II B.Tech.

Automobile
FLUID MECHANICS&HYDRAULIC MACHINES
SYLLABUS AND QUESTION BANKFOR II MID
UNIT - II
Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic Equations : Fluid flow pattern-Stream line, Path line, Streak
line, Types of fluids, 1-D Continuity equation, Eulers equation, Bernoullis equation and
Momentum equation. Application of momentum equation - force on pipe bend.
UNIT - III
Flow Through Circular Conduits : Laminar flow through circular tubes and boundary layer
concepts -Boundary layer thickness Hydraulic and energy gradient - Darcy equation on pipe
roughness - Friction factor - Minor losses Flow through pipes in series and in parallel.
UNIT II
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1.

List different types of fluids.

2.

Define stream line.

3.

Define path line.

4.

Define streak line.

5.

Define stream tube.

6.

List different types of fluid flows.

7.

Define fluid kinematics.

8.

Define fluid dynamics.

9.

Define continuity equation and write the expression for 1-D flow.

10.

Write continuity equation for 3-D flow.

11.

Define Bernoullis equation.

12.

Define Eulers equation.

13.

Distinguish between Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches of fluid flow.

14.

Define impulse-momentum equation.

15.

Define ideal fluid. Give examples.

16.

Define real fluid. Give examples.

17.

Define Newtonian fluid. Give examples.

18.

Define non-Newtonian fluid. Give examples.

19.

Define steady flow. Give examples.

20.

Define unsteady flow. Give examples.

21.

Define uniform flow. Give examples.

22.

Define non uniform flow. Give examples.

23.

Define laminar flow. Give examples.

24.

Define turbulent flow. Give examples.

25.

Define Reynolds number. What is its significance?

26.

Define rotational flow. Give examples.

27.

Define irrotational flow. Give examples.

28.

Define compressible flow. Give examples.

29.

Define incompressible flow. Give examples.

30.

Define Mach number. What is its significance?

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1.

Explain 1-D, 2-D and 3-D flows with examples.

2.

Explain the terms involved in Bernoullis equation.

3.

What are the characteristics of a stream line?

4.

Classify the following as laminar and turbulent flow:

5.

(i) flow through hypodermicneedle

(ii) atmospheric winds

(iii) flow in a river

(iv) flow of lubricating oil from an oil can

Classify the following as 1-D, 2-D and 3-D flows:

(i) flow in a river

(ii) flow of water over a spillway

(iii) flow in aturbo machine

(iv) flow through the test section of a water tunnel

6.

Under what conditions steadiness and uniformity can coexist? Explain with examples

7.

The velocity components expressed in m/s in a fluid flow are known to be u =

(6xy2+t); v = (3yz+t2+5); w = (2+3ty). Where x, y, z are in meters and t in seconds. Set
up an expression for the velocity vector at point P (4, 1, 2) m and t = 3 seconds. Also
determine the magnitude of velocity for this flow field at the given location and time.

8.

The velocity components in a steady flow are: u = 2kx; v = 2ky; w = -4kz. Find the
equation of a stream line passing through the point (1,0,1).

9.

Water is flowing through a pipe of 0.5 m diameter with an average velocity of 1 m/s.
What is the rate of discharge of water? The same flow then passes through another
section where the diameter is 1 m. What is the average flow velocity at this section?

10.

A pipe conveys 0.25 kg/s of air at 300 K and under an absolute pressure of 2.25 bar.
Calculate the minimum diameter of the pipe necessary if the flow velocity is limited to
7.5 m/s.

11.

A rectangular pool 10 m x 25 m is to be filled to a depth of 3 m. For a filling time of

2 hours, determine the inflow required in m3/s. If 6 cm hoses are available and the
water velocity in each hose is limited to 2.5 m/s, determine the number of hoses
required.

12.

A jet of water from 20 mm diameter nozzle leaves the tip with 15 m/s and is directed
vertically upwards. If the jet remains circular, work out its diameter at a point 5 m
above the nozzle tip. Neglect any loss of energy.

13.

A 2 m length of 10 cm diameter circular pipe is porous and the velocities at the inlet
and exit of porous section have been measured to be 2.5 m/s and 1.6 m/s respectively.
Make calculations for the discharge emitted through the porous wall and the average
velocity of emitted discharge.

14.

Is the motion u = x2y; v = 2yz xy2; w = x2 z2kinematically possible for steady flow
of an incompressible fluid?

15.

Show that the flow is continuous if the velocity components are u = 4xy; and v = x 22y2.

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1.

Derive the continuity equation for 1-D fluid flow. State the assumptions made.

2.

Derive the continuity equation for 3-D fluid flow (in differential form). State the
assumptions made.

3.

List different types of fluids and explain them.

4.

State and prove Eulers equation of motion. State the assumptions made.

5.

State and prove Bernoullis equation and explain the terms involved. List the
assumptions made.

