Motion of rotation

Fig 2.21
y
v, at

an

Fig 2.22
In motion of rotation, a particle moves in a circular path. Its position at any instant is
described by the angle covered by it from a fixed axis.
Angular displacement. : Change in angular position with respect to time.
Angular velocity : Rate of change of angular displacement.
17

 = d / dt rad/s
Instantaneous rectilinear velocity is given by v = r
If N is the uniform speed of rotation in revolutions per minute (r.p.m.),
Angular velocity = 2N /60 rad/s.
Angular acceleration : Rate of change of angular velocity.
= d / dt
= d2 / dt2 rad/s2
The acceleration can be resolved into two components. The tangential component and
normal component.
Tangential component of acceleration
at = r (d / dt)
= r
Normal component of acceleration
an = v2 /r
= 2 r.
Equations of linear motion and rotary motion.
Linear motion

v=u+a t
s = u t +(1/2) at2
v2 = u2 +2as

Angular motion

= 0 + t
= 0 t + (1/2)t2
2 = 02 + 2

2.2.1 PRACTICE PROBLEMS.

1 A wheel is rotating about its axis with a constant angular acceleration of 1 rad/s 2 . If the
initial and final angular velocities are 5.25 rad/s and 10.5 rad/s respectively determine
the total angle turned through during the time interval this change of angular velocity
took place.
2 A Wheel accelerates uniformly from rest to 1500 r.p.m. in 15 seconds. What is the
angular acceleration? How many revolutions does the wheel make in attaining the speed
of 1500 r.p.m.?

18

3 A wheel of 1.2 m diameter is mounted on a shaft between two bearings. The wheel is
set rotating from rest by applying a constant moment of 110Nm at the rim and the speed
of the wheel becomes 100 r.p.m. in 10 minutes. Determine
(i) The number of revolutions made by the wheel during this time.
(ii) The angular acceleration of the wheel in rad/s2.
(iii) The work done in rotating the wheel during this time.
(iv) Peripheral velocity of the wheel in metres/min. at 100 r.p.m.
4 The relation between the angle of rotation and the time in case of a rotating body
is given by the equation
= 2t3 + 3t2 +15
Determine the angular velocity, displacement and acceleration when t = 10 seconds and
state whether the acceleration is uniform.
5 A horizontal bar 1.5 metres long and of small cross section rotates about the vertical
axis through one end. It accelerates uniformly from 1200 r.p.m. to 1500 r.p.m. in an
interval of 5 seconds. What is the linear velocity at the beginning and at the end of the
interval? What are the normal and tangential components of the acceleration of the mid
point of the bar after 4 seconds of beginning of acceleration?
ASSIGNMENT
A flywheel is making 180 rpm and after 20 s it is running at 150 rpm. How many
revolutions will it make and what time will it take before stopping, if retardation is
uniform?

19

2.3 Oscillatory motion of a particle.

Fig 2.31
Simple Harmonic Motion: A body having simple harmonic motion moves such that its
acceleration is directed towards a fixed point on the path and is proportional to its
distance from that point.
Simple harmonic motion is a to and fro motion. Example: oscillations of a pendulum,
Motion of piston in an engine cylinder, motion of a mass suspended by a spring.

Consider a particle moving from A to B and returning so that acceleration is always

directed towards point C and proportional to distance from C, then it is in S,H,M.
Acceleration is maximum at A and B , it is zero at C.
20

Velocity is zero at A and B, it is maximum at C.

Oscillation: To and fro motion of a body from mean position to one extreme position,
then to the other extreme position and back to the mean position.
Amplitude: Maximum displacement of the body from its mean position.
Time Period.: Time taken by the particle to complete one oscillation.
T = 2 /
Where is the angular velocity in rad/s.
Frequency: Number of oscillations per second.
f =1/T

r
C
B
x

Fig 2.32
If a particle is moving with uniform angular velocity in a circle of radius r , the
projection of the particle B on the diameter moves with S.H.M.
= t
displacement x = r sin t
velocity
vx = dx/ dt
= r cos t
= BB
vx = (r2 x2)
Acceleration ax = dv/dt
= d2x/dt2
= - 2 r sin t

21

ax = - 2x
If f is the frequency,
2f =
or
f = / 2
time period T = 1/f
= 2 /
= 2(1/ 2)
= 2( r sin t / 2 r sin t)
T = 2( x / ax)

