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tionalongastraightlinemotionalongast raightlinemotionalongastraightlinem otionalongastraightlinemotionalonga straightlinemotionalongastraightline motionalongastraightlinemotionalon gastraightlinemotionalongastraightli nemotionalongastraightlinemotional ongastraightlinemotionalongastraigh tlinemotionalongastraightlinemotion

NR/GC/ Addmaths

SMSJ/2009

Additional Mathematics
MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 1. DISPLACEMENT A.

Motion along a straight line

IDENTIFY DIRECTION OF DISPLACEMENT OF A PARTICLE FROM A FIXED POINT

NOTES: If the right side of O is considered the positive direction, then

DISPLACEMENT 1.POSITIVE 2.NEGATIVE

ORIENTATION The particle is on the RIGHT of O.

The particle is on the LEFT of O 3.ZERO The particle is AT O or return to O again

EXERCISE 1 A particle moves along a straight line with the displacement s m and t is the time after passing through a fixed point O. Find the displacement of the particle after the corresponding time.

Displacement formulae s = t -2t

Displacement within 1 s

Displacement at 3 s

s = 1 -2(1) =-1 Meaning that the particle is 1m on the left of O

s = 3 -2(3) =3 Meaning that the particle is 3m on the right O

(a) a) s = t + 2

(b) s = t -t -1

(d) s = t - 2t -3

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Additional Mathematics
B.

Motion along a straight line

DETERMINE THE TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A PARTICLE OVER A TIME INTERVAL Example A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m and t is the time after passing through the fixed point O. Given the displacement s = 8 4t therefore find the total distance taken after 4 seconds.

Solution When, t = 0, s = 8 4t s = 8 4(0) 2 =8 When t = 4, s = 8 4(4) = 8 64 = 56

t=4 56 m

O
8m

t=0

Total distance traveled = 8 + 56 = 64m

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Additional Mathematics
EXERCISE 2 1.

Motion along a straight line

A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m and t is the time after passing through the fixed point O. Find the total distance taken after 3 seconds for the following cases. initial displacement (t = 0)

Displacement formulae (a) s = 2t 3

Total distance taken in the first three second

(b) s = 5 2t

(c) s = 5t 1

(d) s = t2 5t

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Additional Mathematics

Motion along a straight line

EXERCISE 3 1. A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m is given as s = t2 3 and t is the time after passing through the fixed point O. Find a) the displacement of the particle at t = 1 and t = 3, b) the distance traveled in the first 3 seconds

2.

A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m is given as s = t2 4t + 3 and t is the time after passing through the fixed point O. Find a) the initial displacement , b) the total distance traveled in the third second, c) the range of time when the particle is at the left of O .

3.

A particle moves along the straight line with the displacement s m is given as s = 60 t 5t2 and t is the time after passing through the fixed point O. Find a) the time when the particle is at 100 m to the right of O, b) the time when the particle is at 225 m to the left of O, c) the time when the particle passes through O again.

4.

A particle moves along the straight line. Its displacement , s m from a fixed point O at t second is given by s = 8t2 + t. Find the total distance traveled (a) in the first 5 seconds 5

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Additional Mathematics
(b) in the fifth second.

Motion along a straight line

5.

A particle moves along the straight line. Its displacement , s m from a fixed point O at t second is given by s = 5 + 4t t2 . Given that the particle moves to the right of O until t = 2 seconds and then moves to the left towards O. Find the total distance traveled by the particle in the first 8 seconds.

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Additional Mathematics
2. A. VELOCITY

Motion along a straight line

DETERMINE VELOCITY FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE BY DIFFERENTIATION NOTES The velocity of a particle, v, at the instant t is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time, that is v=

ds dt
Particle moving to The particle is moving to the RIGHT

If the direction of motion to the right is considered as the positive direction, then Velocity (v) Positive , v > 0

Negative, v < 0

The particle is moving to the LEFT

v=0

The particle is at instantaneous rest/ stops momentarily/ stationary/ maximum or minimum displacement

EXERCISE 4 A particle moves along a straight line with its displacements, s m and the time t after passing through point O. Find the velocity when t = 3 and initial velocity for each of the following: Displacement (a) s = 4 + 9t 3t2 (b) s= t 4t + 2 (c) s = t 4t (c) s = t -12t + 16 velocity v = 9 6t Velocity when t = 3 v = 9 6(3) = 9 Initial Velocity t=0,v=4

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Additional Mathematics

Motion along a straight line

Example A particle moves along the straight line. Its displacement , s m from a fixed point O at t second is given by s = = t -12t + 16. Find (a) the time when the particle is at instantaneous rest (b) the range of t for the positive velocity Solution s = t -12t + 16 v= (a)

ds = 2t 12 dt
If particle is at rest ,v = 0, 2t 12 = 0 t = 6s If positive velocity, then v > 0; 2t 12 > 0 t > 6s

(b)

EXERCISE 5 A particle moves along a straight line with the velocity of v ms 1 and t is the time after passing a fixed point O. Find the time when the particle is at instantaneous rest and the time as the particle moves to the left. Velocity formulae (a) v = 9t 4 Time when the particle comes instantaneously to rest the range of t when particle moves to the left

(b) v = t 3t

(c) v = 2t2 + t 28

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Additional Mathematics

Motion along a straight line

EXERCISE 6 1. A particle moves in a straight line with its displacement, s meter and time t second after passed through a fixed point O. Given that s=2t 15t + 36t, find (a) the displacement when the velocity is zero (b) time when the particle moved to the left.