6.

A 2 m long conical tube is fixed vertically with its smaller end upwards. It carries
liquid in downward direction. The flow velocities at the smaller and larger ends are 5
m/s and 2 m/s respectively. The pressure head at the smaller end is 2.5 m of liquid. If
V 1V 2 2

the loss of head in the tube is 0.35 . Determine the pressure head at the larger

end.

7.

The top and bottom diameters of a 2 m long vertical tapering pipe are 100 mm and
50 mm respectively. Water flows down the pipe at 30 litres per second. Find the
pressure difference between two ends of the pipe.

8.

At a certain section A of a pipe line carrying water, the diameter is 1 m, the pressure is
98.1 kN/m2 and the velocity is 5 m/s. at another section B which is 2 m higher than A,
the diameter is 0.7 m and the pressure is 58.2 kN/m2. What is the direction of flow?

9.

Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the downward
direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and the diameter

at the entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively. Calculate the
components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
10.

In a steady two-dimensional incompressible flow, the velocity component in the

x-direction is u = 3x2+y2. Use continuity equation to find the velocity component v in
the y-direction. For evaluating the arbitrary functions which might appear in the
analysis, you may assume that v = 0 at y = 0. Also find the direction of streamline with
respect to x-axis at point P(1,2).

11.

Explain the difference between system and control volume approach. Explain how the
control volume approach will help in devising continuity equation.

12.

Show that the first law of thermodynamics (SFEE) for a streamline in a steady
incompressible, frictionless flow is the same as Bernoullis equation for such a flow.

TEN MARKS QUESTIONS

1.

Derive Eulers equation of motion along a streamline, and hence derive the Bernoullis
equation. What are the limitations of Bernoullis equation? Write its practical
applications.

2. (a)

A 30 cm diameter horizontal pipe terminates in a nozzle with the exit diameter of

7.5 cm. If the water flows through the pipe at a rate of 0.15 m3/s, what force will be
exerted by the fluid on the nozzle?

(b)

[6M + 4M]

During the process of steam raising, it is required to supply 50 litres of water per
minute into a boiler in which the pressure is 9.81 bar. Calculate the power expended.

3 (a)

A pipe 12.5 cm in diameter is used to transport oil of relative density 0.75 under a
pressure of 1 bar. If the total energy relative to a datum plane 2.5 m below the center of
pipe is 20 Nm/N, work out the flow rate of oil.

(b)

A horizontal water pipe of diameter 15 cm converges to 7.5 cm diameter. If the

pressures at the two sections are 400 kPa and 150 kPa respectively, calculate the flow
rate of water.

4.

Explain the Impulse-momentum equation. Mention its engineering applications.

Derive the expression for the resultant force applying the momentum equation on the
pipe bend.

5 (a)

In three dimensional incompressible fluid flow, the velocity components in x and y

directions are: u = x2+y2z3; v = - (xy+yz+zx). Use continuity equation to evaluate an
expression for the velocity component w in the z direction.

(b)

The angle of a reducing bend is 600. Its inner diameter is 300 mm and final diameter is
150 mm and is fitted in a pipeline carrying discharge of 360 lps. The pressure at the
commencement of the bend is 2.943 bar. The friction loss in the pipe bend may be

assumed as 10 percent of kinetic energy at the exit of pipe bend. Determine the force
exerted by the reducing bend.
6 (a)

Given that u = -4ax (x2-3y2); v = 4ay (3x2-y2). Examine whether these velocity
components represent a physically possible two dimensional flow. If so, whether the
flow is rotational or irrotational?

(b)

250 litres/sec of water is flowing in a pipe having a diameter of 300 mm. if the pipe is
bent by 1350, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend. The
pressure of the water flowing is 400 kN/m2.
UNIT III

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define boundary layer. When it is formed?
2. Define no-slip condition.
3. What do you mean by leading edge and trailing edge?
4. Define displacement thickness.
5. Define momentum thickness.
6. Define energy thickness.
7. Give two examples in everyday life where formation of boundary layer is important.
8. What is the physical significance of displacement thickness of bounadary layer?
9. Define hydraulic gradient line.
10. Define energy gradient line.
11. For which of the following flows Blausius equation is used?

a) Laminar flow

b) Turbulent flow in smooth pipes for any Re

c) Turbulent flow in rough pipes

d) Turbulent flow in smooth pipes for Re < 105

12. The boundary layer exists in which of the following?

a) Flow of real fluids

b) Flow of ideal fluids

c) Pipe flow only

d) flow over flat surfaces only

13. On account of which of the following boundary layer exists?

a) Surface tension

b) Gravitational effect

c) Viscosity of fluid

d) None of the above

14. If the Reynolds number is more than 5x105, the boundary layer is called
a) Laminar boundary layer

b) Turbulent boundary layer

c) Either of the above

d) None of the above

15. Define major energy loss.

16. Define minor energy loss.
17. Viscous flow is also known as __________________
18. What is an equivalent pipe?

19. Write Darcy-Weisbach equation.

20. What do you mean by pipes in parallel?
21. What do you mean by pipes in series?
22. Write expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement in a pipe.
23. Write expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction in a pipe.
24. Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to find __________________
25. Give examples of laminar flow.
26. For viscous flow, the coefficient of friction is given by
a) f =

b) f =

16

c) f =

32

d) f =

64

27. Loss of head at entrance to a pipe is given as _____________

28. Loss of head at exit of a pipe is given as _____________
29. Write Dupits equation. What is its significance?
30. For viscous flow through circular pipes, loss of pressure head is given by __________
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
1.