Motion of a mass attached to a helical spring

Fig 2.33
W = Weight attached N
k = Stiffness of the spring N/m
x = displacement at any instant. m
a = acceleration of the weight. m/s2
g = gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2
T = time period s.
T = 1/f
= 2 (W/kg)

22

2.3.1Practice problems.
1 A body with simple harmonic motion has a velocity of 12 m/s when the displacement is
50 mm and 3 m/s when the displacement is 100 mm.. The displacement being measured
from the mid point.
Calculate the frequency and amplitude of motion. What is the acceleration when the
displacement is 75 mm?
2 A piston of an engine moves with S.H.M. The crank rotates at 100 r.p.m. and stroke is
1.8 m. Find the velocity and the acceleration of the piston when it is at a distance of 0.6 m
from the centre.
3 The amplitude of a body moving in simple harmonic motion is 0.6 m and its period of
oscillation is 2.4 s. What would be its speed and acceleration 0.5 s after it has passed
middle position. Also find its frequency.
4 The strength of a spring is such that a load of 25 N is required to elongate it by 10 mm.
When a certain load is suspended from one end and caused to perform simple harmonic
motion, the number of complete oscillations observed per minute is 80. Calculate the
value of the load.
ASSIGNMENT
A system, the amplitude of motion is 5 m and the time period is 4 s. Find the time
required by the particle in passing between the points which are at distances of 4 m and 2
m from the centre of path and are on the same side of it

23

Chapter 3

Relative motion of a particle

A

XA

XB/A
XB

Consider two particles A and B moving along the same line.

XA Displacement of A with reference to O
XB Displacement of B with reference to O
XB/A Displacement of B with reference to O , is known as relative position coordinate of
B with reference to A.
XB = XA + XB/A
Differentiating,
Relative Velocity VB = VA + VB/A
Differentiating again,
Relative Acceleration
AB = aA + aB/A

24

25

Practice problems
1 A ball is thrown vertically upward from the 12 m level of an elevator shaft with an
initial velocity of 18 m/s. At the same instant an elevator passes the 5 m level moving
upward with a constant velocity of 2m/s.Determine (i) When and where the ball will hit
the elevator? (ii) The relative velocity of the ball when it hits the elevator.
2 An automobile A starts from O and accelerates at the constant rate of 0.8 m/s 2 .A short
time later it is passed by bus B which is travelling in the opposite direction at a constant
speed of 5 m/s. Knowing that bus B passes point O 22 s after automobile A started from
there, Determine when and where the vehicles pass each other.
3 A balloon is rising up with constant acceleration of 1.6 m/s 2 from ground. After 5
seconds, a ball is thrown vertically up from ground towards balloon. Find maximum
velocity of projection of ball so that it will just strike the balloon.
4 Planes A and B started from rest on straight parallel runways simultaneously with
accelerations aA= 18t 2 and aB = 15 t2 - 40.both in m/s2. Determine the distance
between them when t = 6 s and speed of each plane at that instant.
5 In the arrangement shown in figure, the block A has a velocity of 3.6 m/s, to the right,
determine the velocity of cylinder B

26

6 In the figure shown, velocity of block A increases at the rate of 0.044 m/s
every second, determine the acceleration of B.

7 At a certain instant, cylinder A has a downward velocity of 0.8 m/s and an

upward acceleration of 2m/s2 . Determine the corresponding velocity and
acceleration of cylinder B

27

Chapter 4

Newtons laws of motion

First law: A body continues in rest or in uniform motion until acted by external force.
Second Law: Rate of change of momentum is proportional to applied force and acts in
the same direction as the force.
If
m = mass of body kg
a = acceleration m/s2
F = applied force N
Then according to Newtons II law
F=ma

Third law: Action and reaction are equal and opposite

Examples for III law:
1 Jet propulsion
2 recoiling of gun
Law of conservation of momentum:
Total momentum of a system of objects remains same if no external force acts.
i.e., initial momentum = final momentum
m1u1 + m2u2 + - - - = m1v1+ m2v2 + - - Impulse and impulsive force
If a force F acts on a body for t seconds product Ft is called impulse of the force.
We have
F = ma
= m (v-u)/t
Impulse = Ft
= m(v-u) x t
T
= m (v u)
=mass x change in velocity