2.

A particle moves in a straight line with its displacement, s meter and time t second after passed through a fix point O. Given that s = 4 + 9t 3t2, find (a) the time when the particle comes instantaneously to rest (b) the maximum displacement.

B.

DETERMINE DISPLACEMENT FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE WHEN VELOCITY IS GIVEN BY INTEGRATION EXAMPLE: The velocity of a particle which is moving along a straight line is given as v =3t + 4. Find the displacement at 2 second. SOLUTION: s = vdt

, s = (3t 4)dt =

3t 2 4t c, c is a constant 2

When t = 0, s = 0; 0=

3(0) 2 4(0) c 2

c=0 Therefore s =

3t 2 4t 2

3(2) 2 4(2) = 14 m when t =2 , s = 2

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Additional Mathematics
EXERCISE 7 VELOCITY FUNCTION v = 5 + 3t2

Motion along a straight line

Displacement when t = 3

1.

2.

v=

4 t 8 3

EXERCISE 7: A particle moves along a straight line with the velocity of v ms 1 , and t is the time after passing a fixed point O. Find the total distance traveled in the first three seconds: Velocity displacement Time when the particle Total distance traveled in the stops momentarily first three seconds v = 6 6t v=0 t=0,s=0 s = (6 6t )dt 2 6 6t = 0 t = 1 , s = 6(1) 3(1)2 = 3 = 6t 3t + c t = 3, s = 6(3) 3(3)2 = 19 t = 0, s = 0 , c = 0 t=1 2 total distance = 3 + 19 = 22 s = 6t 3t v = 3t2 5t 2

v = 2t t2

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Additional Mathematics

Motion along a straight line

EXERCISE 8 1. A particle moves in a straight line with the velocity v = 36 6t where t is the time in second after passing through point O. Find (a) the time when the distance is maximum (b) the maximum distance.

2.

A particle moves in a straight line with the velocity v = 2t 4 where t is the time in second after passing through point O. Find (a) the displacement of the particle after 4 seconds (b) the displacement when the particle stops momentarily.

3.

1 A particle moves in a straight line with the velocity v ms-1 where v = 12 t 2 where t 3 is the time in seconds after passing through a fixed point O. Find (a) the displacement of the particle after 4 seconds (b) the maximum distance traveled by the particle before it changed its direction.

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Additional Mathematics
3. A. ACCELERATION

Motion along a straight line

DETERMINE ACCELERATION FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE BY DIFFERENTIATION The instantaneous acceleration of a particle, a, at the instant t, is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time, that is

a=

dv d 2 s = dt dt 2

1. The uniform acceleration means that the velocity change in the unvarying rate. 2. Meaning of the signs of acceleration:

a0

velocity increases when t increases. velocity decreases when t increases. ( deceleration or retardation). uniform velocity / v maximum or minimum

a0 a0

EXERCISE 9 A particle moves with its velocity v ms 1 and t is the time after passing through a fixed point O. Find the initial acceleration and acceleration when t = 3 for each of the following. Velocity formulae example: v = 3t t a= (a) When t = 0, a = 32(0) = 3ms 1 When t =3, a = 32(3) = 3ms 2 Initial acceleration Acceleration at 3 s

dv = 3 2t dt
v =2t + 5t

(b)

v = t + 2t 6

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Additional Mathematics
Displacement formulae (c) s = 2tt + 8 Initial acceleration

Motion along a straight line

(d)

s = t t

(e)

s = 4t t

B.

DETERMINE VELOCITY FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE FROM ACCELERATION FUNCTION BY INTEGRATION

EXAMPLE: The acceleration of a particle which is moving along a straight line from its instantaneous rest is a ms 2 and t s is the time after passing through a fixed point O. Find the maximum velocity of the particle. Acceleration function a = 6 2t Velocity function v= =

a dt (6 2t)dt

= 6t t + c When t = 0, v = 0, therefore c =0. v = 6t t

Maximum or minimum velocity Maximum velocity ; a = 0 6 2t = 0 t=3 When t = 3,v = 6 (3) 3 = 9 ms 1

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Additional Mathematics
Acceleration function (a) a = 6 4t Velocity function

Motion along a straight line

(b) a = 2t 4

(c) a = 6t 2t

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Additional Mathematics

Motion along a straight line

EXERCISE 10 1. A particle is moving along a straight line and passed a fixed point O with its velocity, v ms 1 . Given v = t(t 3) and t is the time in second after passed through O. Find (a) displacement when t = 5 second (b) maximum distance before it changed its direction (c) total distance traveled in the first 5 second

2.

A particle moves along a straight line through a fixed point O. Its acceleration, a cm s 2 , is given by a = 2t + 3, where t is the time in seconds after passing through O. Given that its initial velocity is 10 cm s 1 . Find (a) the velocity of the particle when its acceleration is 11 cm s 1 (b) the total distance traveled by the particle during 4 seconds after passing through 0.

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Additional Mathematics
3.

Motion along a straight line

A particle moves along a straight line passing through a fixed point O with velocity

1 1 ms . Its acceleration, a ms 2 , is given by a = 3t 2, where t is the time in seconds 2

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