What are the different energy losses in pipe flow?

2.

Write about boundary layer concept.

3.

What is a compound pipe?

4.

Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flows for a pipe flow.

5.

What are the characteristics of laminar flow?

6.

Draw a neat sketch of Reynolds apparatus.

7.

What is turbulence?

8.

What are the characteristics of turbulent flow?

9.

Define shear velocity for turbulent flow in circular pipes.

10. In what way does the flow through a rough pipe differ from that in a smooth pipe?
11. What is meant by a smooth boundary and a rough boundary?
12. How is turbulent motion classified?
13. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 200 mm and length 60 m through
which water is flowing at a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Assume f=0.005
14. The discharge of water through a pipe is 0.25 m 3/s. Its diameter suddenly enlarges from
200 mm to 400 mm. determine loss of head due to sudden enlargement.
15. A pipe carries water at a rate of 0.03 m3/s. Its diameter reduces abruptly from 150 mm to
100 mm. If the coefficient of contraction is 0.6, find the pressure loss across the
contraction.

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Derive the equation for calculating loss of head due to sudden enlargement in a pipe.
2. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m3/s. The diameter of the pipe is
suddenly enlarged from15 cm to 35 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is
11.772 N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement and the pressure
intensity in the larger pipe.
3. Draw a neat sketch of the Reynolds apparatus and explain how the laminar flow can
bedemonstrated with the help of apparatus. Explain the variation of friction factor with
Reynolds number.
4. Explain different energy losses in a pipe flow.
5. Explain boundary layer concept for flow over a flat plate.
6. State various losses for a stepped pipe connected between two reservoirs and also draw
H.G.L
and T.E.L.
7. Show that the value of coefficient of friction for viscous flow through a circular pipe is
given
by f =

16

8. Derive Darcy-Weisbach equation for calculating loss of head due to friction in a pipe.
9. What is a compound pipe? What will be the loss of head when pipes are connected in series?
Obtain Dupits equation from it.
10.

Derive the equation for calculating loss of head due to sudden contraction in a pipe.

11.A pipe 850 m long conveys a discharge of 25 litres/sec. if the loss of head is 10.5 m, find the
diameter of the pipe. Assume kinematic viscosity of water as 0.012 stoke.
12.

Show that for a fully developed laminar flow through circular pipe, Darcys friction
factor is

given by f =

64

TEN MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Derive the expression for pressure difference between two sections for the flow of viscous
fluids in circular pipes (Hagen Poiseuille law).
2. An oil of viscosity 9 poise and sp. gravity 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 60 mm
diameter. If the pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe is 1800 kN/m2, determine:
(i)

The rate of flow of oil

(ii)

The centre line velocity

(iii)

The total frictional drag over 100 m length

(iv)

The power required to maintain the flow

(v)

The velocity gradient at the pipe wall

(vi)

The velocity and the shear stress at 8 mm from the wall

3. The inlet and outlet diameters of the suction pipe of a drainage pump are 0.6 m and 0.3 m
respectively. The inlet and the outlet of the pipe are 1.75 m below and 3.25 m above the free
water surface. If the pressure at the outlet of the pipe is 300 mm of mercury vacuum and if the
loss of head in the pipe is

1
10

of the kinetic head at the outlet of the pipe, calculate the

discharge and pressure head at the inlet.

4. Two pipes of diameter d and 2d connected in parallel to join two reservoirs. The length and
coefficient of friction of pipes are same. If the total discharge from one reservoir to the other
is 3 m3/s, determine the discharge in each pipe.
5. A horizontal pipeline 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely
into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 20 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is
250 mm in diameter and is suddenly enlarged to 450 mm. the height of water level in the tank
is 10 m above the center of the pipe. Considering all minor losses, determine the rate of flow.
Take f = 0.02 for both sections of the pipe. Draw the H.G.L. and T.E.L.
6. A pipe 0.25 m diameter taking off from a reservoir suddenly expands to 0.5 m at the end of
16 m and continues for another 15 m. If the head above the inlet of the pipe is 4.88 m,
determine the actual velocity at the exit, taking into consideration all the losses. Take f = 0.04
for the complete pipeline.