Rotary Motion
Torque: Turning moment of the force acting on the body.
T=Px r

28

T = Torque Nm , P = Force N , r = Perpendicular distance between the force and axis of

rotation.
Work done by a torque:
W=Tx
W = Work done, Nm = Angle of rotation, radians.
Newtons II Law of motion applied to rotary motion;
The rate of change of angular momentum is proportional to the external torque and takes
place about the axis of the torque in the same direction of rotation.
T=I x
I = Moment of inertia,
= Angular acceleration, T = Torque
Law of conservation of angular momentum
If the external torque acting on a system is zero, the angular momentum of the system
remains constant.
I1O1 + I2O2 = I11 + I22
I1 , I2 Moment of inertia of the bodies
O1, O2 Initial angular velocities, 1, 2 Final angular velocities
Practice Problems
1 A horse pulls a cart of mass 500 kg and produces an acceleration of 4 m/s2. Find the
force exerted by the horse.
2 The weight of a body on earth is 490 N. The acceleration due to gravity on earth is
9.8 m/s2 . What will be the weight of the body on (i) moon where acceleration due to
gravity is 1.4 m/s2 and (ii) sun where the acceleration due to gravity is 270 m/s2.
3 A body of mass 200 kg is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s when a force of 100 N
acts on it for 90s. Determine the velocity of the body (i) when the force acts in the
direction of motion and (ii) when the force acts opposite to the direction of motion.
4 A train of mass 20000 kg is moving at 10 km/h and after 20 seconds, it is moving at
50km/h. What is the average force acting upon it during this time in the direction of
motion?
5 A train weighing 3500kN has a frictional resistance of 5N per kN of weight. What
average pull will be required if it is to attain a speed of 72 km/h from rest in 5minutes on
a level track?
6 A man of mass 80 kg dives into a swimming pool from a tower of height 18m. He
was found to go down in water by 2.2 m and then started rising. Find the average
resistance of water. Neglect the resistance of air.Take value of g = 9.8 m/s2.
7 A gun of mass 3x 10 4 kg fires projectile of mass 456 kg with a velocity 305 m/s.
With what initial velocity the gun will recoil/ If the recoil is overcome by an average
force of 60kN, how far the gun will travel? How long will it take?
8 Two railway wagons of masses 10000kg and 8000 kg moving in the same direction
at speeds of 10m/s and 15m/s respectively collide and subsequently move together.
Calculate the common speed due to impact.
9 To determine the moment of inertia of a wheel about its axis, a string of length 6 m is
wrapped round its shaft. The string is pulled with a constant force of 100N. It is observed
that , when the string leaves the axle, the wheel is rotating 3 times every second.
Calculate the moment of inertia of the wheel.

29

10 An uniform homogeneous cylinder rolls without slipping along a horizontal level

surface with a transitional velocity of 0.2 m/s. If its mass is 0.1 kg and the radius is 100
mm what is its total kinetic energy?
ASSIGNMENT
A train weighing 3500kN has a frictional resistance of 5N per kN of weight. What
average pull will be required if it is to attain a speed of 72 km/h from rest in 5minutes on
a level track?

30

Chapter 5
Work Power and Energy
Work: If force acting on a body moves it through a distance, work is done.
Work = Force x Displacement
W = F x s Nm or Joule
Power: Rate of doing work is Power.
Power = work done
Time taken
P = Fs/t
= Force x velocity
= Fv
Nm/s or Joule/s or Watt.
Energy: It is the capacity to do work.
Units of energy and work are same. Nm or Joule
Forms of energy: 1 Mechanical Energy
2 Electrical energy
3 Heat energy
4 light energy
5 Chemical energy
6 sound energy
7 magnetic energy
8 nuclear energy
The mechanical energy can exist in two forms.
1 Potential energy energy due to the position of the body
2 Kinetic energy energy due to motion of the body
Potential energy P.E. of a body of mass raised through a height of h from reference level
is given by
P.E. = m g h.
Kinetic energy of a body of mass m moving with a velocity of v is given by
K.E. = mv2
2
Law of conservation of energy:
Statement: Total energy in the universe is constant
Or
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to the other.
K.E. + P.E. = Constant.
Practice problems
1 An engine pulls a train of mass 400 tones, including its own mass on a level ground
with uniform acceleration until it acquires a velocity of 54km/h in 5 minutes. If the
frictional resistance is 40 Newtons per tone of mass and the air resistance varies with the
31

square of the velocity, find the power of the engine. Take air resistance as 500N at
18km/h.
2 A vehicle of weight 1500KN is drawn up an incline of 1 in 150 with uniform speed of
24km/h. If the resistance due to friction, air etc., is 4N per kN calculate the power of the
engine.
3 A hammer weighing 70 N is arranged to swing downwards in a circular path. It is
released at a point 1.2m higher than the lowest point of the circle. Find the kinetic energy
and the speed of the hammer at the lowest point. If at that point it breaks a piece of metal
and so parts with 42Nm of energy, to what height will it rise on the outer side?
4 A bullet of mass 0.03 kg is fired horizontally into a body of mass 10 kg, which is
suspended by a string of 1m length. Due to the impact, the body swings through an angle
of 300 with the vertical. Find the velocity of the bullet at impact.
5 A pile of mass 500kg is driven into ground by dropping freely a hammer of mass 318
kg through a height of 2.7m. If the pile is driven into the ground by 0.15m, calculate the
average resistance of the soil.
6 A block weighing 260N lying on a horizontal plane is pushed by applying a force P
=260 N on it. The force is removed after the block covers a distance of 3.9m. Taking the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground as 0.35, determine the
following.
i Velocity of the block after it covers a distance of 3.9m.
ii Further distance covered by the block, from the moment the force is removed.
ASSIGNMENT
A block weighing 260N lying on a horizontal plane is pushed by applying a force P =260
N on it. The force is removed after the block covers a distance of 3.9m. Taking the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the ground as 0.35, determine the
following.
i Velocity of the block after it covers a distance of 3.9m.
ii Further distance covered by the block, from the moment the force is removed.

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Chapter 6

Collision of Elastic bodies

Impact: A collision between two bodies over a small interval of time exerting large
forces.
Line of impact: The common normal to the surfaces in contact during impact
Direct impact: The velocities act along the line of impact.
Oblique impact: The velocities not acting along the line of impact.
Restitution: regaining the shape after impact
Time of restitution: time taken by the body to regain original shape after compression
during impact.
Time of compression: Time taken by the bodies in compression after the collision
Time of collision: sum of time of compression and time of restitution.
Law of conservation of momentum as applied to collision of bodies:
Total momentum of the two bodies before collision is equal to the total momentum of the
bodies after collision.
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v2 + m2v2
Newtons Law of collision of elastic bodies:
When two elastic bodies collide, their velocity of separation is proportional to their
velocity of approach
v2 v1 = e(u1 - u2 )
Where
u1 , u2 initial velocities of two bodies
v1, v2 , final velocities of two bodies
e constant of proportionality called as coefficient of restitution
e = 0 for inelastic bodies
e = 1 for perfectly elastic bodies
Practice Problems
1 A ball of mass 8 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m/s collides directly on another of
mass 24 kg moving at a speed of 2 m/s moving in the opposite direction. If e = , find
the velocities of the balls after impact.
2 A ball of mass 2 kg strikes a ball of mass 4 kg which is moving in the same direction as
the first. If the coefficient of restitution is and the first ball is reduced to rest after
impact, find the ratio between the velocities of the balls before impact.
3 A ball of mass 4 kg moving with velocity of 2 m/s impinges on another ball of mass 5
kg moving with velocity of 1 m/s in the opposite direction. If e = , find the velocities
of the balls after impact.

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Chapter 7
KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES
DAlemberts principle;
Statement.- External forces acting on a rigid body are equivalent to the effective forces
of the various particles forming the body.
(FX)eff = mx
(Fy)eff = my
General plane motion of a rigid body
Combined motion of a rigid body which is which is neither pure translation nor pure
rotation is known as general plane motion.
Example 1
A simple pendulum of mass m and length r is mounted on a flat car, which has a constant
horizontal acceleration of a as shown in figure. If the pendulum is released from rest
relative to the car at the position = 0, determine the expression for the tension T in the
supporting light rod for any value of . Also find T for = /2 and = .

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35

36

1 For the rod AB 600 mm long shown in figure, which slides without loosing contact,
find the velocity of A, if velocity of point B is 1m/s. Also find the angular velocity of the
rod.

A
40o

120o

2 A motor gives a disc of 0.3m diameter an angular acceleration of =0.6t 2 + 0.75 rad/s2,
where t is in seconds. If initial velocity of the disc is o = 6 rad/s find magnitude and
velocity op block B when t =2s.

o
A

37

References
1 R.K.Rajput, Engineering Mechanics, Dhanpat Rai, 2003
2 Ferdinand J Beer, E. Russel Jonsten, Mechanics for Engineers- Dynamics, Mc GrawHill International, 1987
3 Bhavikatti S.S, Engineering Mechanics, New age International,2008
4 Mariam , Craig , Engineering Mechanics Dynamics. New age International,2008

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